Project No. 10-67 COPY NO.

TEXTURING OF
CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
FINAL REPORT
APPENDIXES A-F

Prepared for:
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
Transportation Research Board
National Research Council

Prepared By:
J.W. Hall, K.L. Smith, and P. Littleton—Applied Research Associates, Inc.

November 12, 2008

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SPONSORSHIP

This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and
was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, which is
administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.

DISCLAIMER

This is an uncorrected draft as submitted by the research agency. The opinions and
conclusions expressed or implied in the report are those of the research agency. They
are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National
Academies, or the program sponsors.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................. v

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................ vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................... viii

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. x

SUMMARY ............................................................................................. xi

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1
BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................1
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM .......................................................................2
PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE ...................................................................2
WORK APPROACH ....................................................................................................2
OVERVIEW OF REPORT ..........................................................................................3

2. STATE OF THE PRACTICE............................................................ 5

LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................5
STATE AND INDUSTRY INTERVIEWS ............................................................5
STATE OF THE PRACTICE SUMMARY ................................................................6
Pavement Surface Properties ............................................................................6
Methods of Measuring Pavement Surface Properties ..................................6
Texturing Methods for Concrete Pavements ................................................10
Highway Agency Texturing Policies and Practices ....................................15

3. EVALUATION OF EXISTING TEXTURE TEST SECTIONS ... 17

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................17
TEST SECTION SELECTION .................................................................................17
COLLECTION OF PAVEMENT DATA ..................................................................19
TEST SECTION DESCRIPTIONS ..........................................................................22
TEXTURE, FRICTION, AND NOISE TESTING OF EXISTING TEXTURE
TEST SECTIONS.......................................................................................................22
Field Testing Protocol .......................................................................................22
Formal Testing ....................................................................................................25
AGENCY-SUPPLIED FRICTION DATA ...............................................................29
TEXTURE, FRICTION, AND NOISE TESTING RESULTS................................29

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page
4. CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF NEW
TEST SECTIONS............................................................................. 35
SURFACE TEXTURES SELECTED FOR DETAILED EVALUATION.............35
IDENTIFICATION OF A CANDIDATE PAVING PROJECT .............................36
PROJECT OVERVIEW.............................................................................................36
CONSTRUCTION OF NEW TEST SECTIONS .....................................................37
Diamond Grinding and Grooving....................................................................46
Establishing Test Segments..............................................................................48
COLLECTION OF CONCRETE DATA ..................................................................51
TEXTURE, FRICTION, AND NOISE TEST PROCEDURES..............................51
Field Testing Protocol .......................................................................................51
TEXTURE, FRICTION, AND NOISE TEST RESULTS .......................................53

5. DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 55

OVERVIEW OF ANALYSES ....................................................................................55
SPECTRAL ANALYSES ...........................................................................................56
Noise Spectrum Analysis...................................................................................56
Texture Spectrum Analysis ..............................................................................63
COMPARATIVE/QUALITATIVE ANALYSES ......................................................67
Comparison of Textures by Site/Location .....................................................67
Texture Durability Analysis .............................................................................87
Noise Comparison ...............................................................................................91
Relationship of Near-Field Noise with Interior Noise and
Pass-By Noise.......................................................................................................96
STATISTICAL ANALYSES ......................................................................................98
Texture Depth Measurement Procedure .......................................................98
Test Site/Location Performance Analysis......................................................99
Analysis of Texture, Friction, and Noise......................................................100
Noise–Texture Relationship ...........................................................................104
TEXTURE CONSTRUCTION ANALYSES ..........................................................107
Nominal vs. Actual Texture ............................................................................107

6. TEXTURE SELECTION PROCESS ........................................... 109

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................109
TEXTURE SELECTION PROCESS .....................................................................110
Step 1—Project Information Gathering .......................................................110
Step 2—Feasible Textures Based on Friction Requirements ..................110
Step 3—Feasible Textures Based on Noise Requirements
& Preferences ....................................................................................................118
Step 4—Selection of the Preferred Texturing Alternative .......................121
EXAMPLE APPLICATION OF TEXTURE SELECTION PROCESS ..............122
TEXTURE CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS AND PRACTICES ............123

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..... 127
CONCLUDING REMARKS ....................................................................................127
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ........................................128

REFERENCES .................................................................................... 129

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................. 135

APPENDIX A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF STATE-OF-

THE-PRACTICE IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT TEXTURING..... A-1

APPENDIX B. HIGHWAY AGENCY AND INDUSTRY

INTERVIEWS REPORT .................................................................... B-1

APPENDIX C. EXISTING TEXTURE TEST SECTIONS ............ C-1

APPENDIX D. TEXTURE, FRICTION, AND NOISE

RESULTS FOR EXISTING TEXTURE TEST SECTIONS ........... D-1

APPENDIX E. TEXTURE, FRICTION, AND NOISE RESULTS

FOR NEW I-355 SOUTH EXTENSION TEXTURE TEST
SECTIONS ........................................................................................... E-1

APPENDIX F. GUIDE/SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS FOR

TEXTURE ............................................................................................ F-1

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iv
APPENDIX A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF STATE-
OF-THE-PRACTICE IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT
TEXTURING
BASIC DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS

Texture

Pavement surface texture is defined as the deviation of a pavement surface from a true
planar surface, with a texture wavelength less than 1.65 ft (0.5 m), and divided into micro-,
macro-, and mega-texture (Sandberg, 2002). It is commonly described in terms of
wavelength and amplitude.

Pavement surface textures can be simulated accurately by adding a combination of sine

waves of varying wavelengths, amplitudes, and phases, as defined in figure A-1 and
illustrated in figure A-2 (Sayers and Karamihas, 1998). The combined sine waves shown in
figure A-2 result in a unique profile. Mechanical theory and practice indicate that any road
surface texture profile can be created using a combination of distinct sine waves. In normal
texture analysis, however, this process is reversed. Using a Fourier transform method, the
measured texture profiles of road surfaces are separated into distinct wavelengths.

Pavement surface texture, separated according to this process, has been categorized into
three ranges, based on the wavelength (λ) and peak-to-peak amplitude (A) of its
components, as shown in figure A-1. The texture categories adapted from ISO/FDIS 13473-
2 are as follows (ISO, 2000; Flintsch et al., 2002; ASTM E867):

• Micro-texture (λ < 0.02 in [0.5 mm], A = 0.04 to 20 mils [1 to 500 µm])—Surface

roughness quality at the sub-visible or microscopic level. It is a function of the
surface properties of the aggregate particles contained in the asphalt or concrete
paving material.
• Macro-texture (0.02 in. ≤ λ < 2 in. [0.5 mm ≤ λ < 50 mm], A = 0.005 to 0.8 in. [0.1 to
20 mm])—Surface roughness quality defined by the mixture properties of an asphalt
paving material (i.e., the amount and distribution of large-sized aggregate particles
in the mixture) and the method of finishing/texturing (e.g., burlap, grooving, tining)
used on a concrete paving material.

Wavelength = λ

Phase = X0
Amplitude = A

Figure A-1. Wavelength, amplitude, and phase description.

A-1
 4

Sine wave 2
3 Sine wave 1
2

-1

-2

-3
Combined sine waves Sine wave 3
-4

-5

Figure A-2. Combination of waves results in distinct profile (Sayers and Karamihas, 1998).

• Mega-texture (2 in. ≤ λ < 20 in. [50 mm ≤ λ < 500 mm], A = 0.005 to 2 in. [0.1 to 50
mm])—This type of texture has wavelengths in the same order of size as a tire/road
interface. It is defined by the distress, defects, or “waviness” on the road surface.

The texture wavelength spectra have been further described and expanded by the 2003
PIARC World Road Congress report group B and others into ranges for micro-texture,
macro-texture, mega-texture, unevenness, and cross slope that relate generally with the
above listed surface characteristics factors. The range of texture relating to these factors
and their interrelations are illustrated in figure A-3. Amplitudes of micro-texture, macro-
texture, and mega-texture wavelengths have been found to vary between 1/10 and 1/100 of
the wavelength (Ergun et al., 2004). Recommendations of PIARC group B are that
generally textures with wavelengths less than 2 in (50 mm) be increased and textures with
wavelengths greater than 2 in (50 mm) be minimized (Henry, 2000). One shortcoming of
using spectral analysis to analysis texture is that it gives the same value when the texture
is positive or negative (bumps verses holes). For influence on friction and noise, this
difference is important.

As seen in figure A-3, the frictional characteristics of pavement surfaces are primarily
influenced by micro-texture and macro-texture. Micro-texture contributes significantly to
surface friction on dry roads at all speeds and on wet roads at slower speeds, while macro-
texture significantly influences surface friction on wet road surfaces with vehicles moving
at higher speeds. Highway noise is affected by the macro-texture and mega-texture of a
roadway. Ride quality is influenced by textures in the unevenness range.

A-2
 Figure A-3. Relationship of road surface texture and other factors (PIARC, 2003).

Friction

Pavement–tire friction is the force that resists the relative motion between a vehicle tire
and a pavement surface (Hall et al., 2006). This resistive force, illustrated in figure A-4, is
generated as the tire rolls or slides over the pavement surface.

Weight, FW

Rotation

Direction
of motion

Friction Force, F
Figure A-4. Simplified diagram of forces acting on a rotating wheel (Hall et al., 2006).

A-3
The resistive force, characterized using the non-dimensional friction coefficient, µ , is the
ratio of the tangential friction force (F) between the tire tread rubber and the horizontal
traveled surface to the perpendicular force or vertical load (FW) and is computed using
equation A-1 (Hall et al., 2006).
F
µ= Eq. A-1
Fw

Pavement friction plays a vital role in keeping vehicles on the road, as it gives drivers the
ability to control/maneuver their vehicles in a safe manner, in both the longitudinal and
lateral directions. It is a key input for highway geometric design, as it is used in
determining the adequacy of the minimum stopping sight distance, minimum horizontal
radius, minimum radius of crest vertical curves, and maximum super-elevation in
horizontal curves. Generally speaking, the greater the friction available at the pavement–
tire interface, the more control the driver has over the vehicle.

Pavement–tire friction is the result of a complex interplay between adhesion and hysteresis
forces (Glennon, 1996) (see figure A-5). Adhesion is the friction due to the VanderWaals
forces that develop between the vehicle tire rubber and the pavement surface. The
VanderWaals forces reflect the interlocking of the microstructures as the micro-asperities of
the two surfaces come into contact with each other (Personn, 1998; Dewey et al., 2002). The
hysteresis component of friction forces occurs as a result of the energy loss due to bulk
deformation of the vehicle tire in relative motion against the rough pavement texture (i.e.,
macro-texture) (Moore, 1972; Dewey et al., 2002).

Figure A-5. Adhesion and hysteresis, the two principle components of pavement–tire
friction (Glennon, 1996).

A-4
For tires sliding over the pavement at relatively high speeds, hysteresis is the major
contributor of surface friction, while at relatively low speeds of sliding, adhesion is the
major contributor (Kummer, 1996; Dewey et al., 2002).

The pavement surface frictional properties of interest to pavement engineers are:

• The longitudinal frictional forces that occur at the pavement–tire interface for
vehicle traveling in a straight segment along a highway.
• The side force friction that occurs at the pavement–tire interface while a vehicle is
traversing a curve.

Longitudinal friction is characterized as the dynamic friction process between a rolling

pneumatic tire and the road surface. It entails two modes of operation—free-rolling,
whereby there is no braking and the relative speed between the tire circumference and the
pavement (i.e., slip speed) is zero, and constant-braked, whereby some level of braking is
applied, causing the slip speed to increase from zero to a potential maximum of the speed of
the vehicle. The amount of longitudinal friction is a function of tire slip, as illustrated in
figure A-6.

Lateral friction occurs as a vehicle changes direction or compensates for pavement cross-
slope and/or wind effects (Hall et al., 2006). The pavement–tire steering/cornering force
diagram in figure A-7 shows how the side-force friction factor acts as a counter balance to
the centripetal force developed as a vehicle performs a lateral movement.

The basic relationship between the forces acting on the vehicle tire and the pavement
surface as the vehicle steers around a curve, changes lanes, or compensates for lateral
forces is as follows:
V2 Eq. A-2
FS = −e
15R

where: FS = Side friction.

V = Vehicle speed, mi/hr.
R = Radius of the path of the vehicle’s center of gravity (also, the radius of
curvature in a curve), ft.
e = Pavement super-elevation, ft/ft.

A-5
 Coefficient
of Friction Peak friction

Intermittent
sliding Full
sliding

Critical slip

0 100
Increased Braking
(free rolling) (fully-locked)
Tire Slip, %

Figure A-6. Pavement friction versus tire slip (Hall et al., 2006).

W Weight of vehicle
FS
P Centripetal force (horizontal)
P
α FS Friction force between tires and
roadway surface (parallel to
α roadway surface)
α Angle of super-elevation (tan α = e)
R Radius of curve
W

Side Friction Force

(Friction Factor)

Direction of Travel
Friction Measuring Wheel

Drag Force

Figure A-7. Dynamics of a vehicle traveling around a constant radius curve

at a constant speed, and the forces acting on the rotating wheel (Hall et al., 2006).

A-6
Pavement–Tire Noise

Noise, in the broadest sense, is defined as sound that a human hearer experiences as
unpleasant or disturbing and can simply be described as undesirable or unwanted sound.
Problems arising from noise include annoyance, interference with conversation, leisure or
sleep, decreased proficiency in physical or mental tasks, and potential or actual hearing
loss. With respect to highway traffic, noise is the generation of sounds that affect the
quality of life for persons near roadways (Hanson, 2003) and the level of comfort
experienced by highway users as they traverse the roadway.

Sound is vibration of the air that can be heard by people. It is a form of energy, and the
measure of this energy is the sound pressure squared (p2). Because the sound pressure can
range by many orders of magnitude, it has become customary to express sound pressure in
terms of sound pressure level as defined by the following formula:
 p2 
SPL(dB) = 10 log10  2  Eq. A-3
 po 
where: SPL = Sound pressure level in decibels.
p = Sound pressure.
po = Reference sound pressure (0.00002 N/m2).

The apparent loudness that we attribute to a sound varies not only with sound pressure
level, but also with the frequency of sound. For example, we cannot hear sounds with a
frequency of less than about 20 Hz (cycles per second), and we are very sensitive to sounds
at a frequency of 2000 Hz. This effect is taken into account by “weighting” sounds of
different frequencies before combining them into an overall sound pressure level. For
environmental assessment it has become common to use “A” weighting and measuring
sound levels in terms of A-weighted decibels (expressed as dB(A)).

The sound level ranges from 0 dB(A), which is the threshold of human hearing, to 140
dB(A), the point at which serious hearing damage can occur. Table A-1 lists typical noise
levels associated with various daily activities (Hanson, 2003). Offset distances were not
provided by the author.

Table A-1. Sound levels associated with common activities.

Activity Sound Level, dB(A)

Lawnmower 95
Loud shout 90
Motorcycle passing 50 ft (15 m) away 85
Blender at 3 ft (1 m) 85
Car traveling 60 mi/hr (97 km/hr) passing 50 ft (15 m) away 80
Normal conversation 60
Birds singing 50
Quiet living room 40

A-7
For a point source in a free field, such as a single vehicle moving along an empty road,
sound pressure varies inversely with distance. Thus, a doubling of distance between the
point source and the receiver results in a reduction of 6 dB(A), and halving of distance
results in a 6 dB(A) increase. For a line source in a free field, such as a very large number
of similar vehicles moving continuously along the road, sound pressure varies inversely
with the square root of distance. Thus, a doubling of distance between the line source and
the receiver results in a reduction of 3 dB(A), and halving of distance results in a 3 dB(A)
increase.

Because sound is measured on a logarithmic scale, the combined effect of multiple sources
of noise cannot be obtained by adding the decibel values directly. The combined sound level
is determined by combining the individual sound pressure levels in accordance with the
following formula (Hanson, 2003):

dB(A)t = 10*log [101{dB(A)/10} + 102{dB(A)/10} + …. + 10n{dB(A)/10}] Eq. A-4

Thus, the resultant sound pressure level obtained by combining two equal 70 dB(A) sound
pressure levels is not 140 dB(A), but 73 dB(A). In the case of highway traffic noise, there
can be many individual sources of noise, depending on the number of vehicles traversing
the roadway. Additionally, for each vehicle there are three separate sources of noise:
power unit noise (engine, fan, exhaust, and transmission), aerodynamic noise (i.e.,
turbulent airflow around the vehicle), and pavement–tire noise. The combined effect of
highway noise on a receiver situated near the roadway depends on the sound
characteristics of the individual vehicles on the roadway and on the transmission path
between the individual vehicles and the receiver.

METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING TEXTURE, FRICTION, AND NOISE

Texture

Pavement surface texture measurement methods vary depending on the type of texture
being evaluated (micro-, macro-texture, mega-texture, unevenness). Table A-2 summarizes
the commonly used texture measurement equipment, their reported levels of accuracy,
applicability, and cost factors (Henry, 2000; Rado, 1994; Wambold et al., 1995; AASHTO,
1976). Micro-texture has often been estimated using the British Pendulum Tester (BPT).
Although this device has primarily been used in the lab, it can be used in the field. The
Dynamic Friction Tester (DF Tester) (ASTM E 1911), operated at 12.5 mi/hr (20 km/hr)
rotational speed, is increasingly being used in the field and has shown to be very
repeatable.

A-8
 Table A-2. Pavement surface texture test methods.

Test Associated
Method/Equipment Standard Description Measurement Index Accuracy Applicability Cost
Sand Patch Method ASTM E 965, This volumetric-based test method • Mean texture depth • 2% • Simple and Equipment: Low
(SPM) ISO 10844 provides the mean depth of road surface (MTD) of macro- inexpensive Test Rate: Slow
macro-texture. The operator spreads a texture. • Localized method Other: Traffic control
known volume of glass beads (ASTM D required
1155) in a circle onto the surface and
determines the diameter and
subsequently mean texture depth (MTD).
Outflow Meter (OF ASTM WK 364 Volumetric test method that provides a • Time for outflow of • 0.5 sec • Simple methods and • Equipment: Moderate
Meter) measure of the escape time for water specified volume of relatively • Test Rate: Slow
beneath a moving tire. The operator water. inexpensive • Other: Traffic control
measures the rate of gravity controlled equipment. required
outflow from a cylinder placed on a road • Localized
surface. measurement.
Circular Texture ASTM E 2157 Provides a mean profile depth of the road • Mean profile depth • 0.03 mm • Measures same • Equipment: Moderate
Meter (CT Meter) surface macro-texture. The equipment (MPD). diameter as DFT. • Test Rate: Slow
measures an 11-in (284-mm) circular • Root mean square • Localized • Other: Traffic control
profile of the road surface at intervals of (RMS) texture depth. measurement required
0.03 in (0.87 mm). • Texture measured in
A-9

2 directions.
Texture Depth Gauge ASTM T 261 Provides an average depth of PCC • Average groove/tine • N/A • Simple methods and • Equipment: Low
(TDG) grooves or tines. The gauge is inserted depth. inexpensive • Test Rate: Slow
into 10 grooves to measure their depths. equipment. • Other: Labor
• Not a measure of intensive, traffic
defined texture control required
British Pendulum ASTM E 303 Provides an indirect measure of relative • British Pendulum • 1.2 BPN • Methodology is • Equipment: Moderate
Tester (BPT) micro-texture. The testing device Number (BPN). units critical • Test Rate: Slow
measures drag on a rubber footed • Measure of micro- • Can be done in • Other: Traffic control
pendulum swung across the road surface. texture. laboratory required
Electro-optic (laser, ASTM E 1845 Provides a profile of the road surface • Mean profile depth • 0.15 mm • Some equipment • Equipment: Moderate
light sectioning, ISO 13473-1 macro-texture. This equipment uses an (MPD). collects at high to high
ultrasonic, stylus) ISO 13473-2 optical distance measuring sensor to • Estimated texture speeds. • Test Rate: Low to high
method (EOM) ISO 13473-3 collect surface elevation data at intervals depth (ETD). • Correlates well with • Other: Traffic control
of 0.25 mm (0.01 in) or less. • Profile amplitude. MTD. not required with
• Texture spectrum. • Continuous vehicle mounted
measurement devices.
possible.
• One direction only
Macro-texture can be measured using volumetric methods (i.e., the Sand Patch Method
[SPM] and Outflow Meter [OFM]), the Circular Texture Meter (CT Meter), and electro-optic
methods. Each of these methods is a stationary test and requires lane closure. When
traffic control is not available or desired, high-speed laser electro-optic profilers can be used
to measure macro-texture, mega-texture, and unevenness.

Indices used for quantifying road surface texture include the Mean Texture Depth (MTD)
(ASTM E 965), Mean Profile Depth (MPD) (ASTM E 1845, ASTM E 2157), and Estimated
Texture Depth (ETD). MTD can be estimated using MPD from a CT Meter with a
correlation coefficient of 0.98 (Henry, 2000).

Friction

The most common method for measuring highway friction in the U.S. is the ASTM E 274
locked-wheel testing equipment, with some variations in test speed and tire properties.
This method simulates braking without using anti-lock brakes (Henry, 2000).
Internationally, there is more use of side force, fixed slip, and variable slip measurement
devices. Table A-3 provides more details on typical friction measurement methods, their
applicability and costs (Henry, 2000).

As stated, the E 274 trailer is the standard method in the U.S. The trailer is used to
provide a friction number (FN). The method is used for routine network surveys and often
at the project level. Recent studies suggest the addition of lasers to measure macro-texture
and most new testers are being ordered with texture lasers. This allows for measurements
at speeds other than the standard 40 mi/hr (64 km/hr), with a way to adjust the
measurement to 40 mi/hr (64 km/hr). Thus, measurements on interstates can be taken at
higher speeds, while in towns and at intersections they can be taken at lower speeds. They
all can be adjusted to a common speed of 40 mi/hr (64 km/hr).

The Dynamic Friction Tester (ASTM E1911) is gaining acceptance and provides more
information because it allows measuring friction as a function of speed over the range from
0 to 56 mi/hr (0 to 90 km/hr) (Flintsch et al., 2002). The DFT measured at 12.5 mi/hr (20
km/hr) correlates well with BPN, as shown in figure A-8 (Henry, 2000). Friction
measurement using a ribbed test tire does not adequately assess road macro-texture,
because their grooves allow for removal of water at the pavement–tire interface,
eliminating the need for good road macro-texture (Henry, 2000).

Indices used in the U.S. for quantifying friction include FN at 40 mi/hr (64 km/hr) (ASTM E
274) using ribbed (ASTM E 501) or smooth (ASTM E 524) testing tires. These indices are
designated as FN40R and FN40S by AASHTO specifications (SN40R and SN40S by ASTM
specifications). When the speed number is in metric units (km/hr), the number is placed in
brackets (e.g., FN(64)R) (Henry, 2000).

A-10
 Table A-3. Pavement friction test methods.

Test Associated
Method Standard Description Equipment Measurement Index Accuracy Application Cost
Stopping ASTM E Method consists of driving Almost any Coefficient of friction, µ, is determined Typical Field testing Equipment:
Distance 445 a vehicle, locking the vehicle in good using the following equation: standard (straight $300 to $1.000
Measurement wheels when the desired working order can deviation is 5 segments) Test Rate: Very
2
v
µ=
speed is reached, and be used to 2* g *d percent slow
measuring the distance the determine where: Other: Road
vehicle travels until full stopping distance µ = Coefficient of friction. must be closed
stop occurs. and, hence, road v = Vehicle brake application speed, ft/sec
friction. (m/sec).
g = Acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/sec2
(9.81 m/sec2).
d = Stopping distance, ft (m).
Deceleration ASTM In this method, a small No standardized The measured deceleration force is used to Typical Field testing Equipment:
Rate E2101 mass within the vehicle equipment calculate the road surface friction standard (straight $500 to $1,000
Measurement acting on a strain gage available; coefficient, µ.. The coefficient of friction can deviation is 5 segments) Test Rate: Very
sensor is used to generate however, there is also be computed using vehicle speed when percent slow
a signal proportional to the an ASTM the braking starts and ends, and the Other: Road
vehicle’s deceleration force Standard just braking time. In this approach, the mean must be closed
as the vehicle is braking. passed which will value of the deceleration is determined by
A-11

The recommended braking have a number computing the difference between the speed
time with this kind of shortly. when the braking starts and ends, and
instrument is dividing it by the braking time. The mean
approximately 2 sec (Al- value of the friction is then obtained by
Qadi et al., 2002). dividing the calculated deceleration with
the gravitational constant (g = 32.2 ft/sec2
[9.81 m/sec2]).
Locked- ASTM E This device is installed on Measuring The measured resistive drag force and the Typical Field testing Equipment:
Wheel 274 a trailer which is towed vehicle and wheel load applied to the road are used to standard (straight $100 ,000 to
behind the measuring locked-wheel skid compute the coefficient of friction, µ. deviation is one segments) and $200,000
vehicle at a speed of 40 trailer, equipped Friction is reported as FN, which is FN curves up to a Test Rate:
mi/hr (64 km/hr). Water with either a computed as follows: side acceleration Highway speeds
may be applied in front of ribbed tire (ASTM F of 0.3 Gs Other: Not
the test tire, a braking E 501) or a FN = 100 µ = 100 continuous
W
system is forced to lock the smooth tire collection
tire, and the resistive drag (ASTM E 524). where:
force is measured and ASTM E 274 FN = Friction number at the measured
averaged for 1 sec after the recommends the speed.
test wheel is fully locked. ribbed tire. µ = Coefficient of friction.
F = Tractive force applied to the tire.
W = Vertical load applied to the tire.
 Table A-3. Pavement friction test methods (continued).

Associated
Test Method Standard Description Equipment Measurement Index Accuracy Application Cost
Side-Force ASTM E 670 Side-force friction -British Mu-Meter The side force perpendicular to the Typical Field testing Equipment:
measuring devices estimate (measures the side plane of rotation is measured and standard (straight and $50,000 and up
the road surface friction at force developed by used to compute the sideways force deviation is 2 curved Test Rate:
an angle to the direction of two yawed wheels). coefficient, SFC. MuN units sections) Highway
motion (usually -British Sideway speeds
perpendicular). Force Coefficient
Routine
Investigation
Machine (SCRIM)
(has a wheel yaw
angle of 20°).
Fixed-Slip Under ASTM Fixed-slip devices perform -Roadway and The measured resistive drag force A large range Field testing Equipment:
ballot tests typically between 10 runway friction and the wheel load applied to the depending on (straight $35,000 to
and 20 percent slip speed. testers (RFTs) road are used to compute the the equipment segments) $150,000
-Airport Surface coefficient of friction, µ. Friction is Test Rate:
Friction Tester reported as FN. Highway
(ASFT) speeds
-Saab Friction
A-12

Tester (SFT)
-Griptester.
Variable-Slip ASTM E 1859 Variable-slip devices -French IMAG The measured resistive drag force Typical Field testing Equipment:
measure friction as a -Norwegian and the wheel load applied to the standard (straight $40,000 to
function of slip between the Norsemeter road are used to compute the deviation is segments) $500,000
wheel and the highway RUNAR, ROAR, and coefficient of friction, µ. Friction is 0.05 Test Rate:
surface. They provide SALTAR systems. reported as FN. Highway
information about the -ASTM E 1551 speeds
frictional characteristics of specifies the test tire
the tire and highway suitable for use in
surfaces, such as the initial variable-slip devices
increasing portion of the (ASTM 1998f)
friction slip curve is
dependent upon the tire
properties, whereas the
portion after the peak is
dependent upon the road
surface characteristics.
 Table A-3. Pavement friction test methods (continued).

Associated
Test Method Standard Description Equipment Measurement Index Accuracy Application Cost
Traction No test protocol Uses the braking intensity Under development Under development Unknown Field testing Equipment:
Control available level when the traction (straight Under
Systems control engages as a segments) development
measure of the friction Test Rate:
Highway
speeds

Anti-lock Brake No test protocol Uses the braking intensity Under development Under development Unknown Field testing Equipment:
Systems available level when the ABS system (straight Under
engages as a measure of segments) development
the friction. Test Rate:
Highway
speeds
Portable ASTM E 303 Portable testers can be -British Portable Several available, based on test Generally BPT relates Equipment:
Testers ASTM E 1911 used to measure the Tester (BPT) (most equipment type. Most common index better than 5 well with $20,000 to
frictional properties of road recognized portable is the British Pendulum Number percent. micro-texture. $35,000
surfaces. These testers use friction (BPN). DF Tester Test Rate: Low
pendulum or slider theory measurement BPN tests are measures to high
A-13

to measure friction in a device)* DF Tester at 20 km/hr (12.5 mi/hr) not very friction from 0
laboratory or in the field. -Dynamic Friction relates to the BPN reproducible to 90 km/hr (55
Test devices take spot Tester (DF Tester) and vary mi/hr).
measurements, and to (gaining acceptance greatly from DFT at 20
quantify a given section of and provides more one operator to km/hr (12.5
road, several information, because another. The mi/hr) with
measurements must be it allows measuring DF Tester on texture
made over the length of the friction as a function the other hand measurements
section. of speed over the has been very
Does not always simulate range from 0 to 56 reproducible.
tire/road characteristics mi/hr (0 to 90
km/hr).
 Figure A-8. BPN versus DFT for sites at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility.

The International Friction Index (IFI) was developed following a 1992 World Road
Association harmonization study to provide consistency in the results of various friction
measurement devices (ASTM E 1960; Henry, 2000). The IFI is based on a friction number,
F(60), and a speed gradient, Sp. The speed constant is linearly related to macro-texture
measurements (preferably the MPD) and allows for adjustment of friction measurements to
different speeds. Currently, this index is under review and in various stages of
implementation by several highway agencies.

Pavement–Tire Noise

As mentioned previously, pavement–tire noise is only a subset of the vehicle noise

experienced by residents adjacent to highway roads. The entire set of noise includes sound
vibrations from the power unit (engine, fan, exhaust, transmission), wind turbulence, and
the tire contacting the pavement surface.

Although not completely standardized, several methods and equipment are available for
measuring the noise associated with highway vehicles. Primary among these methods has
been the accelerated pass-by method (ISO 362, 1964), which largely measures power unit
noise. In addition, several methods have been developed for measuring pavement–tire
noise. Primary among these methods are the following:

• Controlled pass-by (CPB) method (NF S 31 119-2) [ISO 5725)

• Statistical pass-by (SPB) method (ISO 11819-1)
• Close-proximity (CPX) method (ISO/DIS 11819-2)
• Coast-by (CB) method (ISO/DIS 13325 and Directive 2001/43/EC)
• Trailer coast-by (TCB) method (ISO/DIS 13325)
• Acceleration pass-by (APB) method (ISO 362)
• Caltrans Total Traffic Flow method
• Laboratory Drum (DR) method (tire classification only)

A-14
 • Sound intensity (SI)/On-Board Sound Intensity (OBSI) method (General Motors
[GM] standard and AASHTO Provisional Standard TP 76)
• Interior vehicle method (Society of Automotive Engineers [SAE] J 1477)

Table A-4 briefly describes each of these methods and lists the pertinent standards and
equipment used to perform the tests (Hanson, 2003; Cousins and Mauss, 2001; McNerney
et. al., 2001; Wayson, 1998; Sandberg and Ejsmont, 2002). It also lists the reported
strengths and weaknesses of each test. Table A-5 provides a summary of the various noise
measurement indexes that correspond with the various test methods.

Although not a measure of highway noise, the ASTM E 1050 (ISO 13472-1) sound
absorption method is also helpful in evaluating the sound absorptive characteristics of
porous AC and PCC surfaces. Equipment used for this evaluation position a source speaker
for a signal generator above a road surface with a microphone between the source and the
pavement surface. Sound impulses are measured from the direct and reflected paths, and
the transfer functions of each signal are separated. A sound power reflection factor and a
sound absorption coefficient are then computed.

In the U.S., the primary method for detailed evaluation of highway noise is the statistical
pass-by method, defined in the FHWA Manual of Highway-Related Noise (Lee and Fleming,
1996). This process, developed by the Volpe Transportation Systems Center, offsets
roadside microphones at 50 ft (15 m) from the center of the travel lane. Acoustically hard
terrain must be between the microphone and the vehicles. Vehicles cruising under constant
speeds must be evaluated, and the vehicles must be spaced sufficiently to avoid noise
contamination. Recommended samples require for traffic speeds of 50 to 60 mi/hr (81 to 97
km/hr).

In most of Europe, the SPB method is used for in-place highway noise evaluation,
supplemented by the CPX method. France is an exception and uses CPB as its primary
evaluation method. One advantage of the SPB method is that it provides noise values that
are representative of a wide range of vehicles. Disadvantages of both pass-by methods
include their high cost, large time requirements, inability to be used in many locations, lack
of representation of a large portion of road, and measurement variability associated with
different vehicles using different roads.

CPB methods offer the ability to directly compare roadside noise of different road sections
using specific vehicle properties and speeds. This method was used in the large noise study
completed by Marquette University in 1999 (Kuemmel et al, 2000). It is also less time-
consuming than the SPB method. However, CPB provides the ability only to compare the
roadside noise properties from the vehicles used in the evaluation. Because of the varying
noise properties of different vehicles and tires, CPB may not well represent the overall
roadside noise experienced by the neighboring community. It also cannot be used on a large
portion of a roadway due to time, cost, and geometry limitation. As a research tool for
providing direct comparison of roadside noise between road surfaces, CPB has many
advantages.

A-15
 Table A-4. Pavement–tire noise measurement methods.

Associated
Test Method Standard Description Required Equipment Accuracy Applicability Relative Cost
Controlled Pass- ISO 5725 Cruise by at constant, • ANSI type I sound level Instrumentation: • Useful for fast comparison Equipment:
By (CPB) NF S 31 119- controlled speed with engine analyzer. 31.5 to 80 Hz ± 1.5 dB of roadside noise at single Moderate
2 running. Controlled vehicle • Microphones. 100 to 4000 Hz ± 1.0 dB pavement locations using Labor:
types and tires. Average • Spectrum analyzers. 5000 Hz ± 1.5 dB a few representative Moderate
measured maximum noise • Wind speed meter. 6300 Hz +1.5, -2.0 dB vehicles and tires.
level at 25 ft (7.5 m) from • Air and pavement 8000 Hz +1.5, -3.0 dB • Not representative of
vehicle center. Uses 2 cars, 4 thermometers. traffic mix roadside noise.
tire sets, and speeds of 43 to 68 • Test vehicles, test tires. Data: Not available (N/A)
mi/hr (70 to 110 km/hr). • Radar vehicle speed
meter.
Statistical Pass- AASHTO R- Cruise by at constant speed • ANSI type I sound level Instrumentation: • Useful for single location Equipment:
By (SPB) 20 with engine running. Random analyzer. 31.5 to 80 Hz ± 1.5 dB comparison of roadside Low
ISO 11819-1 vehicles and speeds from • Microphones. 100 to 4000 Hz ± 1.0 dB noise from a large Labor: High
traffic stream. Average • Spectrum analyzers. 5000 Hz ± 1.5 dB representative mix of
measured maximum sound for • Wind speed meter. 6300 Hz +1.5, -2.0 dB vehicles.
mix of vehicles at 25 ft (7.5 m) • Air and pavement 8000 Hz +1.5, -3.0 dB
from vehicle center. thermometers.
• Radar vehicle speed Data: N/A
A-16

meter.
Close-Proximity ISO/DIS Sound pressure microphones • ANSI type I sound level Instrumentation: • Useful for comparison of Equipment:
(CPX) 11819-2 measuring reference tire in an analyzer. 31.5 to 80 Hz ± 1.5 dB tire/road noise over longer High
enclosed, sound-absorbing • Microphones. 100 to 4000 Hz ± 1.0 dB sections of roadway. Labor: Low
trailer at constant speeds • Spectrum analyzers. 5000 Hz ± 1.5 dB • Correlations with CPB
(typically). Measure average • Tow vehicle. 6300 Hz +1.5, -2.0 dB and SPB can be used to
dB(A) at 0.1 to 0.5 m (0.3 to 1.6 • Sound absorption trailer. 8000 Hz +1.5, -3.0 dB estimate far-field noise.
ft) from tire, for usually 4 to 60
sec. Uses 1 vehicle, any tires, Data: N/A
and any speed.
Sound Intensity GM, Sound intensity microphones • ANSI type I sound level Instrumentation: • Useful for comparison of Equipment:
AASHTO measuring reference tire on analyzer. 31.5 to 80 Hz ± 1.5 dB tire/road noise over longer Moderate
Provisional vehicle at constant speed. • Microphones. 100 to 4000 Hz ± 1.0 dB sections of roadway. Labor: Low
Standard Sound absorption unnecessary. • Spectrum analyzers. 5000 Hz ± 1.5 dB • Correlations with CPB
TP76 Measures average dB(A) at 75 • Test vehicles. 6300 Hz +1.5, -2.0 dB and SPB can be used to
mm (3 in.) from road and 100 • Test tires. 8000 Hz +1.5, -3.0 dB estimate far-field noise.
mm (4 in.) from tire edge.
Uses 1 vehicle, a standard Data: N/A
reference tire and any speed
 Table A-4. Pavement–tire noise measurement methods (continued).

Associated
Test Method Standard Description Required Equipment Accuracy Applicability Cost
Coast-By (CB) ISO/DIS Coast by at semi-constant, • ANSI type I sound level Instrumentation: • Useful for single point
13325 controlled speed, with engine analyzer. 31.5 to 80 Hz ± 1.5 dB comparison of far-field
Directive off and transmission • Microphones. 100 to 4000 Hz ± 1.0 dB tire/road and
2001/43/EC disengaged. Controlled vehicle • Spectrum analyzers. 5000 Hz ± 1.5 dB aerodynamic noise.
types and tires. Measure • Wind speed meter. 6300 Hz +1.5, -2.0 dB • Avoids effects of engine
maximum dB(A) at 25 or 50 ft • Air and pavement 8000 Hz +1.5, -3.0 dB and transmission noise
(7.5 or 15 m) from vehicle thermometers.
center. Uses 1 speed (31 mi/hr • Test vehicles, test tires. Data: N/A
[50 km/hr]). • Radar vehicle speed meter.
Trailer Coast-By ISO/DIS Tow trailer at constant speed • ANSI type I sound level Instrumentation: • Useful for single point Equipment:
(TCB) 13325 with tow vehicle engine analyzer. 31.5 to 80 Hz ± 1.5 dB comparison of far-field High
running. Measure maximum • Microphones. 100 to 4000 Hz ± 1.0 dB tire/road noise for car Labor: Low
dB(A) at 25-ft (7.5-m) • Spectrum analyzers. 5000 Hz ± 1.5 dB and truck tires.
centerline offset when trailer • Trailer. 6300 Hz +1.5, -2.0 dB • Avoids effects of engine
passes by. • Wind speed meter. 8000 Hz +1.5, -3.0 dB and transmission noise
• Air and pavement .
thermometers. Data: N/A
A-17

• Test vehicles, test tires.

• Radar vehicle speed meter.
Acceleration ISO 362 Accelerate vehicle past • ANSI type I sound level
Pass-By (APB) microphones, controlling analyzer.
vehicle types and tires. • Microphones.
Measured maximum noise • Spectrum analyzers.
level at 25 ft (7.5 m) from • Wind speed meter.
vehicle center. • Air and pavement
thermometers.
• Test vehicles, test tires.
• Radar vehicle speed meter.
Laboratory Drum Tire Tire rolls on rotating drum • ANSI type I sound level
(DR) classification having textured surface. analyzer.
only • Microphones.
• Spectrum analyzers.
• Test tires.
• Laboratory drum.
Instrumentation: • Suited for evaluating Equipment:
31.5 to 80 Hz ± 1.5 dB the roadside noise Moderate
100 to 4000 Hz ± 1.0 dB levels when maximum Labor: Low
5000 Hz ± 1.5 dB engine and
6300 Hz +1.5, -2.0 dB transmissions noise is
8000 Hz +1.5, -3.0 dB occurring.
• Not useful for
Data: N/A evaluating tire/road
noise.
Instrumentation: • Suited for comparison Equipment:
31.5 to 80 Hz ± 1.5 dB of tire/road noise from High
100 to 4000 Hz ± 1.0 dB experimental and Labor: Low
5000 Hz ± 1.5 dB other surfaces.
6300 Hz +1.5, -2.0 dB • Useful for designing
8000 Hz +1.5, -3.0 dB road surface textures
with optimal tire/road
Data: N/A noise properties.
 Table A-5. Highway noise measurement indices.

Abbrev. Index Description

P Sound pressure Sound intensity or the rate of energy flow through a unit area.
The unit of sound pressure level (SPL or Lp) as computed by the
following formula:
Sound pressure level SPL (dB) = 10 log10(p / pref )2
SPL (dB)
(decibel) where: p = Sound pressure
pref = Reference pressure (2 x 10-5 Pa)
The range of SPL is at the threshold levels of human hearing.
A-weighted sound pressure A weighted sound pressure level that corresponds well with human
dB(A)
level perceptions of sound.
C-weighted sound pressure A weighted sound pressure level that slightly attenuates the low and
dB(C)
level high frequencies. Not commonly used.
B-weighted sound pressure A weighted sound pressure level that attenuates at approximately the
dB(B)
level average of the dB(A) and dB(C) levels. Not commonly used.
LAmax or
Maximum sound level The maximum sound level from a vehicle as it passes a microphone.
Lmax

LAeq or Leq A-weighted equivalent The constant sound level that over a given time results in the same
sound level total sound energy as the one of actual fluctuating levels.
The sound level that is exceeded 10 percent of the time for the period
L10 90th percentile sound level
of consideration.
Reference energy mean The maximum pass-by noise level of a single vehicle measured at a
REMEL
emission level specified distance and elevation.

CPX methods are relatively inexpensive, fast, and can be used to continuously document
the noise characteristics (including variability) of long portions of highway. As a result,
they have been used in Europe for many years using a variety of equipment. Early
variations in the noise measured by these types of equipment became evident in field
comparisons. The ISO/DIS 11819-2 helped to standardize the equipment and methods. In
2002, the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) designed and constructed a
modified ISO/DIS 11819-2 CPX noise trailer using sound pressure microphones and tires
that were considered more representative of those used in the U.S. (Hanson, 2003). This
equipment has been used to evaluate selected pavement sections for at least seven highway
agencies (Scofield, 2003; Hanson and James, 2004; Hanson, 2002). However, correlations
between sound pressure CPX values and roadside CPB levels have been inconsistent
(Chalupnik, 1996).

Another near-field measurement method for localized noise measurements, developed by

General Motors and recently made into an AASHTO Provisional Standard (TP076-08), has
been used in the U.S. since the 1990s for pavement–tire noise evaluations. It uses sound
intensity (SI) microphones for noise collection. SI is the rate of energy flow through a unit
area, which when integrated over the area provides sound pressure. Because these
microphone pairs are directional, they are not significantly affected by adjacent tire and
wind noise. As a result, a noise-deadening trailer is not required for data collection, and
the microphones can be mounted on any vehicle, including trucks. Additionally, a good
relationship has been established between the results of this method and roadside noise
measured using the CPB method. Figures A-9 and A-10 illustrate this relationship as
determined from a 1996 study, and a more recent comparison was made at California SR
138 (Donavan and Rymer, 2003; Chalupnik, 1996).

A-18
 Figure A-9. Sound intensity versus CPB.

Figure A-10. Sound intensity versus CPB.

Additional comparison testing of sound intensity and pass-by sound was conducted in
Arizona on concrete portions of SR 202. Figures A-11 and A-12 show the correlations at
pass-by measurement offsets of 25 and 50 ft (7.5 and 15 m) (Hanson, 2003). The offset, or
reduction in noise, between the sound intensity and the 25-ft (7.5-m) pass-by noise was 23.8
dB(A), and for the 50-ft (15-m) offset, the reduction was 30 dB(A) (Donavan and Scofield,
2004; Hanson, 2003). Correlations of sound pressure CPX and sound intensity
measurements are good, with R2 values of 0.81 to 0.85 (Hanson, 2003). Arizona DOT
currently is evaluating the correlation between sound intensity measurements and SPB
results. Different tires can produce different noise results. Therefore, care must be taken
to ensure consistent tire properties (Sandberg and Ejsmont, 2002; Hanson, 2003; Donavan,
2003).

A-19
 Figure A-11. Sound intensity versus CPB at 25 ft (7.5 m).

Figure A-12. Sound intensity versus CPB at 50 ft (15 m).

Interior vehicle noise measurement entails the continuous measurement of noise inside the
test vehicle as it travels along a road at a specified speed. The measurement location is at a
point 2.25 ft (0.7 m) above the front passenger seat. The collected noise data for a given run
are used to compute the equivalent sound pressure level (Leq), which is obtained by adding
up all the sound energy during the measurement period and then dividing it by the
measurement time (Rasmussen et al., 2007a).

A-20
TEXTURING METHODS FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

Several surface texturing and retexturing methods for concrete roads are used in the U.S.
and internationally, including:

• Plastic brushing/brooming.
• Transverse and longitudinal dragging.
• Transverse and longitudinal tining.
• Longitudinal diamond grinding.
• Transverse and longitudinal grooving.
• Exposed aggregate concrete (EAC).
• Porous concrete.
• Shot-abrading.
• Thin HMA overlays.
• Proprietary ultra-thin asphalt surfacings.

Brief descriptions of each texture, as well as summaries of their advantages and

disadvantages, are provided in the sections below.

Plastic Brushing/Brooming

Plastic brushing is accomplished using a finishing broom in either a transverse or

longitudinal direction following final surfacing. Brushing techniques typically are used for
low-speed and low-volume roadways because they have lower macro-texture levels and
related lower friction properties at higher speeds.

Among the strengths and weaknesses regarding constructability and development of

texture, friction, and noise of transverse and longitudinal broom finishing are:

• Brushed surfaces can be applied to small jobs without the use of mechanical
equipment or transport frames.
• Transverse and longitudinal broom finishing is easy to apply during the paving
process either with a broom attached to a Tine & Cure Machine or by the use of a
work bridge and applying it by hand.
• Unlike burlap or Astroturf drag finishes, a broom finish is not affected by the
problems associated with high winds. It can be applied directly behind the paving
machine as soon as conditions allow.
• Broom finishes, when done in a uniform, consistent method, are very pleasing in
appearance and provide a minimum amount of road noise both inside the automobile
and out.
• The macro-texture of brushed surfaces generally is not high, resulting in lower
friction at high speeds.
• Broom finishes do not provide the long-term skid resistance characteristics found in
the transverse or longitudinal tining processes.
• Broom finishes are susceptible to becoming smooth over a period of time and
increased traffic counts.

A-21
Transverse and Longitudinal Dragging

Dragging burlap or Astroturf material behind a paver to induce micro-texture has been
used for many years, and is currently used without other texture methods for lower speed
roadways and parking lots. Many of the higher speed motorways in Germany currently are
surfaced using a jute (burlap) drag finish, with broom or Astroturf drag finishes used on
some new roads (Wenzl et al., 2004). The Minnesota DOT has specified Astroturf drag
surfaces for their new concrete roads since 1998.

Strengths and weaknesses of the Astroturf drag method regarding texture, noise, friction,
and constructability include:

• The texture of a properly applied Astroturf or carpet drag finish is very attractive in
appearance and provides a consistent finish.
• It is easy to apply for the contractor and costs very little as a finishing method.
• The friction capability of an Astroturf finish is greater than the burlap finish
because of the increased surface roughness due to the characteristics of the
polyethylene blades and the increased weight of the material.
• Noise levels appear to be very similar to that of a burlap drag finish and much
quieter than the transverse tining method.
• Because of the ability to apply curing compounds more quickly for turf and carpet
drag finishes, stronger surface mortar and more durable surface textures can result.
• The surface finish of the Astroturf may not provide the friction numbers of the
transverse tining method.
• Additionally, over a period of time with high traffic counts, a “smoothing” of the
surface finish may be present or more noticeable than that of a tined finish.
• A proper finish is very difficult to achieve in high winds and temperatures.

Among the strengths and weaknesses of burlap drag methods in regard to surface
properties and constructability are:

• A uniform, consistent burlap drag finish provides a very attractive finish.

• The noise levels from a burlap drag finish are very low both inside the automobile
and outside.
• A burlap drag finish is easy for the contractor to apply in most any type of weather
conditions. It is not as susceptible to the problems of high winds as the Astroturf
because of the ability to keep the burlap wet and increasing the surface contact.
• Burlap drag finish does not provide the macro-texture needed to avoid high-speed
hydroplaning or to resist rotational movement during skidding (FHWA, 1996).
• A burlap drag finish wears a smooth surface more rapidly than the Astroturf or a
tined finish.

Transverse and Longitudinal Tining

Transverse tining was used nearly exclusive for many years on high-speed concrete roads,
based on the FHWA recommendations from the late 1960s. Longitudinal tining has been
used in for a long time in California and southeastern Virginia, but recent efforts to reduce
pavement–tire noise have led other agencies to use longitudinal tining, as well. Following

A-22
initial texturing by dragging artificial carpet or burlap over the surface, transverse and
longitudinal tines are dragged across the concrete surface prior to setting. This provides
transverse or longitudinal grooves in the road that allow for water to escape from beneath
the tires and can reduce hydroplaning. Primarily, tining is used to provide macro-texture
for improved friction characteristics of a concrete surface.

Strengths of transverse and longitudinal tining with regard to noise, friction, and
constructability include:

• Transverse tining provides a durable, high-friction surface when good quality

aggregates and mixes are used.
• Channels formed by the transverse tining allow for water to drain to the road edge
without flowing onto the tire-contact area. Better wet-road friction may result.
• Vehicles on horizontal curves with longitudinal tining will have greater force acting
to prevent them from skidding off the curve (Neal et al., 1978; FHWA, 1996).
• Observations indicate that less splash and spray is developed on transversely tined
sections than dense graded asphalt (FHWA, 1996).
• Transverse and longitudinal tining are easy to construct with automated equipment
or using hand methods.
• Longitudinal tining can provide good initial skid resistance, but reports of friction
degradation indicate that high-quality aggregate (siliceous sand) and polish-
resistant coarse aggregate are needed for this surface texture to perform well
(FHWA, 1996).
• Longitudinal tining can reduce pass-by noise and interior noise whine when
compared with transversely tined surfaces.

Weaknesses or concerns reported for transverse and longitudinal tining include:

• Transverse tining constructed using uniform spacing produces a tonal noise or

whine that is objectionable to vehicle drivers (Kuemmel et al., 2000).
• Frictional advantages of transverse tining over longitudinal grooving in tangent
sections may be reduced along horizontal curves (Mahone and Runkle, 1972).
• Transverse tining requires an additional operation and equipment compared with
longitudinal tining or dragging (FHWA, 1996).
• Longitudinal tining tends to reduce the channels for water to escape to the road
edge. This results in a larger percentage of rainfall on the road surface and greater
reported splash and spray characteristics than transverse tined roads (Dierstein,
1982; FHWA, 1996).
• In wetter climates subject to freezing, the decreased drainage capability of
longitudinal tining may result in less friction than better-draining surfaces (FHWA,
1996).
• If aggregates are not durable on longitudinal or transverse tined surfaces,
retexturing may be needed before the end of the road’s structural life (FHWA, 1996).
• Drivers of small vehicles sometimes report a feeling that steering control has been
taken by the road. This can be addressed by minimizing the tine width and using a
0.75-in. (19-mm) tine spacing (Ruggenstein, 1977; FHWA, 1996).

A-23
Longitudinal Diamond Grinding

Diamond grinding involves the use of closely spaced diamond-impregnated blades to cut
patterns in hardened concrete (AASHTO, 1993). The major result of grinding is the
removal of a thin (0.15 to 0.25 in. [4 to 6 mm]) layer of concrete surface material, resulting
in a smooth surface with high friction properties. Typically used for worn concrete surfaces,
this process has been employed to remove joint and crack faulting, remove wheelpath ruts,
correct for joint unevenness due to slab warping, restore transverse drainage, improve skid
resistance properties, and reduce road tire noise. Primarily due to the use of incentive
smoothness specifications, some new concrete roads are also being diamond ground.

Among the benefits or strengths associated with using diamond grinding for noise and
friction improvement are the following (Correa and Wong, 2001):

• Significantly increases surface macro-texture, reduces tire/road noise, and improves

initial friction.
• Provides for better water drainage through increased surface texture and can reduce
hydroplaning.
• Provides or restores a smooth riding surface by removing faults, curling, warping,
and construction profile irregularities.
• May reduce accident rates in wet weather conditions by providing adequate macro-
texture and removing studded tire wheelpath rutting.
• Does not raise the road surface elevation.
• Does not affect material durability unless the coarse aggregate is a soft stone subject
to polishing.
• Is generally more cost-effective for restoring friction than thin overlay, unless coarse
aggregate is susceptible to polishing (FHWA, 1996).

A few areas of weakness that should be addressed in designing texture restoration diamond
grinding projects include (Correa and Wong, 2001):

• Will not address structural distresses such as pumping, loss of support, corner
breaks, working transverse cracks, and shattered slabs.
• Will not resolve severe levels of concrete deterioration from D-cracking, reactive
aggregate, or freeze-thaw damage.
• Cannot reduce tire/road noise related to wide transverse joints.
• Increased friction may be temporary if the aggregates are susceptible to polishing
and traffic levels are high.
• Harder aggregates, such as quartzite, are more costly to grind.
• Grinding slurry must be removed and disposed appropriately

Transverse and Longitudinal Grooving

Sawing grooves in concrete road surfaces, as a method for reducing hydroplaning, had its
inception in Great Britain in 1956 on airfield roads (Rasmussen, 1974). Both longitudinal
and transverse grooving have been used in the U.S., but longitudinal grooving is more
common. Transverse and longitudinal grooving of concrete road surfaces is generally
completed on a cured surface as a method for enhancing macro-texture.

A-24
In many highway agencies, if the tining operation is not successful or if there is rain
damage, grooving or grinding is necessary to establish the specified drainage texture
dimensions. Other agencies use grooving to restore macro-texture on worn or accident-
prone surfaces.

Longitudinal and transverse grooving have several strengths, as listed below:

• Longitudinal grooving can be completed quickly with only a single lane closure and
minimal traffic interruption (FHWA, 1980).
• Increases macro-texture and skid resistance of low-texture surfaced.
• Grooves can be installed as needed after construction to improve a skid-prone
surface.

Weaknesses or disadvantages of these methods are as follows:

• Motorcycle drivers report a sensation of instability when using longitudinally

grooved roads (FHWA, 1980).
• Longitudinal grooving does not provide direct water drainage to the road shoulder,
resulting in more water on the road surface.
• Transverse grooving is slower and more expensive than longitudinal texture
restoration methods.

Exposed Aggregate Concrete

Exposed aggregate concrete (EAC) texturing has been used for decorative purposes for
many years. Their first reported road use in the U.S. was in 1972, on an experimental
section in Virginia (Mahone et al., 1977). In 1980, Robuco NV of Belgium developed a
concrete road exposure technique, whereby the mortar surrounding the surface aggregates
is removed prior to setting. The process, originally known as “chemical washing,” leaves an
aggregate surface that has similarities to stone matrix asphalt (SMA). When properly
constructed, EAC reportedly provides low road tire noise, good macro-texture for drainage,
and good friction. It has been used in Belgium, Germany, Austria, France, the United
Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Australia with good success. Reportedly 30 million tons of
concrete and concrete products are used annually in Belgium, where CRC pavement with
EAC texture make up about 35 to 40 percent of the highway roads (Rens et al., 2004;
Jasienski and Rens, 2004). The PCC Surface Texture Technical Working Group indicated
in 1996 that “PCC exposed aggregate may be the best new construction technique for noise
reduction and safety (FHWA, 1996).”

EAC surface textures have received primarily positive responses in international literature.
Reported strengths of the method include:

• Initial and long-term roadside and vehicle interior noise is low, comparable with or
better than other concrete surfaces and dense graded asphalt.
• High-pitched whine or low-pitched rumble is not generally associated with this
surface texture (FHWA, 1996).

A-25
 • Initial and long-term friction properties are reportedly good, depending on the
aggregate properties.
• When used in a two-layer system, recycled aggregates and aggregates of lower
qualities can be used in the lower layer, reducing cost and reducing environmental
waste (Rens et al., 2004).

Weaknesses of the texturing method include:

• A one-layer exposed aggregate concrete road could result in problems with evenness
and hence, increased noise emission (Teuns et al., 2004).
• Contractors need time and experience to produce surfaces with good noise properties
(Chandler et al., 2003).
• Special pavers, curing delay, and extra curing methods are required.
• Waiting for the set retarder to take effect may conflict with saw cutting operations
in jointed concrete roads.
• Friction numbers are generally lower during the first year, as the sand and mortar
around the aggregates wear (Sommer, 1994; FHWA, 1996)

Porous Concrete

Porous concrete surfaces are considered “experimental” in the U.S. However, they have
been used in full-scale construction in Belgium and Japan (Debroux and Dumont, 2004).
The methods include using a gap-graded aggregate mix and polymer additives to form a
mortar film around the aggregates. This film is designed to positively bind the aggregates
in a durable structure without filling the open pores between the aggregate (Beeldens et al.,
2004). Porosities between 15 and 25 percent are being used with typical design strengths of
greater than 650 lb/in2 (4.5 MPa) (Nakahara et al., 2004).

Porous concrete has been identified as having the following strengths:

• They provide good splash and spray characteristics, especially early in their life.
• As a result of their absorptive properties, they offer good friction and noise
characteristics.
• Compared with porous asphalt surfaces, the light color of the porous concrete
surface provides a reflective surface that reduces heat accumulation in warm
climates.

Weaknesses of the method include the following:

• In freezing climates, the salt required to remove ice from the surface will be greater
than that for standard, dense, PCC roads.
• Traffic and wind can deposit sand and debris in the pores of this road surface,
reducing its water drainage and sound absorption capabilities. Removing the debris
from the pores using high-pressure washing and vacuuming equipment has not been
effective (Henry, 2000; Beeldens, 2004).
• Low-speed roadways will tend to clog more quickly due to a reduced cleaning effect
from the tires of fast moving vehicles (Caestecker, 1999).

A-26
 • In colder climates, when compared with porous asphalt road, the lower heat
absorption properties of porous cement concrete roads will require more salt and
earlier ice removal.

Shot-abrading

The method for shot-abrading concrete surfaces was developed in 1979-80 as a way to
prepare concrete surfaces prior to applying bonded concrete overlays. Since 1984, shot-
abrading has also been used for restoring friction on highway and airport roads. One
contractor, Humble Equipment Company of Ruston, Louisiana, developed the first machine
(called a Skidabrader) that hurls steel abrasive materials at the road surface to increase
the texture of concrete surfaces. This method has been used on many high-profile concrete
road texture restoration projects in the U.S., including the shuttle runway for NASA, major
airport runways, tunnels, interstates, and the Lake Pontchartrain Bridge in Louisiana.

Benefits or strengths of the shot-abrading method for restoring surface texture include:

• Increases macro-texture levels significantly.

• Macro-texture is maintained over time unless aggregate is soft.
• Production rate is fairly fast.
• Cost is relatively low.

Reported concerns or weaknesses of the shot-abrading method include:

• Micro-texture can be worn away in a few years, if the coarse aggregate is susceptible
to polishing.
• If larger aggregates are exposed, the noise levels tend to increase.
• Does not remove transverse tining noise.
• Does not restore ride quality.

Ultra-thin Bonded Wearing Courses

Recently, ultra-thin (0.375 to 0.75 in. [9.5 to 19.0 mm]) bonded wearing courses (i.e.,
NovaChip® proprietary treatment) have been applied to concrete road surfaces to restore
friction or reduce noise. These treatments consist of a gap-graded, hot-mix asphalt (HMA)
mixture applied over a thick polymer-modified asphalt emulsion membrane. The purpose
for using a gap grading is to provide improved stone-to-stone contact by reducing the
medium sized aggregate and producing a stronger aggregate skeleton (Shatnwi and
Toepfer, 2003).

The bonded wearing course membrane prevents water leakage and generally provides a
good bond to the old concrete surface. Approximately 50.2 million yd2 (42.0 million m2) of
NovaChip® material has been installed in the U.S. since 1992. Contractors in the U.S.
reportedly own 15 to 20 of the specialized paving machines in U.S. now, indicating its
popularity. Texas and Florida have used the process for installing open graded friction
courses, as well (Exline, 2004).

Strengths of the NovaChip® method include:

A-27
 • Disposes of water quickly from the surface, thus reducing roadway spray from
vehicles and providing greater visibility in wet weather. This is accomplished
through it coarse aggregate matrix.
• Good skid resistance makes the product desirable at locations where loss of traction
due to wet roads is common.
• Fast installation in a single pass, with little rolling results in short lane closures.
• Thin lifts can be used for low-clearance areas or city streets where drainage profiles
are critical.
• More durable than standard chip seals and no loose chips are generated during
construction.

Concerns about weaknesses of the NovaChip® process for improving friction and noise
include:

• “Shelling” of the surface was noted after 3 months of service in St Joseph, Missouri.
Loose aggregate was noted at the shoulder on the passing lane. This apparently
resulted from snowplow damage as the plows cleaned the reverse sloped shoulder.
Other shelling was attributed to the effects of freeze-thaw cycling.
• Requires greater initial application of deicing salt than dense surfaces; however, less
deicing materials is reportedly needed for subsequent applications.

Ultra-thin Epoxied Laminate Treatments

Ultra-thin (0.12 to 0.25 in. [3.0 to 6.0 mm]) epoxied laminates (i.e., Italgrip® System
proprietary treatment) have been used for concrete roads for surface texture restoration
primarily in Europe, but with some success in the U.S. The Italgrip® method, which uses
an epoxy for binding a 0.01-in. (0.25-mm) hard, synthetic stone to the road surface, has
been used in Italy for the past 15 years.

Several strengths or benefits are reportedly associated with the Italgrip® system:

• Good antiskid micro-texture properties (BPN 75-80).

• Angular, open-graded aggregate provides good macro-texture for water removal and
reduced hydroplaning.
• Early opening time to traffic under summer conditions (4 hours).
• Fast application rate (29,900 yd2/day [25,000 m2/day] maximum).
• Thin lift (0.1 in. [2.5 mm]) eliminates bridge clearance and curb and gutter
problems.
• Reduced tire/road noise (3 dB versus transversely tined PCC).
• Aggregate colors can be lightened to achieve better night visibility.

Reported weaknesses or disadvantages of the Italgrip® system include:

• Durability is sensitive to the combination of low initial temperatures and early

traffic application.
• High initial cost.

A-28
APPENDIX A REFERENCES

Al-Quadi I.L., D.S. Roosevelt, R. Decker, J.C. Wambold, and W.A. Nixon. 2002.
“Feasibility of Using Friction Indicators to Improve Winter Maintenance Operations and
Mobility,” NCHRP Web Document 53, National Cooperative Highway Research Program
(NCHRP), Washington, D.C.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1976.

Guidelines for Skid-Resistant Pavement Design, AASHTO, Washington, D.C.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1993.

Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, AASHTO, Washington, D.C.

Beeldens, A., D. Van Gemert, and G. Caestecker. 2004. “Porous Concrete/ Laboratory
Versus Field Experience.”

Caestecker, C. 1999. “Test Sections of Noiseless Cement Concrete Pavements—

Conclusions,” Ministry of the Flemish Community, Flemish Brabant Roads and Traffic
Division, Belgium.

Chalupnik, J. 1996. “Predicting Roadside Noise Levels from Near Field Trailer
Measurements,” NoiseCon 96 Proceedings, Seattle, Washington.

Chandler J., S. Phillips, P. Roe, and H. Viner. 2003. “Quieter Concrete Roads:
Construction, Texture, Skid Resistance, and Noise,” Transportation Research Laboratory
Report TRL 576, Crowthorne, Berkshire, United Kingdom.

Correa, A. and B. Wong. 2001. “Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation—Guide for Diamond

Grinding,” FHWA Southern Resource Center, Atlanta, Georgia.

Cousins, G. and P. Mauss. 2001. “An Overview of Vehicle Pass-by Noise,” Sound and
Vibration.

Debroux, R., and R. Dumont. 2004. “Twin-Layer Continuously Reinforced Concrete

Surfacing at Estaimpius on the N511,” 9th International Symposium on Concrete Roads,
Istanbul, Turkey.

Dewey, G.R., A.C. Robords, B.T. Armour, and R. Muethel. 2002. “Aggregate Wear and
Pavement Friction,” Paper presented at 81st Annual Meeting of the Transportation
Research Board, Washington, D.C.

Dierstein, P. 1982. “A Study of PCC Pavement Texture Characteristics in Illinois,” Report

No. FHWA/IL/PR-095, Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, Illinois.

Donavan, P.R. 2003. “Evaluation of the Noise Produced by Various Grooved and Ground
Textures Applied to Existing Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Surfaces,” Caltrans,
Petaluma, California.

A-29
Donavan, P. and B. Rymer. 2003. “Assessment of Highway Pavements for Tire/Road Noise
Generation,” Report 03NVC-232, Society of Automotive Engineers.

Donavan, P.R. and L. Scofield. 2004. “Near Field Tire Noise Measurements of Similar
Pavements of Different Ages” Noise-Con 2004, Baltimore, Maryland.

Ergun, M., G. Oztas, S. Iyinam, and A. Iyinam. 2004. “How Does Micro- and Macro-texture
of Cement Concrete Pavement Affect the Skid Resistance of Road?” 9th International
Symposium on Concrete Roads, Istanbul, Turkey.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 1980. “Skid Reduction Accident Program,”

Technical Advisory T 5040.17, U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA, Washington,
D.C.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 1996. “PCC Surface Texture Technical

Working Group Findings,” Technical Working Group Meeting, Washington, D.C.

Flintsch, G.W., I.L. Al-Qadi, R. Davis, and K.K. McGhee. 2002. “Effect of HMA Properties
on Pavement Surface Characteristics,” Transportation Research Board (TRB), Washington,
D.C.

Glennon, J.C. 1996. “Roadway Defects and Tort Liability,” Lawyers and Judges Publishing
Company, Inc., Tucson, Arizona.

Hall, J.W., K.L. Smith, L. Titus-Glover, J.C. Wambold, T.J. Yager, and Z. Rado. 2006.
“Guide for Pavement Friction Final Report,” National Cooperative Highway Research
Program (NCHRP), Washington, D.C.

Hanson, D. 2002. “Tire/Pavement Noise Study for Michigan Department of

Transportation,” National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT), Auburn, Alabama.

Hanson, D. 2003. “Tire/Pavement Noise – Draft 1,” NCAT Report No. 03-04, National
Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT), Auburn, Alabama.

Hanson, D. and R. James. 2004. “Colorado DOT Tire/Pavement Noise Study,” Report
Number CDOT-DTD-R-2004-5, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado.

Henry, J.J. 2000. “Evaluation of Pavement Friction Characteristics,” NCHRP Synthesis

291, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, D.C.

Jasienski, A. and L Rens. 2004. “Overview and Comparison of the New Belgian Standard
Specifications for Concrete Roads,” 9th International Symposium on Concrete Roads,
Istanbul, Turkey.

Kuemmel, D.A., R.C. Sonntag, J. Crovetti, and Y. Becker. 2000. “Noise and Texture on
PCC Pavements: Results of a Multi-State Study,” Final Report No. WI/SPR-08-99,
Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, Wisconsin.

A-30
Kummer, H.W. 1996. Unified Theory of Rubber and Tire Friction, Pennsylvania State
University College of Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania.

Lee, C., and G. Fleming. 1996. “Measurement of Highway-Related Noise,” FHWA-PD-96-

046, Federal Highway Administration,http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/measure,
Washington, D.C.

Mahone, D. and S. Runkle. 1972. “Pavement Friction Needs,” Transportation Research

Record 396, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Mahone, D., K. McGhee, J. McGee, and J. Galloway. 1977. “Texturing New Concrete
Pavement,” Transportation Research Record 652, National Academy Press, Washington,
D.C.

McNerney, M.T., B. J. Landsberger, S. Burcsak, J. DeMoss, and W.H. Yeo. 2001.

“Feasibility of Using Quiet Pavement Technology To Attenuate Traffic Noise In Texas,” 7-
2957-3, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, Texas.

Moore, D.F. 1972. The Friction and Lubrication of Elastomers, Pergamon Press Ltd.

Nakahara, D., E. Nota, and K. Endo. 2004. “Utilization of Pavement Quality Porous
Concrete and Its Performance,” 9th International Symposium on Concrete Roads, Istanbul,
Turkey.

Neal, B., D. Peck, J. Woodstrom, and D. Spellman. 1978. “Surface Textures for PCC
Pavements,” Report No. FHWA-CA-TL-78-14, California Department of Transportation,
Sacramento, California.

Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC). 2003. “Report from

World Road Association Committee 1,” PIARC, Durban, South Africa.

Personn, B.N.J. 1998. Sliding Friction: Physical Principles and Applications, Springer.

Rasmussen, R. 1974. “Pavement Surface Texturing and Restoration for Highway Safety,”
Presented at the Skid Resistance Symposium of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Highway
Research Board, Washington, D.C.

Rens, L., C. Caestecker, and H. Decramer. 2004. “Sustainable Road Building with Low-
Noise CRCP on Belgian Motorways.

Ruggenstein, E. 1977. “Summary and Evaluation of Concrete Pavement Texturing

Practices.”

Sandberg, U. and J.A. Ejsmont. 2002. Tyre/Road Noise Reference Book, ISBN 91-631-
2610-9, Informex, Kisa, Sweden.

Sayers, M.W. and S.M. Karamihas. 1998. The Little Book of Profiling, University of
Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI), Lansing, Michigan.

A-31
Scofield, L. 2003. “SR 202 PCCP Whisper Grinding Test Sections—Construction Report,”
Arizona Transportation Research Center, Phoenix, Arizona.

Shatnawi, S., and B. Toepfer. 2003. “Technical Advisory Guide for Bonded Wearing Course
Pilot Projects,” California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, California.

Tuens, K., M. Stet, and W. Van Keulen. 2004. “Full Scale Pavement Tests of Exposed
Concrete Aggregates: Acoustical Aspects and Friction Characteristics,” 9th International
Symposium on Concrete Roads, Istanbul, Turkey.

Wambold, J.C., C.E. Antle, J.J. Henry, and Z. Rado. 1994. “International PIARC
Experiment to Compare and Harmonize Texture and Skid Resistance Measurements,”
Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC).

Wayson, R.L. 1998. “Relationship Between Pavement Surface Texture and Highway
Traffic Noise,” NCHRP Synthesis 268, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.

Wenzl, P., K. Beckhaus, and P. Schiebl. 2004. “Surface Durability of Concrete Pavements,”
9th International Symposium on Concrete Roads, Istanbul, Turkey.

Rado, Z. 1994. “Analysis of Texture Models,” PTI Report No. 9510, Pennsylvania
Transportation Institute (PTI), Penn State University, State College, Pennsylvania.

A-32
APPENDIX B. HIGHWAY AGENCY AND INDUSTRY
INTERVIEWS REPORT
INTRODUCTION

Under NCHRP 10-67 subtask 1b, the project team conducted interviews with state highway
agency and industry representatives. The purpose of the interviews was to obtain
information regarding highway agency policies, practices, experiences (including past
studies), and perspectives on pavement frictional properties, texture, and noise. A second
intent was to seek insights and information from other institutions (public or private)
engaged in these issues. Additionally, the interviewers sought information about
pavements that are suitable for use in the Task 7a field evaluations.

SUMMARY OF CONTACT INTERVIEW INFORMATION

The NCHRP 10-67 project team contacted a total of 42 persons from 18 state highway
agencies (SHAs), 12 industry groups, 5 international sources, and 6 related sources. These
are presented below.

• SHAs—Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,

Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota,
Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wisconsin.
• Industry Groups—ACPA (national and local chapters), Associated General
Contractors (AGC), Bruel & Kjaer, Boart Longyear, Demix Construction, Dynatest,
Inc., Gomaco Corporation, International Cybernetics Corporation (ICC),
International Grinding and Grooving Association (IGGA), Italgrip Inc., Koch
Industries, Inc., MGPS, Inc., National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT)
(Auburn University), Skidabrader, and Texas Cement Council.
• International and Related Sources—Germany Federal Highway Research Institute
(BASt), Central and Western Field Test Center, Eastern Field Test Center,
Forschungsinstitut, Illingsworth and Rodkin, Institute for Safe Quiet and Durable
Highways (ISQDH) (Purdue University), National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)-Langley, Robuco (Belgium), Stork Materials Tech.,
Transport Research Laboratory (United Kingdom), University of Texas–El Paso,
Swedish National Road and Transportation Research Institute (VTI), and FHWA
Volpe National Transportation Systems Center.

Specific information that is related to agency practices, experience, and research was
gleaned from the interviews and from the documents provided by the contacts.
Descriptions are provided in the sections below.

POLICIES AND PRACTICES

Agency contacts reported a variety of policies and practices regarding texturing PCC
pavements. Information from their responses and available specifications is provided in
Chapter 2 of this final report.

EXPERIENCES AND RESEARCH

Several agencies have constructed texture, friction, and noise test sections. They provided
reports from these experimental sections to the NCHRP 10-67 team for review. As

B-1
summarized in Table B-1 and discussed below, they also described the status and results of
their projects (Scofield, 2003; Donavan, 2003; Ardani and Outcalt, 2000; Parcells, 1989;
Weinfurter et al., 1994; Burge et al., 2002; Marquart, 1997; Marquart, 2003; Kuemmel et
al., 2000).

Table B-1. Agency PCC texturing test sites.

Agency Year (site) Methods used Eval. methods

Grinding (2.8 mm and 3.0 mm spacing),
Arizona 2003 (SR 202) CPX-SP, CPX-SI, IRI
jacks
Broom and burlap drag with grooving and
California 2002 (SR 58) CPX-SI, CPB, FN40R
grinding
Burlap drag and LTD, TTD, TT (13 mm), TT
CPB, FN40S, FN40R,
1994 (I-70) (25 mm), LT (19 mm), GVL (19 mm), GVT
OFM, LTP, SPM, PI
(variable)
Colorado
2001-2 (US 285) LT (19 mm), GR
BD/LT (19 mm), LTD/LT (19 mm), LTD/GV Subjective vehicle
2003 (US 287)
(19 mm), LTD/GV (variable), GD handling evaluation, LTP
2004 (I-70) TT (Marquette) skewed PI, subjective review
Illinois TT (Marquette-modified) skewed, TT (19
2004 (I-80) PI, subjective review
mm)
(I-70) GV and others
Indiana 1990-2002 (I- Subjective review
TT (Uniform and variable)
465)
LTD/TT (13 mm), LTD/TT (19 mm), LTD/LT
Iowa 1993 (SH 163) (19 mm), LTD/TT (variable),
LTD/GVT (13 mm)
LTD, BD, BRT, TT (13 mm), TT (19 mm), FN40R, FN55R over 11
1989 (US 54)
different aggregate types years, FN40S, FN55S
Kansas GR (2.8, 3.0, 3.3 mm)
2004 (US 69) w/ and w/o jacks FN40R, SPM
w/ and w/o joints
1992 (I-75) EACS (8 mm), TT (25 mm) SPM, FN40R, RQI
Michigan
2000 (US 24) LTD, TT (13 mm) skewed, GR FN40R
Minnesota Several sites LTD, BRL, TT FN40S, SPM
SPB, Drop off noise,
FN40R, FN40S, FN50R,
New York 1998-9 ((I-190) TT (variable), DG (2.67 mm spacing)
FN50S, FN60R, FN60S,
SPM
TT 13, 19, 25, 51, 76, and 102 mm)
1994 (I-80) CPB, INT, TD, FN40R
North Dakota LT (19 mm). TT (25-102 mm variable)
1999-2001 (I-80) LTD (MTD > 0.8 mm) SPM, FN40R, CPB
TT (19mm variable), TT (25 mm variable) INT, CPB, FN40S,
1994 (SH 29)
skewed 1:4 and 1:6, LT (25 mm) FN50S, LTP, IRI
Wisconsin
1996 (US 51, US INT, CPB, FN40S,
TT (25 mm variable)
151, SH 26) FN50S, LTP, IRI
1 in. = 25.4 mm
Note: CPX-SI = sound intensity controlled pass-by, CPB = controlled pass-by, SPB = statistical pass-by, INT =
interior noise, FN40S = ASTM E 274 friction (40 mph, smooth tire), FN40R = ASTM E 274 friction (40 mph,
smooth tire), SPM = sand patch method, OFM = outflow meter, CTM = circular texture meter, BPT = British
pendulum tester, LTP = laser texture profiler, TD = tine depth, PI = Profile Index, IRI = International
Roughness Index, RQI = Ride Quality Index

B-2
Agency Experiences

Alabama reported good performance after 6 to 8 years from a Type B, 0.75-in. (19-mm)
NovaChip® bridge overlay project on I-59. They also indicated that spray is less on
NovaChip® surfaces than on open-graded friction courses (OGFCs).

Arizona has been using an asphalt rubber friction course material for many years. Because
of its desirable noise properties, pressure from the public in the Phoenix area has resulted
in redirecting funds to overlay the primary interstate roads, even though these concrete
pavements are in good condition. Arizona used 1-in. (25-mm) transverse tining on many of
these pavements, with a resulting loud whine. They experimented with variable transverse
tining, measuring higher noise levels. They also evaluated longitudinally tined pavements
and measured about 7 dB(A) reduction at 50 ft (15 m), although this was still not at the
level of the asphalt rubber friction course. Their conclusion was to overlay their concrete
pavements with the asphalt rubber friction course. The American Concrete Pavement
Association (ACPA) asked ADOT to allow for installation and monitoring of a “whisper
grinding” section on westbound SR 202 in Phoenix in 2003. Initial comparisons placed the
average initial CPX noise level for asphalt rubber friction course surfaces at 91.8 dB(A) and
the best whisper grind section at 95.5 dB(A). Testing in 2004 indicated that the levels of
both surfaces had increased with time; however, the rate of increase on the friction course
was greater than that of the ground section. Testing is scheduled to continue (Scofield,
2003). They have also been measuring friction on these sections using a K.J. Law Airport
Friction Tester (Scofield, 2004/05).

California has used longitudinal tining following burlap drag since the 1970’s. They use
burlap drag only in the Sierra Mountains on I-80 because of the low traffic volume and
damaging effect of studded tires and tire chains. Caltrans constructed a test site on SR 58
in Mojave in June 2003 using combinations of texture grinding and grooving on
longitudinally tined, burlap drug, or broomed PCC surfaces. One section was constructed
using a broom that was not considered sufficiently stiff. However, it developed adequate
friction levels. For optimizing noise and friction, Caltrans is considering using burlap drag
for low demand surfaces and grooving the surfaces when traffic levels are high. They have
noted that even when longitudinal tining is used and the paste is dry, noisy pavement can
result (Pyle, 2004/05).

The Colorado DOT has been evaluating texture, friction, and noise properties of PCC
pavements since 1994. They installed and evaluated test sections on I-70 in 1994 and
completed a thorough evaluation of the sections. They concluded that longitudinal
texturing provided the quietest interior and exterior noise levels. Their current texturing
method (burlap drag with 1-in. [25-mm] transverse tining) produced the highest noise
levels. As a result, Colorado DOT changed their texturing specification in 1997 to require
turf drag and longitudinal tining with 0.75-in. (19-mm) spacing. Longitudinal Astroturf
drag provided the lowest friction numbers in this experiment. Beginning in 2002, some
drivers of small vehicles report a feeling of loss of control on the longitudinally tines
pavements. Initial investigation indicates that the problem is common to new winter tires
with no studs. After the tires are worn about 3 to 4 months, the problems are not reported.
In response to this concern, Colorado DOT constructed a longitudinal texturing test site in
2004 to evaluate the effect of longitudinal texturing methods on vehicle handling. The site

B-3
included a harsh turf drag, turf drag with longitudinal tining, burlap drag with
longitudinal tining, sinusoidal longitudinal brooming, variable longitudinal tining, sawed
longitudinal grooves, grinding, and dense grade asphalt concrete. Evaluation will be
completed in 2005 and will include a subjective evaluation of handling comfort and friction
measurements (Ardani, 2004; Outcalt, 2004).

Illinois’s DOT has used turf drag and 0.75-in. (19-mm) transverse tining for several years.
Recently they have experimented with skewed variable tining and have been pleased with
the results. An informal noise evaluation of transverse variably tined PCC on US 67 was
made around 2001. Illinois constructed test sites with this type of tining on the shoulder of
I-55 in Springfield. They constructed a similar test site on about 9 mi (15.5 km) of
continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavement of I-70 near the Indiana border, and a
modified skewed Marquette pavement on I-80 near Ottawa and on I-290. On these sites,
the contractor removed the narrow spacing tines to avoid spalling. Illinois DOT is pleased
with this texture and plans to use it on future construction on the Dan Ryan Expressway
and I-74 near Peoria. The modified specification uses the spacings in Table B-2 and a 1:6
skew. The table should be read from left to right, one row at a time (Mueller, 2004).

Table B-2. Illinois DOT draft variable tining specification, mm

(read left to right, one row at a time).

34 36 47 54
48 43 32 31
27 36 29 46
21 43 23 42
52 24 18 28
40 34 27 26
25 27 20 37
38 52 51 45
37 43 53 27
37 42 41 29
43 45 44 30
37 33 40 28
31 50 34 45
20 45 50 53
51 29 25 18
53 18 38 51
40 17 49 50
39 51 36 36
38 46 29 38
50 24 33
1 in. = 25.4 mm

B-4
Indiana’s DOT has experimented with uniform and variable transverse tining patterns for
several years and has had a variable transverse tining specification since before January
1999. Their current specification, implemented in September 2000, calls for texturing with
a double thickness burlap drag or a minimum 4-ft (1.2-m) wide turf drag. Tining
dimensions are to be between 0.09 and 0.13 in. (2.3 and 3.3 mm) wide and from 0.12 to 0.19
in. (3 to 4.8 mm) deep according to the following repeated spacing pattern: 0.625, 1, 0.875,
0.625, 1.22, 0.75, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0.75, 0.875, 1.75, 0.875, 0.35, 1, 1, 1.22, 1.5, 0.875, 0.75, 0.875, 1,
0.875, and 1 in. (16, 25, 22, 16, 31, 19, 25, 25, 25, 25, 19, 22, 44, 22, 9, 25, 25, 31, 38, 22, 19,
22, 25, 22, and 25 mm). Correction or retexturing is to be done using transverse or
longitudinal grooves spaced at 1 in. (19 mm) (Andruski, 2004).

The Iowa DOT used transverse tining (0.75-in. [19-mm] spacing) following turf or burlap
drag on concrete pavement from 1976 to 1998. They experimented with 1.5-in. (38-mm)
transverse tining and turf drag, but have discontinued both on high-speed roadways,
although the turf drag is still in place with good friction on many sites. This is reportedly
because the fine aggregates in Iowa are high in silica content and maintain friction well. In
1999, they began allowing two options: 0.75-in. (19-mm) longitudinal tining, which is
commonly used, and variable (not Marquette) transverse tining (0.375 to 1.625 in. [9.5 to 41
mm]), which is seldom used. Iowa DOT likes the 0.75-in. (19-mm) longitudinal tine option
with turf drag because of the reduced noise and sufficient texture; however, contractors
tend to prefer using burlap drag because it improves smoothness values. They have noticed
that deep longitudinal tining results in noise complaints from the public. They also noted
that placing weights on the turf during dragging results in aggregate being pulled from the
mix. Friction numbers (FN40R) are typically greater than 50 for new longitudinally tined
pavements with turf drag, and they commonly remain greater than 40 (Hanson, 2004;
Jones, 2004).

Kansas DOT specifies longitudinal tining (0.75-in. [19-mm] spacing) following turf or
burlap drag for new concrete pavements. They constructed a grinding test site in
November 2004 to investigate methods for improving pavement–tire noise and maintaining
friction. They are concerned about wearing of the ground surfaces because of the limestone
used as coarse aggregate in their pavements. Multi-year friction study data indicate that
diamond ground sections have FN40R friction levels above burlap drag but lower than the
transverse and longitudinally tined sections. The grinding test site, constructed on US 69,
includes sections with blade spacings of 0.11, 0.12, and 0.13 in. (2.8, 3.0, and 3.3 mm), with
and without jacks, and with and without narrow transverse joints (Gisi, 2004).

Michigan DOT specifies 0.5-in. (13-mm) transverse tining, 0.12 in. (3 mm) wide and 0.12 to
0.25 in. (3 to 6 mm) deep, with some variation of the spacing. However, Michigan DOT does
not enforce the depth. They have measured tine depths and mean texture depths on cores
removed from construction projects in 2003-04 and found that the design depths are not
being met. They constructed a texturing test site in 2000 on US 24 in Detroit that includes
diamond ground surface, variable diagonal tining, and turf drag surfaces. In 2001, the
tined surfaces in the truck lanes had FN40R values of 55, while the turf drag and diamond
ground sections were 46. All of these values are considered adequate. Michigan DOT plans
to construct a demonstration project in 2005 to evaluate turf drag surfaces (Hynes,
2004/05). Recently I-275 in Detroit was constructed using variable transverse tining. The
contractor reportedly pulled out every other tine from the rake during construction. Public

B-5
complaints about the noise from the pavement have led the DOT to grind the entire surface
(DeGraff, 2004).

Minnesota DOT used turf drag and 1-in. (25-mm) maximum variable spacing transverse
tining for high speed concrete pavements from 1976 to 1983. They modified their variable
spacing in 1983 to a maximum of 1.5 in. (38 mm) and reduced the range to 0.625 to 1.0 in.
(16 to 25 mm) in 1995. In 1998, they took the lead in evaluating and implementing
longitudinal turf drag surfaces for high speed pavements. Since 1998, they have specified
turf drag on high speed pavements. In 1998, they required a mean texture depth (MTD) of
0.03 in. (0.8 mm). Diamond grinding was required on several projects because contractors
were not meeting the texture requirements. To increase friction levels, they increased the
MTD requirement to at least 0.04 in. (1 mm) for new construction. This helps offset the
average texture depth reduction of 0.015 in. (0.4 mm) caused by snow plow activity.

Minnesota DOT investigated the effect of texture on zero blanking band profile index (PI0.0)
in 2002. They concluded that texture increases the profile index by 8.8 in/mi (140 mm/km)
when using a lightweight profiler and by 5.7 in/mi (90 mm/km) when using a California
profilograph. Minnesota has selected 16 turf and broom sites for texture and friction
studies. This work will continue for several years. In the fall of 2004, the National Center
for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) sent their noise trailer to Minnesota to evaluate several
test sites; the results are not yet available. Minnesota is also conducting research into the
effect of turf drag on accident rates (Schwartz 2004; Izevbekhai, 2004).

Missouri DOT specified burlap drag and 0.5-in. (13-mm) transverse tining until January
2004, when they significantly modified their requirements. Currently, they allow any type
of concrete surface texture (including burlap drag) for high speed pavements, as long as it
achieves a Lot MTD of 0.03 in. (0.7 mm) following construction. Lots consist of a day’s
paving and are sampled at least four times. If the contractor chooses to construct a surface
texture using transverse or longitudinal tining (0.5 in. [13 mm] spacing) or using diamond
grinding, the texture depth requirement will be waived. Currently, contractors are
typically using longitudinal tining, because of its ease of installation. Reportedly, Missouri
is concerned about the long-term friction stability of diamond ground surfaces, because of
the predominance of limestone in their paving projects. To reduce this concern, they have
cut back on their incentive for diamond grinding (Donahue, 2004/05).

North Dakota DOT has experimented with turf drag and variable transverse tining for
several years. Their current specification calls for variable transverse tining spaced as
shown in Table B-3 and skewed 1:6 left-hand forward. The table should be read from left to
right and then from top to bottom. In 1997, they completed an evaluation of tining widths
to reduce noise on concrete highways. A test project was completed 2.5 mi (4 km) west of
Eagles Nest on I-80 in 1994. It included uniform transverse tining (0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, and 4
in. [13, 19, 25, 51, 76, and 102 mm] spacings) and longitudinal tining (0.75-in. [19 mm]
spacing). One section included a uniform combination of 1-, 3-, 2-, and 4-in. (25-, 76-, 51-,
and 102-mm) transverse tine spacings. They noted a whine within the vehicles with tine
spacing of 2 in. (51 mm) or greater and found reduced interior noise with reduced
transverse tine spacing. Exterior noise measurements were not noticeably different with
the different tine spacings. Under the same study, they constructed a test site on I-94
using variable transverse tine spacings between 0.375 and 1.5 in. (9.5 and 38 mm). This
section produced lower noise, and adopted the variable spacing as their construction

B-6
standard in 1997. Since that time, the specified spacing has been modified. North Dakota
DOT also evaluated the effectiveness of tining versus carpet dragging for texturing concrete
pavements.

Table B-3. North Dakota DOT variable tining specification spacing, mm

(read left to right, one row at a time).

57 71 29 59 51
29 27 24 30 25
56 60 70 67 25
67 51 46 18 19
64 75 75 21 13
70 22 67 19 44
71 25 48 52 48
13 56 44 60 32
52 32 21 19 40
11 41 70 73 38
38 19 13 13 68
38 59 19 29 14
67 56 25
1 in. = 25.4 mm

Five projects were constructed in 1999-2001 on North Dakota I-94 under this study with
longitudinal turf drag and variable transverse tined surfaces. Although the average
texture depth of the turf drag sections (0.03 in. [0.8 mm]) was less than that of the tined
sections (0.04 in. [1.0 mm]), the ASTM E 274 ribbed tire friction levels after 1 to 3 years
were the same for the turf drag (53.8) as the tined surfaces (52.5). With light and heavy
vehicles, the roadside noise of the turf drag sections averaged about 3 dB and 2.4 dB lower
than the tined sections (Schumacher, 2004).

Pennsylvania DOT specifies a variable transverse tine according to that developed for
Wisconsin DOT, as shown in Table B-4. They have had problems with constructing skewed
transverse tining, and have not included skew in their specification. They have constructed
longitudinal tining test sections, but have had trouble measuring surface profiles and are
concerned about its safety. Grinding is only used for improving smoothness. In their
quality control operations, they use a tire gauge to confirm tine depth (Gardiner, 2004).
They have polish-susceptible limestone in the western part of the state and are looking into
polish value, LA Abrasion, and Micro Duval methods for controlling aggregate resistance to
wear (Becker, 2004).

Texas DOT specifies longitudinal turf drag followed by transverse tining with 1-in. (25-mm)
spacing for new PCC pavements. However, they are closely monitoring research in other
surface texture types, including turf drag. They sponsored research by the University of
Texas at Austin into the roadside and tire noise properties of transversely tined (25-mm)
PCC surfaces, transversely and diagonally grooved PCC, ungrooved PCC, and other asphalt
surfaces. Ungrooved and untined PCC pavements had the lowest roadside noise levels,

B-7
followed by tined continuously reinforced PCC and grooved jointed reinforced PCC. Ultra-
thin bonded asphalt wearing coarse material had the lowest noise levels. Only very small
differences in ranking were noted from the microphones mounted near the tire versus the
roadside measurements. TXDOT, for several years, has collected large amounts of
pavement surface texture data using a 128 kHz laser system. They expect to correlate this
with friction data and use the texture data as an initial 100 percent review of their
pavement system’s frictional properties (Bertrand, 2004; Seiders, 2004).

Table B-4. Pennsylvania and Wisconsin DOT’s variable tining specification spacing, mm
(read left to right, one row at a time).

34 36 47 54 48
43 32 31 27 36
29 46 21 43 23
42 52 24 18 28
40 34 27 26 25
27 20 37 38 52
51 45 37 43 53
14 27 37 42 41
29 43 14 45 44
30 37 33 40 28
31 50 34 45 15
20 45 50 16 63
51 29 25 18 16
53 18 38 51 40
17 15 49 50 39
51 36 36 38 46
29 38 50 24 33
1 in. = 25.4 mm

Wisconsin DOT specified turf drag followed by a 0.12-in. (3.02-mm) rake to apply variable
transverse tining according to the pattern established by the Marquette University for
Wisconsin DOT. The tining center-to-center pattern dimensions are the same as
Pennsylvania’s, as shown in Table B-4. Contractors are encouraged to skew the tining but
are not required to do so. Wisconsin has constructed and evaluated concrete pavement
texture and noise test sites since 1997. This has included 22 test sections constructed using
various combinations of tining (longitudinal, transverse, variable, uniform, skewed 1:4, and
skewed 1:6). In addition, they have evaluated concrete pavement surface texture
rehabilitation methods, such as shot blasting and diamond grinding. It was their research
that identified a method to detect, quantify, and eliminate the whine associated with
uniform transverse tining. Conclusions from their research indicate that both the
longitudinally tined and skewed variably tined concrete surfaces provide quiet interior and
exterior noise levels. They reported exterior noise reductions (Leq) of 1 to 4 dB(A) for
variable tining and 4 to 7 dB(A) for longitudinal tining. Interior noise levels (Lmax) were
about 2 dB(A) for both textures.

B-8
In Austria, public complaints of high traffic noise in the populated valleys prompted a
management decision to allow only noise reducing asphalt pavements. The concrete
industry worked with Robuco of Belgium to develop exposed aggregate concrete surface mix
designs and construction methods. Since 1997, they have constructed two-layer, wet-on-wet
EACS using a 1.57-in. (40-mm) top layer of hard, low polishing cubic aggregate over a
limestone or recycled concrete lower layer. Noise measured on this pavement surface
reportedly is only 0.7 dB higher than porous asphalt after 2 years. Gomaco has developed a
slip form paver for this dual application (Buys, 2004).

In Belgium and the Netherlands, due to the restricted size of jobs, two-layer paving is not
cost effective. Instead, they use a single-layer EACS with maximum aggregate size of 1 in.
(25 mm) and an increased quantity of smaller aggregate. This pavement reportedly is
within 0.4 dB of the levels achieved using a two-layer system.

Germany continues to use burlap drag surfaces on their concrete roadway. However, they
are investigating two-layer exposed aggregate concrete surfaces and porous concrete
surfaces for texture properties, construction methods, friction durability, noise levels, and
tire interaction (Huschiek, 2004).

The United Kingdom has recently required that 60 percent of trunk roads, including all
PCC roads, be surfaced using low-noise asphalt surfacing by March 2011. This has
hampered construction and research in PCC surface textures. However, the Transportation
Research Lab has completed a large body of work in evaluating the effects of PCC surface
texture on safety and noise. They have developed detailed specifications for designing and
constructing EACS. They also developed and calibrated a method of using maturity meter
technology to determine the best time for surface mortar removal. Contractors in the UK
have had good success using a combination of sprayed set retarder and rain resistant
moisture barrier instead of using plastic sheeting. They report having problems using
porous concrete pavements and discontinuing its use (Chandler, 2004).

SMOOTH VERSUS RIBBED TIRE USE

Agencies such as Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia are using smooth tires for their ASTM
E 274 locked-wheel friction testing exclusively or in combination with ribbed tires. The
advantages of smooth tire measurements (macro-texture measurement) are becoming more
apparent, as evidenced by the number of agencies using the method.

ESTIMATED MEAN TEXTURE DEPTH AND FRICTION CORRELATION

No information was found in the U.S. relating estimated mean texture depth (EMTD) and
friction levels, except in work completed for the Wisconsin DOT. That research found very
poor correlation between EMTD and FN40S (R2 = 0.13) for all pavements analyzed.
Similarly, the correlation between speed gradient and FN40S was non-existent (R2 = 0.04)
(Kuemmel et al, 2000).

B-9
TEXTURING METHOD STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

Discussions with agency and industry personnel and review of the documents they provided
helped to develop the lists of practical difficulties and benefits associated with each
texturing method. Table B-5 summarizes these strengths and weaknesses and provides
reference information for the comments.

COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH METHOD

Contractors, suppliers, and researchers provided ranges of additional costs associated with
each of the texturing methods reviewed under this project. Their responses are
summarized in Chapter 2 of this final report. Essentially, the costs associated with tining
and dragging do not vary significantly, because the primary cost is the labor. Costs for
grinding, grooving, exposed aggregate, and ultra-thin bonded wearing courses are in the
same cost range, and porous concrete and ultra-thin epoxied laminates are in the highest
cost range.

REDUCING TIRE-ROAD NOISE AND MAINTAINING SAFETY

Several PCC surface texturing methods have been shown to reduce pavement–tire whine
and noise levels. These include longitudinal tining, turf drag, grinding, and exposed
aggregate surfaces. Several agencies, including the FHWA, have concerns about the long-
term frictional and safety properties of these textures (Schumacher 2004; Seiders, 2004;
Becker, 2004; Forget, 2004; Lopez, 2004). Maintaining good fine aggregate properties for
sections with longitudinal tining and turf drag is suggested as a key to maintaining long-
term friction levels. For diamond ground and exposed aggregate surfaces, the coarse
aggregate properties must be adequate. Texas DOT recommends a minimum acid
solubility of 60 percent for fine aggregate (Seiders, 2004). Pennsylvania is considering
Polish Value, LA Abrasion, and Micro Duval testing to ensure sufficient coarse aggregate
hardness (Becker, 2004). Iowa DOT reports having very few friction problems with their
turf drag and longitudinal tined sections because of their use of fine aggregate with a high
silica content (Hanson, 2004). Illinois DOT indicates their concern with fine aggregate
hardness by evaluating the replacement of silica-based fine aggregates with crushed up to
50 percent limestone and dolomite aggregate (Mueller, 2004)

Maintaining a low water cement ratio and applying the curing compound as early as
possible to ensure mortar durability are other methods that have been suggested for
maintaining long-term frictional stability (DeGraff, 2004).

B-10
 Table B-5. Practical weaknesses and strengths of texture methods.

Method Strengths Weaknesses References

Transverse tine • Durable high friction (with good • Very high noise and tonal whine Neal et al., 1978
(0.75 in [19 aggregates) • Variable depending on weather FHWA, 1996
mm]) • Water drains in channels (less and operator Kuemmel et al.,
splash/spray) • Possible less friction on 2000
• Automated or manual horizontal curves than
construction longitudinal textures
Transverse tine • Durable high friction (with good • High noise and some tonal Neal et al., 1978
(0.5 in [12.5 aggregates) whine FHWA, 1996
mm]) • Water drains in channels (less • Variable depending on weather Kuemmel et al.,
splash/spray) and operator 2000
• Automated or manual • Possible less friction on
construction horizontal curves than
longitudinal textures
Transverse tine • Durable high friction (with good • High noise Neal et al., 1978
(variably aggregates) • Variable depending on weather FHWA, 1996
spaced) • Water drains in channels (less and operator Kuemmel et al.,
splash/spray) • Possible less friction on 2000
• Durable high friction, horizontal curves than
automated or manual longitudinal textures
• No tonal whine if properly
designed/constructed
Transverse tine • Durable high friction, • High noise Kuemmel et al.,
(skewed, automated or manual • Additional effort required to 2000
variably • Water drains in channels (less construct
spaced) splash/spray)
• No tonal whine if properly
designed/constructed
Transverse • Provides retrofit macro-texture • Slow and expensive operation
groove to old roads • Requires equipment entry into
• Water drains in channels adjacent lanes
• Minimal traffic interruption or • Possible less friction on
worker exposure horizontal curves than
longitudinal textures
Transverse • Small positive subsurface • Slow and expensive operation Wittwer, 2004
drag water drainage flow
Longitudinal • High friction, lower noise and • Reported small vehicle Neal et al., 1978
tine no tonal whine handling problems FHWA, 1996
• Possible greater stability on • No positive surface drainage Dierstein, 1982
curves channels (greater splash/spray) Ruggenstein,
• Automated construction 1977
required Ardani, 2004
Longitudinal • Automated or manual • Generally low macro-texture Wittwer, 2004
plastic brush application • May not maintain texture,
• Not as affected by high wind or friction, and safety properties
extreme temperature under heavy traffic
• Attractive, consistent
appearance
• Good noise properties
Longitudinal • Attractive, consistent • Only applies moderate macro- Wittwer, 2004
burlap drag appearance texture
• Automated, simple • Moderate initial friction
construction • Surface wears quickly under
• Good noise properties heavy traffic

B-11
 Table B-5. Practical weaknesses and strengths of texture methods (continued).

Method Strengths Weaknesses References

Longitudinal • Lower noise, higher friction • Long-term friction not well Hanson, 2004
turf drag • Simple construction defined Wittwer, 2004
• Early cure application for • Aggregate and mortar strength
greater strength are critical
• Attractive, consistent • Difficult to achieve with high
appearance winds and extreme
temperatures
Longitudinal • Provides retrofit macro-texture • No positive surface drainage
groove to old roads channels (greater splash/spray)
• Minimal traffic interruption or • Does not increase micro-
worker exposure texture
• Reported small vehicle
handling problems
Longitudinal • Provides retrofit micro-texture • Friction decreases rapidly on Correa and Wong,
grind and macro-texture polish susceptible coarse 2001; Scofield,
• Improves friction and noise aggregate with heavy traffic. 2003
• Low worker exposure • No positive surface drainage Rao et al., 1999
• Increased smoothness channels (greater splash/spray)
• No elevation changes required • Slurry must be removed
Exposed • Some with good noise and • Special equipment and methods DeGraff, 2004
aggregate friction properties are required
• Long-term noise relatively • High variability in noise
stable properties reported
• Allows use of recycled • Contractor experience is critical
aggregates and two-layer to performance
systems • Additional time is required for
setting and brushing
• Air void loss could lead to
durability problems
Shotblasted • Provides retrofit micro-texture • Limited improvement in noise Billiard, 2004/05
PCC • Can increase macro-texture properties
• Minimal traffic interruption or • Long-term performance depends
worker exposure on aggregate properties
• Noise levels increase in
aggregate is large
• Does not remove whine from
transverse tining
Porous PCC • Very good noise properties • Mostly experimental designs Caestecker, 1999;
• High friction • Noise reduction reduces with Henry, 2000;
• Low splash/spray void filling Beldeens, 2004
• Additional salt required in cold
climates
• Vacuuming debris required
Ultra-thin • Little noise improvement over • Extremely expensive Kuemmel et al.,
epoxied ground PCC 2000
laminates • Good friction
• No clearance issues
Ultra-thin • Good noise, high friction, low • Clearance slightly decreased Exline, 2004
bonded wearing splash/spray
coarse • Fast application, improved
smoothness

B-12
APPENDIX B REFERENCES

Andruski, D. 2004. Telephone interaction with Dave Andruski of Indiana DOT.

Ardani, A. 2004. Email and telephone interaction with Ahmad Ardani of Colorado DOT.

Ardani, A. and W. Outcalt. 2000. PCCP Texturing Methods, Final Report, Report No.
CDOT-DTD-R-00-1, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado.

Becker, J. 2004. Telephone interaction with John Becker of Pennsylvania CPA.

Billiard, G. 2004/05. Email and telephone interaction with Gary Billiard of Skidabrader.

Burge, P., K. Travis, and Z. Rado. 2002. “A Comparison of Transverse Tined and
Longitudinal Diamond Ground Pavement Texturing for Newly Constructed Concrete
Pavement,” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board,
Washington, D.C.

Buys, R. 2004. Email interaction with Romain Buys of Robuco NV in Belgium.

Chandler, J. 2004. Email interaction with John Chandler of Transportation Research

Laboratory (TRL).

Correa, A. and B. Wong. 2001. “Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation—Guide for Diamond

Grinding,” FHWA Southern Resource Center, Atlanta, Georgia.

DeGraff, D. 2004. Telephone interaction with Dan DeGraff of Michigan CPA.

Dierstein, P. 1982. “A Study of PCC Pavement Texture Characteristics in Illinois,” Report

No. FHWA/IL/PR-095, Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, Illinois.

Donahue, J. 2004/05. Telephone interaction with John Donahue of Missouri DOT.

Donavan, P.R. 2003. “Evaluation of the Noise Produced by Various Grooved and Ground
Textures Applied to Existing Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Surfaces,” Caltrans,
Petaluma, California.

Exline, M. 2004. Email and telephone interaction with Marvin Exline of Koch Materials.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 1996. “PCC Surface Texture Technical

Working Group Findings,” Technical Working Group Meeting, Washington, D.C.

Forget, J-M. 2004. Telephone interaction with Jean Maurice Forget of Demix
Construction.

Gardiner, P. 2004. Email and telephone interaction with Pat Gardiner of Pennsylvania
DOT.

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Gisi, A. 2004. Email interaction with Andy Gisi of Kansas DOT.

Hanson, T. 2004. Telephone interaction with Todd Hanson of Iowa DOT.

Henry, J.J. 2000. “Evaluation of Pavement Friction Characteristics,” NCHRP Synthesis

291, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, D.C.

Huschek, S. 2004. Email interaction with Siegfried Huschek of BAST.

Hynes, T. 2004/05. Telephone interaction with Tom Hynes of Michigan DOT.

Izevbekhai, B. 2004. Telephone interaction with Bernard Izevbekhai of Minnesota DOT.

Jones, K. 2004. Telephone interaction with Kevin Jones of Iowa DOT.

Kuemmel, D.A., R.C. Sonntag, J. Crovetti, and Y. Becker. 2000. “Noise and Texture on
PCC Pavements: Results of a Multi-State Study,” Final Report No. WI/SPR-08-99,
Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, Wisconsin.

Lopez, B. 2004. Telephone interaction with Bob Lopez of Texas Cement Council.

Marquart, M.J. 1997. “Evaluation of Tining Depths to Reduce Noise of Concrete Roadways
- Final Report,” Experimental Study ND 94-09, North Dakota DOT, Bismark, North
Dakota.

Marquart, M. 2003. “Tining Versus Carpet Dragging for Texturing PCC Pavements: Third
Evaluation,” Experimental Study ND 99-02, North Dakota Department of Transportation,
Bismark, North Dakota.

Mueller, M. 2004. Telephone interaction with Matt Mueller of Illinois DOT.

Neal, B., D. Peck, J. Woodstrom, and D. Spellman. 1978. “Surface Textures for PCC
Pavements,” Report No. FHWA-CA-TL-78-14, California Department of Transportation,
Sacramento, California.

Outcalt, S. 2004. Email and telephone interaction with Skip Outcalt of Colorado DOT.

Parcells, W. 1989. “Surface Friction Results on Textured PCC Pavements – Final Report,”
Kansas Department of Transportation, Topeka, Kansas.

Pyle, T. 2004/05. Telephone and email interaction with Tom Pyle of Caltrans.

Rao, S., H.T. Yu, and M.I. Darter. 1999. “The Longevity and Performance of Diamond-
Ground Pavements," R&D Bulletin RD118, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois.

Ruggenstein, E. 1977. “Summary and Evaluation of Concrete Pavement Texturing

Practices.”

B-14
Schumacher, C. 2004. Telephone interaction with Clayton Schumacher of North Dakota
DOT.

Schwartz, D. 2004. Telephone interaction with Doug Schwartz of Minnesota DOT.

Scofield, L. 2003. “SR 202 PCCP Whisper Grinding Test Sections—Construction Report,”
Arizona Transportation Research Center, Phoenix, Arizona.

Scofield, L. 2004/05. Verbal and telephone interaction with Larry Scofield of Arizona DOT.

Seiders, J. 2004. Telephone interaction with Jeff Seiders of Texas DOT.

Weinfurter, J., D. Smiley, and R. Till. 1994. “Construction of European Concrete

Pavement on Northbound I-75—Detroit, Michigan,” Research Report R-1333, Michigan
Department of Transportation, Lansing, Michigan.

Wittwer, D. 2004. Telephone and email interaction with David Wittwer of United Paving
Contractors.

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APPENDIX C. EXISTING TEXTURE TEST SECTIONS
 Table C-1. Summary of existing pavement test sections.

State Const Date Date

(SHRP Highway Orig. New (Retexture Open to
ID #) (County) Dir Location ID ID Primary Texture Pre-Texture Climate Date) Traffic
AZ (4) SR 202L WB  Phoenix AZ 1 1001 Long DG–0.235” Space, 0.125- Long Tine–0.75” Space, DNF Spring ‘03 9/8/03
(Maricopa)  Urban 6-lane 0.25” Deep, 0.125” Wide (0.11” 0.125” Wide, 0.156” Deep (6/4/03)
Santan Blade Spacer, 0.125” Blade Long. Burlap Drag
Freeway, from Width), No Jacks
Kyrene Rd to AZ 2 1002 Long DG–0.235” Space, 0.125- Long Tine–0.75” Space, DNF Spring ‘03 9/8/03
56th St (MP 52 0.25” Deep, 0.125” Wide (0.11” 0.125” Wide, 0.156” Deep (6/5/03)
to 53) (Sta Blade Spacer, 0.125” Blade Long. Burlap Drag
2050+60 to Width), Jacks & Floating Head
2030+60) AZ 3 1003 Long DG–0.245” Space, 0.125- Long Tine–0.75” Space, DNF Spring ‘03 9/8/03
 2005 2-way 0.25” Deep, 0.125” Wide (0.12” 0.125” Wide, 0.156” Deep (6/5/03)
AADT=77,400 Blade Spacer, 0.125” Blade Long. Burlap Drag
 2005 %Trk=?? Width), No Jacks, Fin Removal
 13” JPC-D, 4” (via Grader)
Agg
 ~12.5’ Jt AZ 4 1004 Long DG–0.245” Space, 0.125- Long Tine–0.75” Space, DNF Spring ‘03 9/8/03
Spacing 0.25” Deep, 0.125” Wide (0.12” 0.125” Wide, 0.156” Deep (6/6/03)
(variable??) Blade Spacer, 0.125” Blade Long. Burlap Drag
 12’ Lanes Width), Jacks & Floating Head
CA (6) SR 58 EB  Mojave CA 0 — — Long Tine–0.75” Space, DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
(Kern)  Rural 4-lane 0.09-0.125” Wide (rand), 11/16/02
Mojave 0.2” Deep
Bypass, from CA 1 — Long DG–??” Space, ??” Deep, ??” Long Tine–0.75” Space, DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
Bus 58 (Exit Wide (0.12” Blade Spacer, ??” 0.09-0.125” Wide (rand), 11/16/02
165) to east of Blade Width), ?? Jacks 0.2” Deep (Apr-Jun ’03)
SR 14 (Exit
167) (MP 167 CA 2 1002 Long DG–0.245” Space, 0.0625- Long Burlap DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
to 169) (Metric 0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide (0.12” 11/16/02
Sta 208+00 to Blade Spacer, 0.125” Blade Width) (Apr-Jun ’03)
237+18) No Jacks
 2005 2-way CA 3 1003 Long Groove–0.75” Space, 0.125” Long Burlap DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
AADT=12,700 Deep, 0.09” Wide 11/16/02
to 19,000 (Apr-Jun ’03)
 2003 %Trk=35 CA 4 1004 Long Groove–0.75” Space, 0.25” Long Burlap DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
(est) Deep, 0.09” Wide 11/16/02
 ??” JPC-D (Apr-Jun ’03)
 11.5 to 15’
CA 4.5 1045 — Long Burlap DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
Variable Jt
11/16/02
Spacing
 12’ Lanes CA 5 1005 Long DG–0.23” Space, 0.0625- Long Burlap DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide (0.105” 11/16/02
Blade Spacer, 0.125” Blade Width) (Apr-Jun ’03)
No Jacks
CA 5.5 — Long DG––??” Space, ??” Deep, ??” Long Burlap DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
Wide (0.12” Blade Spacer, ??” 11/16/02
Blade Width) ?? Jacks (Apr-Jun ’03)
CA 6 — Long DG––??” Space, ??” Deep, ??” Long Groove–0.75” Space, DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
Wide (0.12” Blade Spacer, ??” 0.375” Deep, 0.09” Wide 11/16/02
Blade Width) ?? Jacks Long. Broom (Apr-Jun ’03)
CA 7 1007 Long Groove–0.75” Space, 0.25” Long Broom DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
Deep, 0.09” Wide 11/16/02
(Apr-Jun ’03)
CA 7.5 1075 — Long Broom DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
11/16/02
CA 8 — Long DG––??” Space, ??” Deep, ??” Long Broom DNF 11/4 to 9/9/03
Wide (0.12” Blade Spacer, ??” 11/16/02
Blade Width) ?? Jacks (Apr-Jun ’03)
Note: Sections shown in shading were not evaluated/tested under 10-67, yet are/were part of a formal study conducted by the
respective state.

C-1
 Table C-1. Summary of existing pavement test sections (continued).

State Const Date Date

(SHRP Highway Orig. New (Retexture Open to
ID #) (County) Dir Location ID ID Primary Texture Pre-Texture Climate Date) Traffic
CO (8) I-70 EB  Deer CO 1-1 — Tran Tine–1” Space, 0.125” Deep, Burlap Drag DF Summer/Fall ??
(Elbert) Trail/Agate 0.125” Wide (CDOT Spec) ‘94
 Rural 4-lane CO 1-2 — — Tran Astro-Turf DF Summer/Fall ??
Interstate ‘94
from SR 178
(Exit 336) to CO 1-3 — Tran Tine–Variable Space (0.63- Long Astro-Turf DF Summer/Fall ??
SR 153 (MP 0.87”), 0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide ‘94
336 to 339) CO 1-4 — Tran Tine–0.5” Space, 0.125” Long Astro-Turf DF Summer/Fall ??
 2005 2-way Deep, 0.125” Wide ‘94
AADT=11,400 CO 1-5 — Tran Groove–Variable Space Long Astro-Turf DF Summer/Fall ??
 2005 (0.63-0.87”), 0.125” Deep, 0.125” ‘94
%Trk=32.1 Wide
 11” PCC
CO 1-6 — Tran Tine–1” Space, 0.125” Deep, Long Astro-Turf DF Summer/Fall ??
Overlay
0.125” Wide ‘94
 15’ Jt Spacing
 12’ Lanes CO 1-7 1007 Long Groove–0.75” Space, 0.125” Long Astro-Turf DF Jul-Aug ‘94 Oct ‘94
Deep, 0.125” Wide (included in
Marquette study)
CO 1-8 1008 — Long Astro-Turf DF Jul-Aug ‘94 Oct ‘94
CO 1-9 1009 Long Tine–0.75” Space, 0.125” Long Astro-Turf DF Jul-Aug ‘94 Oct ‘94
Deep, 0.125” Wide (included in
Marquette study)
US 287 SB  Berthoud CO 3-1 3001 — Long Astro-Turf (Deep) DF 8/6 & 8/9/04 6/28/06
(Larimer) SB  Rural 4-lane CO 3-2 3002 Long Tine–0.75” Space, 0.1875” — DF 8/9/04 6/28/06
Berthoud Deep, 0.09-0.125” Wide (Caltrans
Bypass, from Spec)
SR 56 to Bus
SB 287 (MP 325.5 CO 3-3 3003 Long Tine (Meander)–0.75” Space, Long Astro-Turf DF 8/9/04 6/28/06
to 329) (Sta 0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide
SB 1679+40 to CO 3-4 — Long Tine–Variable Space (0.625- Long Astro Turf DF 8/31/04 6/28/06
1864+98) 1.5”), 0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide
NB  2006 2-way CO 3-5 3004 Long Groove–0.75” Space, 0.125” Long Astro-Turf DF 7/22/04 6/28/06
AADT=9,700 Deep, 0.125” Wide
 2006 %Trk=5.1
NB CO 3-6 3005 Long DG–0.22” Space, 0.0625” Long Astro-Turf DF 7/22/04 6/28/06
 10” JPC-D
Deep, 0.125” Wide (0.095” Blade
 15’ Jt Spacing
Spacer, 0.125” Blade Width), No
 12’ Lanes
Jacks
SB CO 3-7 3006 Long Tine–0.75” Space, 0.125” Long Astro-Turf DF Oct ‘04 6/28/06
Deep, 0.125” Wide (CDOT Spec)
Note: Sections shown in shading were not evaluated/tested under 10-67, yet are part of a formal study conducted by the
respective state.

C-2
 Table C-1. Summary of existing pavement test sections (continued).

State Const Date Date

(SHRP Highway Orig. New (Retexture Open to
ID #) (County) Dir Location ID ID Primary Texture Pre-Texture Climate Date) Traffic
IL (17) I-55/74 SB/EB  Bloomington IL 5-1 1001 Trans Tine–0.75” Space, 0.125- Long Astro-Turf WF 1/1/04 est. 6/1/04
(McLean)  Urban 6-lane 0.19” Deep, 0.09-0.125” Wide
interstate between
US 150/SR 9 (Exit
160) and West
Oakland Ave (MP
159 to 158) (Sta
509+34 to 563+72)
 2004 2-way
AADT=37,500
 2004 %Trk=40
 12.5” CRC
 12’ Lanes
I-57 SB  Champaign IL 4-1 4001 Dense-Graded AC (SuperPave) — WF Fall ‘03 1/1/04
(Champaign)  Rural 4-lane
interstate between I-
74 (Exit 237) and I-
72 (Exit 235) (MP
236.2 to 236.0) (Sta
?? to ??)
 2004 2-way
AADT=20,900
 2003 %Trk=28
 2” AC Resurfacing
 12’ Lanes
I-70 WB  Marshall IL 1-1 5001 Trans Tine–Variable Space Long Astro-turf WF Spring/Summer 10/1/02
(Clark)  Rural 4-lane (0.67-2.125”, Avg=1.46”), 0.125- ‘02
interstate between 0.19” Deep, 0.125” Wide (Mod.
US 40 (Exit 154) and Marquette Design)
CR 20 (MP 153.36 to
153.16) (Sta 422+50
to 411+94)
 2004 2-way
AADT=21,500
 2004 %Trk=55
 12” Unbonded CRC
Overlay
 12’ Lanes
I-74 WB  Champaign/Mahomet IL 8-1 8001 Dense-Graded AC — WF Spring/Summer 10/1/98
(Champaign)  Rural 4-lane ‘98
interstate between
Lindsay Rd and
Prairieview Rd (Exit
174) (MP 176.4 to
176.2) (Sta ?? to ??)
 2004 2-way
AADT=31,700
 2004 %Trk=26.5
 3.5” AC Resurfacing
 12’ Lanes
Note: Sections shown in shading were not evaluated/tested under 10-67, yet are part of a formal study conducted by the
respective state.

C-3
 Table C-1. Summary of existing pavement test sections (continued).

State Const Date Date

(SHRP Highway Orig. New (Retexture Open to
ID #) (County) Dir Location ID ID Primary Texture Pre-Texture Climate Date) Traffic
IA (19) US 163 WB  DesMoines/PrairieCity IA 1-1 1001 Trans Tine–0.5” Space, 0.156” Long Astro-Turf WF 10/17 to 1/1/94
(Polk)  Rural 4-lane highway Deep, 0.125” Wide (included 10/23/93
between West 140th St in Marquette study)
South and IA 316/NE IA 1-2 1002 Trans Tine–0.5” Space, Long Astro-Turf WF 10/17 to 1/1/94
112th St (MP 13.72 to <0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide 10/23/93
12.36) (Sta 1035+00 to IA 1- 1002C Tran Tine–0.75” Space, Long Astro-Turf WF 10/17 to 1/1/94
963+10) 2C 0.156” Deep, 0.125” Wide 10/23/93
 2005 2-way (included in Marquette study)
AADT=10,900
 2005 %Trk=18.8 IA 1-3 1003 Long Tine–0.75” Space, Long Astro-Turf WF 10/17 to 1/1/94
 10” JPC-D or JPC- <0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide 10/23/93
ND?? (included in Marquette study)
 ~20’ Jt Spacing IA 1-4 1004 Long Tine–0.75” Space, Long Astro-Turf WF 10/17 to 1/1/94
 14’ Lanes 0.125-0.20” Deep, 0.125” Wide 10/23/93
(included in Marquette study)
IA 1-5 1005 Tran Tine–Variable Space Long Astro-Turf WF 10/17 to 1/1/94
(0.75” Avg), 0.156” Deep, 10/23/93
0.125” Wide (included in
Marquette study)
IA 1-6 1006 Tran Tine–Variable Space Long Astro-Turf WF 10/17 to 1/1/94
(0.75” Avg), <0.125” Deep, 10/23/93
0.125” Wide
IA1- 1061 Tran Groove–1.0” Space, — WF 10/17 to 1/1/94
6.1 0.1875-0.25” Deep, 0.125” 10/23/93
Wide
IA 1-7 1007 — Long Astro-Turf WF 10/17 to 1/1/94
10/23/93
US 34 WB  Mt. Pleasant IA 2-1 2001 Long Tine–0.75” Space, Long Astro-Turf WF 9/7/04 8/15/05??
(Henry)  Rural 4-lane Mt. 0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide
WB Pleasant Bypass IA 2-2 2002 Long Tine–0.75” Space, Long Burlap WF 9/8/04 8/15/05??
between Bus 0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide
EB 218/Grand Ave (Exit IA 2-3 2003 Long Tine–0.75” Space, Long Astro-Turf WF 9/22/04 8/15/05
234) and CR W55 (Exit 0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide
231) (MP 233.20 to
232.71) (Sta 213+00 to
198+44)
 2005 2-way
AADT=10,500
 2005 %Trk=9
 10” JPC-D
 ~12.5 Jt Spacing
 14’ Lanes
US 218 NB  Washington/Ainsworth IA 5-1 8001 Trans Tine–0.75” Space, Long Astro-Turf WF 8/4/97 7/1/98
(Washington)  Rural 4-lane highway 0.125-0.19” Deep, 0.125” Wide
NB between 305th St and IA 5-2 8002 Trans Tine–0.75” Space, Long Astro-Turf WF 8/5/97 7/1/98
295th St (MP 61.94 to 0.125-0.19” Deep, 0.125” Wide
62.51) (Sta 733+00 to
762+56)
 2005 2-way
AADT=7,700
 2005 %Trk=21.3
 10” JPC-D
 ~20’ Jt Spacing
 14’ Lanes
US 30 EB  Ames/Nevada IA 8-1 9002 Dense-Graded AC — WF Spring/Summer 10/1/04
(Story)  Rural 4-lane highway (SuperPave) ‘04
between CR R70/580th
Ave and 590th Ave (MP
153.10 to 153.30) (Sta
1455+00 to 1465+00)
 2005 2-way
AADT=14,300
 2005 %Trk=8
 2” AC Resurfacing
Note: Sections shown in shading were not evaluated/tested under 10-67, yet are part of a formal study conducted by the
respective state.

C-4
 Table C-1. Summary of existing pavement test sections (continued).

State Const Date Date

(SHRP Highway Orig. ID New (Retexture Open to
ID #) (County) Dir Location ID Primary Texture Pre-Texture Climate Date) Traffic
KS (20) US 69 NB  Louisburg — — — Long Astro-Turf, DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(Miami)  Rural 4-lane (KDOT1) Single-Saw Joints
highway between (0.19” wide)
311th St and SR 68 — — Long DG–0.235” Space, Long Tine, Standard- DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(MP 10.592 to (KDOT2) 0.0625” Deep, 0.125” Wide Saw Joints (0.38” wide)
15.086) (Metric Sta (0.11” Blade Spacer, 0.125”
19+365 to 26+600) Blade Width), No Jacks
 2005 2-way KS 2 1002 Long DG–0.235” Space, Long Tine, Standard- DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
AADT=8,610 (KDOT3) 0.0625” Deep, 0.125” Wide Saw Joints (0.38” wide)
 2005 %Trk=17.6 (0.11” Blade Spacer, 0.125” (were supposed to be
 10” JPC-D Blade Width), No Jacks single-saw joints)
 15’ Jt Spacing
 12’ Lanes — — Long DG–0.245” Space, Long Tine, Single-Saw DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(KDOT4) 0.0625” Deep, 0.125” Wide Joints (0.19” wide)
(0.12” Blade Spacer, 0.125” (were supposed to be
Blade Width), No Jacks standard-saw joints)
KS 4 1004 Long DG–0.245” Space, Long Tine, Single-Saw DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(KDOT5) 0.0625” Deep, 0.125” Wide Joints (0.19” wide)
(0.12” Blade Spacer, 0.125”
Blade Width), No Jacks
KS 5 1005 Long DG–0.255” Space, Long Tine, Standard- DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(KDOT6) 0.0625” Deep, 0.125” Wide Saw Joints (0.38” wide)
(0.13” Blade Spacer, 0.125”
Blade Width), Jacks
KS 6 1006 Long DG–0.255” Space, Long Tine, Single-Saw DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(KDOT7) 0.0625” Deep, 0.125” Wide Joints (0.19” wide)
(0.13” Blade Spacer, 0.125”
Blade Width), Jacks
KS 7 1007 Long DG–0.255” Space, Long Tine, Standard- DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(KDOT8) 0.0625” Deep, 0.125” Wide Saw Joints (0.38” wide)
(0.13” Blade Spacer, 0.125”
Blade Width), No Jacks
KS 8 1008 Long DG–0.255” Space, Long Tine, Single-Saw DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(KDOT9) 0.0625” Deep, 0.125” Wide Joints (0.19” wide)
(0.13” Blade Spacer, 0.125”
Blade Width), No Jacks
— — Long Tine–0.75” Space, 0.125- Long Astro-Turf, DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(KDOT10) 0.25” Deep, 0.1875” Wide Standard-Saw Joints
(0.38” wide)
KS 10 1010 Long Tine–0.75” Space, 0.125- Long Astro-Turf, DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(KDOT11) 0.25” Deep, 0.1875” Wide Single-Saw Joints
(0.19” wide)
KS 11 — — Long Carpet, Standard- DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(KDOT12) Saw Joints (0.38” wide)
KS 12 — — Long Carpet, Single- DF 7/12 to 11/26/04 12/21/04
(KDOT13) Saw Joints (0.19” wide)
US 54 WB  Batesville KS 2-1 2001 NovaChip® — DF Fall ’04 & 7/1/05
(Woodson)  Rural 2-lane Spring/Summer
highway between ‘05
Union Pacific RR
Overpass an SR 105
(MP ?? to ??) (Sta ??
to ??)
 2005 2-way
AADT=1,620
 2005 %Trk=31.5
 ≥0.625” AC
Resurfacing
(NovaChip® 4.75)
I-70 WB  Salina/Juniata KS 4-1 4001 NovaChip® — DF Summer/Fall 10/15/04
(Lincoln)  Rural 4-lane ‘04
interstate between
Lincoln-Saline
County Line and
North 290th Rd (Exit
233) (MP 235.26 to
235.06) (Sta ?? to ??)
 2005 2-way
AADT=13,200
 2005 %Trk=33.1
 ≥0.625” AC
Resurfacing
(NovaChip® 9.5)
Note: Sections shown in shading were not evaluated/tested under 10-67, yet are part of a formal study conducted by the
respective state.

C-5
 Table C-1. Summary of existing pavement test sections (continued).

State Const Date Date

(SHRP Highway Orig. New (Retexture Open to
ID #) (County) Dir Location ID ID Primary Texture Pre-Texture Climate Date) Traffic
MI (26) I-75 NB  Detroit MI 1 1001 Exposed Aggregate Concrete — WF Summer/Fall 11/23/93
(Wayne)  Urban 6- to 8-lane (incl in Marquette study) ‘93
Chrysler Freeway
between Warren Ave
East and Piquette
Ave (just north of I-
94) (milepoint 1.60 to
2.11) (Sta 125+25 to
171+35)
 2004 2-way
AADT=124,484
 2004 %Trk=11.4
 10” JPC-D (2.5”/7.5”
wet-on-wet)
 15’ Jt Spacing
 12’ & 13.5’ Lanes
MN (27) US 169 NB  Eden MN 1 1001 Long Tine–0.75” Space, 0.125” Long Astro-Turf WF Summer/Fall 11/1/06
(Scott) Prairie/Shakopee Deep, 0.125” Wide (incl in ‘96
 Suburban 4-lane Marquette study)
highway between MN 2 1002 Long Tine–Variable Space, Long Astro-Turf WF Summer/Fall 11/1/06
Canterbury Rd (CR (0.75” Avg), 0.125” Deep, 0.125” ‘96
83) and SR 18 (MP Wide (incl in Marquette study)
113.85 to 114.05)
(Sta 494+00 to
504+56)
 2004 2-way
AADT=58,000
 2004 %Trk=5.8
 10.5” JPC-D
 Variable (14’-17’) Jt
Spacing (skew)
 14’ Lanes
MN (27) US 169 NB  Brooklyn MN 7 7001 — Long Astro-Turf WF Spring/Summer 7/1/95
(Hennepin) Park/Champlin (incl in Marquette study) ‘95
 Suburban 4-lane MN 8 8001 Long Tine–0.75” Space, 0.125” Long Astro-Turf WF Spring/Summer 7/1/95
highway between Deep, 0.125 Wide (incl in ‘95
101st Ave and 109th Marquette study)
Ave. (MP 142.10 to
142.40) (Sta 163+50
to 179+06
 2004 2-way
AADT=53,000
 2004 %Trk=4.7
 9” JPC-D
 Variable (14’-17’) Jt
Spacing (skew)
 14’ Lanes
Note: Sections shown in shading were not evaluated/tested under 10-67, yet are part of a formal study conducted by the
respective state.

C-6
 Table C-1. Summary of existing pavement test sections (continued).

State Const Date Date

(SHRP Highway Orig. New (Retexture Open to
ID #) (County) Dir Location ID ID Primary Texture Pre-Texture Climate Date) Traffic
MN (27) I-694 WB  Fridley/New MN 5 5001 — Long Astro-Turf WF Summer/Fall 10/1/90
(Anoka) Brighton (incl in Marquette study) ‘90
 Suburban 6-lane
interstate from
Anoka/Ramsey Co.
Line to Central Ave
NE (SH 65) (Exit
38B) (MP 38.60 to
38.40) (Sta 418+00 to
407+44)
 2004 2-way
AADT=110,000
 2004 %Trk=9.2
 10” JPC-D
 15’ Jt Spacing (skew)
 12’ Lanes
I-94/694 WB  Brooklyn Park MN 2003 — Long Broom WF Fall ‘02/ 7/1/03
(Hennepin)  Suburban 6-lane 2-1 Spring ‘03
interstate from west
of Zane Ave. to
Broadway Ave (CR
8) (MP 31.16 to
30.96) (Sta ??? to ???)
 2004 2-way
AADT=98,000
 2004 %Trk=7.6
 13” JPC-D
 15’ Jt Spacing (perp)
 12’ Lanes
I-94/694 WB  Brooklyn Center MN 2004 — Long Astro-Turf WF Fall ’03 & 10/1/04
(Hennepin)  Suburban 6-lane 2-1 Spring/Summer
interstate from ‘04
Brooklyn Blvd to
Zane Ave (MP 32.95
to 32.75) (Sta ??? to
???)
 2004 2-way
AADT=105,000
 2004 %Trk=7.3
 13” JPC-D
 15’ Jt Spacing (perp)
 12’ Lanes
MO (29) US 36 WB  Hannibal MO 1001 Trans Tine–0.5” Space, 0.125” — WF Fall ’03 & 7/1/04
(Marion)  Rural 4-lane 1-1 Deep, 0.1-0.125” Wide Spring/Summer
highway between US ‘04
24 overpass and SR
H (MP 6?? to ??) (Sta
?? to ??)
 2004 2-way
AADT=9,020
 2004 %Trk=31.7
 12” JPC-D
 15’ Jt Spacing
 12’ Lanes
Note: Sections shown in shading were not evaluated/tested under 10-67, yet are part of a formal study conducted by the
respective state.

C-7
 Table C-1. Summary of existing pavement test sections (continued).

State Const Date Date

(SHRP Highway Orig. New (Retexture Open to
ID #) (County) Dir Location ID ID Primary Texture Pre-Texture Climate Date) Traffic
NC (37) I-40 EB  Hillsdale/Clemmons NC 1 1001 NovaChip® — WNF Fall ’03 & 7/30/04
(Davie)  Rural 4-lane Spring/Summer
interstate between ‘04
SR 801 and Harper
Rd/SR 1101 (MP 180
to 182) (Sta ?? to ??)
 2004 2-way
AADT=46,000
 2004 %Trk=14.0
 AC Mill & Fill with
NovaChip® 9.0
surfacing
 12’ Lanes
ND (38) I-94 EB  Glen Ullin ND 2- 2001 — Long Astro-Turf DF Summer/Fall 1/1/00
(Morton)  Rural 4-lane 1 ‘99 (estimated)
interstate between ND 2- 2002 Tran Tine–Variable Space Long Astro-Turf DF Summer/Fall 1/1/00
CR 88 (Exit 108) and 2 (0.375-1.5”, Med=1.0”), 0.06- ‘99 (estimated)
SR 49 (Exit 110) (MP 0.125” Deep, 0.125” Wide
108.89 to 109.31)
(Sta 5749+44 to
5771+62)
 2005 2-way
AADT=4,900
 2005 %Trk=26.5
 9” JPC-D, 4”
Salvaged Base, 4”
Drainable Base
 15’ Jt Spacing
 12’ Lanes
I-94 WB  Valley City ND 6- 6001 Tran Skewed Tine–Variable Long Astro-Turf DF 9/12/00 to 1/1/01
(Barnes)  Rural 4-lane 1 Space (0.5-2.94”, Avg=1.625”), 10/5/00 (estimated)
interstate between 0.125-0.188” Deep, 0.125” Wide
Main St/BR 52/BR94 (Marquette Design)
(Exit 290) and CR
22/SR 1 (Exit 288)
(MP 289.41 to
289.21) (Sta 5281+82
to 5271+26)
 2005 2-way
AADT=10,200
 2005 %Trk=20.6
 10” JPC-D, 8”
Salvaged Base, 4”
Permeable Base
 15’ Jt Spacing
 12’ Lanes
TX (48) I-20 WB  Duncanville/Dallas TX 1-1 1001 Shotblast (Skidabrader) — WNF 6/30//04 6/30/04
(Dallas)  Suburban 6-lane
interstate, between
SR 408 Spur/Patriot
Parkway interchange
(Exit 460) and
Mountain Creek
Parkway (Exit 458)
(MP 460.28 to
460.08) (Sta ??? to
???)
 2005 2-way
AADT=123,500
 2005 %Trk=9.0
 ??” CRC, ??” ????, ??”
????
 12’ Lanes
WI (55) US 151 SB  Mineral Point WI 5-1 5001 Tran Tine–Variable Spacing Long Astro-Turf WF Spring/Summer Fall ‘03
(Iowa Co)  Rural 4-lane divided (0.563-2.125”, Avg=1.4”), 0.125- ‘03
highway between 0.1875” Deep, 0.125” Wide (NB lanes
CTH O/BR 151/Ridge (Marquette Design) completed in
St (Exit 37) and Oak ‘02)
Park Rd (RP
49M+0.0 to 47M+0.0)
 2004 2-way
AADT=7,490
 2004 %Trk=8.0
 9.5” JPC-D, ??”
OGBC
 15’ Jt Spacing
 14’ Lanes
Note: Sections shown in shading were not evaluated/tested under 10-67, yet are part of a formal study conducted by the
respective state.

C-8
DESCRIPTIONS OF EXISTING TEXTURE TEST SECTIONS

Arizona

As shown in figure C-1, the four Arizona texture test sections are located in the westbound
lanes of SR 202L in Phoenix. According to Scofield (2003), these four diamond-ground test
sections were constructed in the summer of 2003 as part of a study funded by the
International Grooving and Grinding Association (IGGA), the American Concrete Pavement
Association (ACPA), and the local cement industry. Each section received a different
diamond-grinding technique to reduce noise, as detailed previously in Table C-1. The
differences between each technique were the spacing between blades (0.11- versus 0.12-in
[2.8- versus 3.1-mm] wide spacers), and the amount of head pressure and beam length, as
determined by the use or nonuse of jacks.

Figure C-1. Phoenix, Arizona SR 202L test sections.

C-9
California

A total of seven texture test sections were included from the newly constructed (2002/03)
SR 58 Bypass near the city of Mojave. As seen in figure C-2, the sections are located in the
eastbound lanes, with five of the seven sections located west of SR 14 and the other two
east of SR 14. The Division of Materials Engineering and Testing Service (METS) of
Caltrans developed this test site, which was used in a pavement–tire noise study by Rochat
(2003) and Donavan (2003, 2004). Textures of interest included longitudinal tining (one
being a meander type), heavy turf drag, longitudinal grooving, and longitudinal diamond
grinding.

Figure C-2. Mojave, California SR 58 test sections.

Colorado

A total of nine texture test sections were included from Colorado. As seen in figures C-3
and C-4, three of these sections are located on I-70 between Deer Trail and Agate, and the
other six are located on the newly constructed US 287 Bypass near Berthoud. The three
sections on I-70 were part of a multi-year study conducted by the Colorado DOT (CDOT),
beginning in 1994 when the Deer Trail to Agate stretch of I-70 was reconstructed (Ardani
and Outcalt, 1995, 2000, and 2005). Textures of interest at this site included standard turf
drag, longitudinal tining, and longitudinal grooving. The I-70 textures were also evaluated
in the Marquette Noise and Texture study (Kuemmel et al., 2000).

C-10
Figure C-3. Deer Trail/Agate, Colorado I-70 test sections.

Figure C-4. Berthoud, Colorado US 287 test sections.

C-11
The six texture test sections on US 287 were built in 2004, as part of CDOT’s continued
investigation of PCC texturing methodologies (Outcalt, 2005). CDOT’s main goal was to
evaluate the friction and noise levels of heavy turf drag texture and to examine the vehicle-
handling characteristics of both longitudinal tining and longitudinal diamond grinding.
Textures evaluated under NCHRP 10-67 included the heavy turf drag, longitudinal tining,
longitudinal meander tining, longitudinal grooving, and longitudinal diamond grinding.

Illinois

Four texture test sections from four different roads in Illinois were included in the
evaluation. Their locations are illustrated in figures C-5 through C-8. The I-55/74 section
consists of a transverse tine texture on a continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavement
constructed in 2004. The I-57 texture is dense-graded Superpave asphalt mix placed as an
overlay in 2003. The I-70 texture is a variably spaced transverse tine texture created at the
time the pavement was constructed (unbonded CRC overlay) in 2002. And, the I-74 section
is a dense-graded asphalt mix placed as part of a resurfacing project in 1998.

BLOOMINGTON

I-55/74 (SB/EB)
MP 159.00
1001
MP 158.83

Figure C-5. Bloomington, Illinois I-55/74 test section.

C-12
 I-57 (SB)

MP 236.2
4001
MP 236.0

CHAMPAIGN

Figure C-6. Champaign, Illinois I-57 test section.

I-70 (WB)
5001
MP 153.16 MP 153.36

Marshall

Figure C-7. Marshall, Illinois I-70 test section.

C-13
 Figure C-8. Champaign/Mahomet, Illinois I-74 test section.

Iowa

The locations of the 10 Iowa texture test sections can be seen in figures C-9 through C-12.
The five sections on US 163 were constructed in 1993 as part of a previous study performed
by the Iowa DOT (IDOT) to evaluate the friction longevity and noise reduction
characteristics of different types of longitudinal and transverse tining, as well as a straight
turf drag and a transverse grooved surface (Marks, 1996). These textures were also
evaluated under the Marquette Noise and Texture study (Kuemmel et al., 2000).

The US 34 textures include longitudinal tining with different pre-textures (burlap versus
turf drag), as placed on this newly constructed (2004) bypass. The two transverse tine
textures on US 218 were installed at the time of construction (1997). Lastly, the US 30
texture is dense-graded Superpave asphalt mix placed as an overlay in 2004.

C-14
Figure C-9. Des Moines/Prairie City, Iowa US 163 test sections.

Figure C-10. Mt. Pleasant, Iowa US 34 test sections.

C-15
Figure C-11. Washington/Ainsworth, Iowa test sections.

Figure C-12. Ames/Nevada, Iowa US 218 test section.

C-16
Kansas

A total of nine texture test sections from three different roads were included from Kansas.
As seen in figures C-13 through C-15, seven of these sections are located on US 69 south of
Kansas City, while the other two are located on US 54 east of Wichita and I-70 west of
Salina.

The US 69 test sections were constructed in 2004 as part of a study performed by the
Kansas DOT (KDOT) to evaluate the effect of surface texture on roadway noise, as well as
safety and ride issues (Brennan and Schieber, 2006). The project selected for the study
consisted of the reconstruction (using doweled JPC) of a 2-lane highway into a 4-lane
highway. A total of 13 different textures were constructed as part of the KDOT study,
consisting of eight diamond grinding textures (defined by blade spacing, use or non-use of
jacks, and single- or double-cut joints [i.e., narrow versus widened joints]), two longitudinal
tining textures, two carpet-drag textures (defined by single- or double-cut joints), and one
longitudinal turf drag texture.

The US 54 and I-70 textures are NovaChip® surface treatments applied to existing asphalt
pavements in 2005 and 2004, respectively. The two applications represented different
NovaChip® mixes; one with a 0.375-in (9.5-mm) nominal maximum aggregate size and the
other a 0.19-in (4.75-mm) maximum size.

Figure C-13. Louisburg, Kansas US 69 test sections.

C-17
 Figure C-14. Batesville, Kansas US 54 test section.

Juniata Exit
Exit Exit 244
233 238
Exit
249
Salina

I-70 (WB)
Brookville Rd

4001

MP 235.06 MP 235.26

233 238

Figure C-15. Salina/Juniata, Kansas I-70 test section.

C-18
Michigan

The one texture from Michigan selected for evaluation was the exposed aggregate concrete
texture located on I-75 (Chrysler Freeway) in downtown Detroit (see figure C-16). This
texture was constructed in 1993 as part of the European Concrete Pavement
Demonstration study conducted by the Michigan DOT (MDOT) (Smiley, 1995; Smiley, 1996;
Buch et al., 2000). It was also evaluated in the Marquette Noise and Texture study
(Kuemmel et al., 2000). The reconstructed pavement on which this texture was installed
consisted of 2-layer (2.5 in on 7.5 in [64 mm on190 mm], wet on wet) doweled JPC.

I-75 (NB)
1001
Sta 125+25 to 171+35

DETROIT

Figure C-16. Detroit, Michigan I-75 test section.

C-19
Minnesota

Six texture test sections from Minnesota were selected for evaluation, all in the
Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area. They included a longitudinal tine located on US
169 near Shakopee/Eden Prairie (figure C-17), a standard turf drag and a longitudinal tine
located on US 169 near Brooklyn Park/Champlin (figure C-18), a standard turf drag located
on I-694 near Fridley/New Brighton (figure C-19), and a broom and a standard turf drag
located on I-94/694 near Brooklyn Park/Brooklyn Center (figure C-20). The textures
represent both new and old construction (doweled JPC), and those on US 169 and I-94/694
were evaluated previously as part of the Marquette Noise and Texture study (Kuemmel et
al., 2000).

MINNEAPOLIS
ST. PAUL

Eden Prairie

Shakopee
CR 83

Shakopee
US-169 (NB)
1001

MP 114.05
MP 113.85

Figure C-17. Shakopee/Eden Prairie, Minnesota US 169 test section.

C-20
 Champlin
US-169 (NB)
MP 142.40
8001
MP 142.20
7001
MP 141.10

Brooklyn Park

Champlin

Brooklyn Park

MINNEAPOLIS
ST. PAUL

Figure C-18. Brooklyn Park/Champlin, Minnesota US 169 test sections.

I-694 (WB)
5001
MP 38.40
Fridley
MP 38.60

New Brighton

Fridley

New Brighton

MINNEAPOLIS
ST. PAUL

Figure C-19. Fridley/New Brighton, Minnesota I-694 test sections.

C-21
 I-94/694 (WB)
Brooklyn Park MP 30.96
2003 MP 32.75
MP 31.16 2004
MP 32.95

Broadway Ave
Brooklyn Center

Zane Ave

Br
ook
lyn
Blv
d
Brooklyn
Park

Brooklyn Center

MINNEAPOLIS
ST. PAUL

Figure C-20. Brooklyn Park/Brooklyn Center, Minnesota I-94/694 test sections.

Missouri

Only one texture test section from Missouri was selected for evaluation. As shown in figure
C-21, this section is located on US 36, west of Hannibal. The transverse tine represented
by this section was installed on doweled JPC pavement, placed in 2003/04 as part of a
major reconstruction and widening (2 lanes to 4 lanes) project.

US-36 (WB) Hannibal

1001

MP 6

Figure C-21. Hannibal, Missouri US 36 test section.

C-22
North Carolina

The location of the one North Carolina texture test section is provided in figure C-22. The
Novachip® surface in this section was placed as the wearing course in a mill-and-overlay
rehabilitation performed in 2003/04.

WINSTON-
SALEM

Clemmons

Exit
180
MP 180
Hillsdale
I-40 (EB)
1001

Figure 3-23. Hillsdale/Clemmons, North Carolina I-40 test section.

North Dakota

Three texture test sections were selected from I-94 in North Dakota. They included a
standard turf drag and a variably spaced, transverse tine located east of Glen Ullin (figure
C-23) and a variably spaced, skewed transverse tine located west of Valley City (figure C-
24). The doweled JPC pavements on which these textures were installed were built in 1999
and 2000, respectively. The textures are part of a statewide experiment being conducted by
the North Dakota DOT, examining the texture, friction, and noise characteristics of tine
versus carpet-drag textures (Marquart, 2003).

C-23
 Bismark
Glen Ullin

I-94 (EB)
Exit
110
Exit 88 MP 108.89
108
2002 2001 MP 109.31 49
MP 109.09 MP 109.11

Figure C-23. Glen Ullin, North Dakota I-94 test section.

Valley City
I-94 (WB)
6001
MP 289.21 MP 289.41

Exit
290

Valley City
Fargo
Bismark

Figure C-24. Valley City, North Dakota I-94 test section.

C-24
Texas

A shotblasted PCC texture on I-20 near Dallas was also included in the evaluation. Figure
C-25 shows the specific location of this texture test section. The texture was produced on
an in-place CRC pavement in 2004 using a Skidabrader surface abrading machine.

DALLAS

Duncanville

I-20 (WB)
1001
MP 460.28
MP 460.08
Exit
460

Figure C-25. Duncanville/Dallas, Texas I-20 test section.

Wisconsin

Only one texture test section from Wisconsin was selected for evaluation. This section is
located on US 151 near Mineral Point, as shown in figure C-26. The variably spaced,
transverse tine represented by this section was installed on a doweled JPC pavement built
in 2003, as part of a reconstruction and widening (2 lanes to 4 lanes) project.

C-25
 Mineral Point

US 151 (SB)
5001 MP 36

MADISON

Mineral Point

Figure C-26. Mineral Point, Wisconsin US 151 test section.

C-26
APPENDIX C REFERENCES

Ardani, A. and W. Outcalt. 1995. PCCP Texturing Methods, Interim Report, Report No.
CDOT-DTD-R-95-2, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado.

Ardani, A. and W. Outcalt. 2000. PCCP Texturing Methods, Final Report, Report No.
CDOT-DTD-R-00-1, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado.

Ardani, A. and W. Outcalt. 2005. PCCP Texturing Methods, Report No. CDOT-DTD-R-
2005-21, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado.

Brennan, J.J. and G.M. Schieber. 2006. US-69 Surface Texture and Noise Study, Report
No. KS-05-3, Kansas Department of Transportation, Topeka, Kansas.

Buch, N.B., R. Lyles and L. Becker. 2000. “Cost Effectiveness of European Demonstration
Project: I-75 Detroit,” RC-1381, Michigan Department of Transportation, Detroit,
Michigan.

Donavan, P.R. 2003. “Evaluation of the Noise Produced by Various Grooved and Ground
Textures Applied to Existing Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Pavement Surfaces:
Measurements on the State Route 58 Mojave Bypass, June 23.”

Donavan, P.R. 2004. “Influence of PCC Surface Texture and Joint Slap on Tire/Pavement
Noise Generation,” Paper presented at Noise-Con 2004, Baltimore, Maryland.

Kuemmel, D.A., R.C. Sonntag, J. Crovetti, and Y. Becker. 2000. “Noise and Texture on
PCC Pavements: Results of a Multi-State Study,” Final Report No. WI/SPR-08-99,
Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, Wisconsin.

Marks, V.J. 1996. “Variations of Tine Texturing of PCC Pavement,” Final Report prepared
for Research Project MLR-93-4, Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames, Iowa.

Marquart, M. 2003. “Tining Versus Carpet Dragging for Texturing PCC Pavements: Third
Evaluation,” Experimental Study ND 99-02, North Dakota Department of Transportation,
Bismark, North Dakota.

Outcalt, W. 2005. Summary of information on US 287 texture test sections provided

through personal correspondence, Denver, Colorado.

Rochat, J.L. 2003. “Acoustical Characterization of Three PCC Surface Treatments Using
Wayside Tire/Road Noise Measurements,” Memorandum to Bruce Rymer at Caltrans
Environmental Program, U.S. Department of Transportation Volpe Center Acoustics
Facility, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Scofield, L. 2003. “SR 202 PCCP Whisper Grinding Test Sections,” Construction Report,
Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix, Arizona.

C-27
Smiley, D.L. 1995. “First Year Performance of the European Concrete Pavement on
Northbound I-75-Detroit, Michigan,” Research Project 92 B-105, Research Report No. R-
1338, Michigan Department of Transportation, Detroit, Michigan.

Smiley, D.L. 1996. “Second Year Performance of the European Concrete Pavement on
Northbound I-75- Detroit, Michigan,” Research Project 92 B-105, Research Report No. R-
1343, Michigan Department of Transportation, Detroit, Michigan.

C-28
 APPENDIX D. TEXTURE, FRICTION, AND NOISE
RESULTS FOR EXISTING TEXTURE TEST SECTIONS
 IA A
IA 10 Z
10
1 02 01
IA I 003 --T -
A -Lo
10 A 1 --L ran Z
61 00 on T A 10 ng
--T 4- g ine Z D
ra -Lo Tin (0 10 02- G
n n e .5 03 -Lo (n
--L n o j
IA G g (0 -in
ro T i .7 A o g ac
IA 2 Z D
20 001
ov ne 5- sp 10 ng G ks
e (0 in ac C 04 DG (ja ), 0
02 -- (1 .7 s in A
--L Lo -in 5 pa g,
- High-Speed Profiler MPD, mm (RWP) 10 --L ( ck .2
s 35
IA o ng
n sp in cin 0.0 03 on no High-Speed Profiler MPD, mm (RWP)
80 g T C g ja ), 0 -in
c
K i ac sp g, 75 A --L CA D .2 s
S IA 01 Ti ne in ac 0.0 -in 10 on 10 G ks) 35- pac
1 80 --T ne (0 g, in 7 d 04 g 0 (ja , 0 i i
K 002 02 ra (0 .75 0. g, 5-i ep --L Gr 2-- ck .2 n s ng
S - --T n .75 -i 12 0. n th pa (0
1 0 -L r T - n 5 15 de ), on oo Lon s), 45-
K 0 on
S 4 g an ine in sp to -in p tu g ve g 0. in cin .11
1 - - T ( sp a 0 d th rf G ( 0 D 24 sp g
(
-i
G

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
K 00 L D
S in 0.7 ac cin IA .19 ep ), tu dr C
ro . 5 a 0 n
1 A ov 75- , 0 -in cin .11 spa
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00

5- ong G ( e 5 in g 1 - t th r ag
K 00 -L D no (0 -in g , 0 0 o ), f d e in .2
4 sp g -in ce
S 6 o .7 s , 0 .1 07 0. tu ra 10 (0 s (
1 -- n G ja 5 p . 2 -- 2 r g 07
--L CA
.7 pa 5-in aci 0.1 sp rs)
5- c n 2 a
K 007 Lo g D (no cks IA -in ac 125 5-in Lo 5-in f dr in ing sp g ( -in ce
S - ng G on
1 0 -L ( ja ), 0 90 spa ing -in d ng de ag
g
10 s , ac 0.
1 sp rs)
08 on DG jac cks .23 02 cin , 0. de ept Tu pt G 0 5
pa 0. i n 2
C ci 12 g -in ace
--L g D (j ks ), 5- --D g 15 pt h) rf D h) O ro --L ng 5- (
o G ac ), 0.2 in en , 0 -in h), , tu ra 10 ov on
e g , 0.
in 0.1 sp rs)
2 a
K ng (n ks) 0.25 45 sp se .15 de bu rf g 07 (0 D 25 dep -in ce
S D o , 0 5 -i ac -G -in p rl dr
1 0 G ja .2 -i n i r th a a --L .3 G
10 (n ck 55 n s sp ng ade dep ), t p d g on 75 , 0 C -in th sp rs)
g -in .23 A 1 de ), b ace
--L o j s), -in pa ac (0 d th ur ra
i . C G sp -in 04 pth urla rs)
on ac 0. s ci ng 11 AC ), t f d g O ro
ov ac s 5- ), p
g ks) 255 pa ng (0 -in (S ur rag
Ti , 0 -i cin (0 .1 s u f d 10
e in pac -Lo bu d
M ne .2 n g .1 2- pa pe ra C 09 ( 0 g, i n n rl rag
N (0 55 spa (0 3-in in s ce rp g O --L .7 0. g g B ap
30 on 5- 25 (0 u dr
10 .7 -in c .13 s p rs av
5- s in - p ac ) & e C g in - .1 rl a
01 in p g in ac e ) O 02- sp CA in d 05 ap g
s Ti

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

--L 3 0 -L ne ac
K sp aci (0. sp er rs) ... 10 ep -in Dra
i
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

on S a n 13 ac s) & 03 on
g ( n 7 t h s
g 5 )

D-1
2 0 c in g ( -i e & .. -- 0. g, pa g
Ti 0 n r . C Lo Tin 75 c
ne M KS 01- g, 0 .13 sp s) & std O ng e -in 0. --Lo , br
12 n oo ers
(0 I 1 40 -No .15 -in ac si ... 30 ( sp 5- g )
.7 0 01 va -i s er ng 04 Me 0.7
5 a C in B md
r
M 5- 01 -- C n pa s) . --L a n - ci O o r
M N in -- No h de c & .. on de in s ng 10 dep om ag
O 8 sp Ex va ip pt ers s. g r p C , 0 0 8 th D
10 00 ac po C (0. h) ) & .. C G Tin aci O 3 .12 --L ), t r
01 1-- in se hip 18 , tu . O C ro e n 0 5 o ur ag
--T Lo g, d 7 r .. 30 O ov (0.7 g, 0 01 -in ng f d

texture test sections.

ra ng 0 A (0 5- f d 06 30 e ( 5- .1 --L de Tu ra
n T M .12 gg .37 in N ra 0 8 on p rf g
Ti in N 5 re 5- M g IL --Lo 05- .75 in s 75 t
N ne e 20 -in ga in A n -L -i p -in g H h), Dra
D N S IL
10
60 ND (0 (0.7 M 03- de te C M ) 01 g T ong n s aci
n
de ea tur g
.5 5 N -L pt o A 50
01 2 - i n n - i S 01
--T in
ra e (
D pac g, pth vy f dr
G T
--T 00
s M 200 ong h), nc )

texture test sections (continued).

sp p N 4 tu re --T n 0.
7
, 0 ing 0.1 ), n ur ag
2 f
ra 2-- ac ac M 50 --L Bro rf te ra T . ,
ns Tr d n in 5-i 22- 0.1 5-i o p Dr
e n i n r a
Sk an in in N 01 on o r Sk n 2
W ew Tin N g, g, 70 --L g m D ag
C 0. 0. 0 o Tu r ew
(0
.7
sp s 5-
i
de ete g
x
I1 5- aci pac n d pth tu
00 Ti e ( 10 12 12 1- ng rf ag ed in ng in e p ), r
1- ne ra 01 5- 5- -Lo T D Ti g n e
-T --N in in ng ur rag ne IL 4 spa , 0. (0 th), o .
ra (r ndo
an m ov dep dep T f D (r 0 c 1 2 . 0 t . .
n do s a t th ur ra an 01- ing 5-i 95 urf
Ti
ne p
m a N Ch h), ), f D g do -D , 0 n d -in d
sp ci D 2 ip no tur rag m e n .1 5 e s ra g
(r
an n
ac g 00 (0. pr f d sp se -in pth pac
do in , 0 1- 37 et ra ac -Gr de ), t ers
m TX g, .1-i -Lo 5-in ext g in a u )
sp 10 0.1 n d ng N ur g, de pth rf d
ac 01 5- ep T M e 0. d A ), t r
15 C ur ag
in --S in th ur AS
g, h de ), f D ) IL - f
80 in d (Su dra
0. otb pt tu ra
15 l h) rf g 01 ep pe g
-in as , t dr --D th rp
t u en ), t ave
de ed rf ag se u r )
pt Co dra -G f d
h) n g
, t cr ra rag
ur et de
fd e d
ra A
Figure D-1. High-speed texture depth results (MPD right wheelpath) for existing

Figure D-1. High-speed texture depth results (MPD right wheelpath) for existing
g C
 IA A
1 Z
IA 0 0 10
10 2-- 01
IA 03 Tra -
A -Lo
10 --L n Z
A 10 ng
04 on Tin Z D
--L g e 10 02- G
on Tin (0. 03 -Lo (n
g e 5-i - o
IA T (0 n A -Lo ng ja
IA 2 Z D c
0 IA ine .5- sp 10 ng G ks
20 01 10 (0 in aci C 04 DG (ja ), 0
02 -- 61 .75 sp ng A - c
-- Lo High-Speed Profiler MPD, mm (LC) 10 -L ( ks .23
IA Lo ng --L -in ac , 0
03 on no 5 High-Speed Profiler MPD, mm (LC)
on s ing .07 C - C g ja ), 0 -in
c
K I
80 ng Ti
0 T n g pa , 0 5- A -L A D .2 s
S A 1 in e D cin .0 in 10 on 10 G ks) 35- pac
K 100 80 --T e (0 G 04 g 0 (ja , 0 i i
S 02 ra (0 .75 , ? g, 75- de --L Gr 2-- ck .2 n s ng
10 2-- --T n .75 -in ?- 0.1 in pth 45 pa (0
in 5 de ), on oo Lon s),
v - i n c i .1
K 04 Lon ra Tin -in s
n e p sp -in pt tu g e g 0.
2
S -- g
a d h rf G ( s ng 1-in
(0

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
K 100 Lo D
S n G
Ti (0 spa ac
n . 7 c in IA cin ep ), tu dr ro 0.7 DG 45- pa
o 5 , i c . s
5 g C
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60

e 5 in g 1 g th r ag
K 100 --L D (no (0 -in g , 0 0 (? ), f d A ve -in 0.2 n s ing 11- pac
S 6 o G .7 s , 0 .1 07 ? tu ra 10 (0 sp 45 pa (0 in s ers
n j 07 . 7 5 a c in - c i . 1 p )
K 100 --L g (no ack I 5-in pa .12 25- --L -in rf d g
S 7 on D s A c o -in in
j
10 -- g G ac ), 9 sp ing 5-in in d ng spa rag
--L CA sp ng 2-in ace
on 10 sp g, 0 ac (0.1 sp rs)
08 Lo D (ja ks 0. 00 ac , 0 d ep T ce g 05 a c .1 i n 2 a
--L ng G ck ), 23 2-- in .1 ep th urf rs C G -
O ro -Lo in 25 g (0 -in cer
on DG (jac s), 0.2 5-in De g, 0 5-i th) ), t D )
n n , u r g, -i . s s
4 10 ov ng
K g D (n ks) 0.25 5-i sp se .15 de bu rf ag 07 e 0. n d 12- pac )
25 ep in er
S G o , 0 5 n ac -G -in p rl dr --L (0 DG - t s s
10 ( ja .2 -i s in ra d th ap ag . 7 , C i n h
10 no ck 55 n s pa g de ep ), d
on 5- 0 ) pa )
g in .23 A 1 dep , bu ce
--L ja s), -in pa cin (0 d th tur ra
C G sp -in 04 th rla rs
on cks 0. s ci g .11 AC ), t f d g
2 p n ( - O ro
a s 5 -- ) , p )
g ), 55 a g 0.1 in (S ur rag 10 ov ci p
Ti 0. -i cin (0 2 s u f d 09 e ng ac Lo bur dra
M ne 25 n g .1 -in pa pe ra C - (0 , in n g la g
N O -L .7 0. g B pd
10
(0 5-i spa (0 3-in sp ce rp g
.7 n . r a on 5- 25 ( ur ra
C 300
O g in l
01 5- sp cin 13- sp ace s) & ve C -in 0.1
0 ap g
in a g in ac rs s ) 30 2--L Ti sp 5
--L
K s ci (0 s e ) ..
n p 03 on ne ac A 1 dep -in Dr
in 07

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

on S pa g .13 ac rs) & . (0 th sp ag
g g 5 )

D-2
--L g . 7 - ,
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

20 cin (0 -i e & s..

Ti . n r . C on Tin 5- ,0 - ac
ne M KS 01- g, 0 13- sp s) & std O in .1 Lon bro er
30 g M e (0 s 25 g om s)
(0 I 1 40 -No .15 in s ac si ... 04 ea .7 pa C -in B
M
.7 0 01 va -i p er ng
5- 01 -- C n ac s) . --L nd 5-i ci O ro d r
M N in -- No h de e & .. on er n s ng 10 dep om ag
O 80 sp Ex va ip pt rs) s. g T p C , 0 0 8 t h D
10 0 ac po C (0. h) & .. C G ine aci O 3 .12 --L ), tu rag
n 5 o
01 1--
L in se hip 18 , tu s.
7 O C ro ( 0 r
r ..

texture test sections.

--T o g, d 30 O ov 0.7 g, 0 01 -in ng f d
ra ng 0 A (0 5- f d 06 30 e ( 5 . -- d T ra
n T M .12 gg .37 in N ra
N 5 r 5 g 0 0 -in 187 Lon ep urf g
Ti in IL --Lo 5- .75 s 5 D
N ne e 20 -in ega -in MA g th)
H ra
D N S 10 ng -Lo -in pac -in ,t
60 ND (0 (0.7 M 03- de te C M ) 01 n s in de ea ur g
.5 5 N -L pt o A g
01 2 S --T Tin g D pa
G
pt vy f d

texture test sections (continued).

-in -in ra e ( ci , 0 h) Tu ra
--T 00
sp sp
M 200 ong h), nc )
N 4 tu re IL n 0 , n g .1 ,
ra 2--
ac ac M 50 --L Bro rf te Ti .75 0.2 , 25 no rf g
ns Tr d 50 ne -in 2- 0.1 -in p Dr
Sk an in in N 01 on o r 01
s
in 2 5 d ret ag
W ew Tin N g, g, 0 70 --L g m D ag --T (0
.7 pa sp -in ept ext
I1 C 0. . 0 o Tu r
ra 5- c a h u
00 Ti e ( 10 12 12 1-- ng rf ag n in ing cin dep ), n re
1- ne ra 01 5- 5-i Lo T D Ti g
-T --N in n ng ur rag ne IL 4 spa , 0. (0 th), o p
ra (r ndo
an m (r 0 c 1 2 . 0 t ...
n do s
ov dep dep T f D
a t th ur ra an 01- ing 5-i 95 urf
Ti dr
ne m pa N Ch h), ), f D g do -D , 0 n d -in
(r s c D ip no tu ra m e n .1 5 e s ag
an pa in 20 (0 p rf g sp se -i pth pac
ci g, 01 .3 re dr ),
do n 0 - 7 t a ac -Gr n d
e t
er
m TX g, .1-i -Lo 5-i ext g in a u s)
sp 10 0.1 n d ng n N ur g, de pth rf d
0. d A ), t ra
ac 01 5- ep T M e 1 ur g
in --S in th ur AS
g, h de ), f D ) IL 5-i C ( f
80 n d Su dra
0. otb pt tu ra
15 l h) rf g 01 ep pe g
-in as , t dr --D th rp
t u en ), t ave
de ed rf ag )

Figure D-2. High-speed texture depth results (MPD lane center) for existing
Figure D-2. High-speed texture depth results (MPD lane center) for existing

pt Co dra se urf
h) n g -G d
, t cr ra rag
ur et de
fd e d
ra A
g C
 A
Z
IA 10
01
IA 10 -
1 02 A -Lo
IA I 003 --T Z
A 10 ng
10 A 1 --L ran Z D
61 00 on T 10 02- G
--T 4- g ine 03 -Lo (n
ra -Lo Tin (0 - o
n n e .5 A -Lo ng ja
G g (0 -in Z D c
IA ro T i .7 10 ng G ks
IA 2 ov ne 5- sp C 04 DG (ja ), 0
20 001 e (0 in ac A - c
(1 .7 s in 10 -L ( ks .23
02 --
-in 5 pa g, CT Meter MPD, mm (RWP) 03 on no 5 CT Meter MPD, mm (RWP)
--L Lo - C - C g ja ), 0 -in
IA o ng
n sp in cin 0.0 A -L A D c .2 s
80 g T ac sp g, 75
K i 10 on 10 G ks) 35- pac
i
S IA 01 Ti ne in ac 0.0 -in 04 g 0 (ja , 0 i
1 80 --T ne (0 g, in 7 d --L Gr 2-- ck .2 n s ng
pa
K 002 02 ra (0 .75 0. g, 5-i ep (0
S - 12 0. n th on oo Lon s), 45-
v i n c i .1
1 0 -L --T n .75 -i
T - n 5 15 de ), g e g 0.
K 0 on r an ine in sp to -in p tu G 2 s ng 1-in
S 4 g
- (0 s
1 0 d th rf ro (0.7 DG 45- pa
- T ( sp a o , c .

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
K 00 L D
S C
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00

in 0.7 ac cin IA .19 ep ), tu dr

1 5- ong G ( e 5 in g 1 - t th r ag A ve 5-in 0.2 in s ing 11- pac
K 00 -L D no (0 -in g , 0 0 o ), f d 10 (0 sp 45 pa (0 in s ers
S 6 o .7 s , 0 .1 07 0. tu ra 07 . 75 ac in cin .12 pa ) -
1 -- n G ja 5 p . 2 -- 2 r g --L CA -in in sp g -in ce
K 007 Lo g D (no cks IA -in ac 125 5-in Lo 5-in f dr
S - ng G on 10 sp g, 0 ac (0.1 sp rs)
1 0 -L ( ja ), 0 90 spa ing -in d ng de ag g 0 ac .1 ing 2- a
08 on DG jac cks .23 02 cin , 0. de ept Tu pt C G 5-
in ce
--L g D (j ks ), 5- --D g 15 pt h) rf D h) O ro -Lo in 2 5
g, -in (0.1 sp rs
o G ac ), 0.2 in en , 0 -in h), , tu ra 10 ov ng 0 2 a )
K ng (n ks) 0.25 45 sp se .15 de bu rf g 07 e . 25 d ep -in ce
S D o , 0 5 -i ac -G -in p rl dr --L (0 DG - t s rs
1 0 G ja .2 -i n i r th a a on . 75 , C i n h p )
10 (n ck 55 n s sp ng ade dep ), t p d g g -in 0.23 A 1 de ), b ace
--L o j s), -in pa ac (0 d th ur ra
i . C G sp -in 04 pth urla rs)
on ac 0. s ci ng 11 AC ), t f d g O ro
ov a 5 ) p
g ks) 255 pa ng (0 -in (S ur rag 10 ci spa --L , b
u
Ti , 0 -i cin (0 .1 s u f d 09 e ng c o dr
a
M ne .2 n g .1 2- pa pe ra C (0
N (0 55 spa (0 3-in in s ce rp g O --L .7 , 0 ing ng rlap g
. B
30 on 5- 25 (0
10 .7 -in c .13 s p rs av
5- s in - p ac ) & e C g in - .1
ur dr
l a
01 in p g in ac e ) O 02- sp CA in d 05 ap g
s Ti

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

--L 3 0 -L ne ac
K sp aci (0. sp er rs) ... 10 ep -in Dra
i
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

on S a n 13 ac s) & 03 on
g ( n 7 t h s
g 5

D-3
2 0 c in g ( -i e & .. -- 0. g, ) pa g
Ti 0 n r . C Lo Tin 75 c
ne M KS 01- g, 0 .13 sp s) & std O ng e -in 0. --Lo , br
12 n oo ers
(0 I 1 40 -No .15 -in ac si ... 30 ( sp 5- g )
.7 0 01 va -i s er ng 04 Me 0.7 a C i n B md
M 5- 01 -- C n pa s) . --L an 5-i ci O ro r
M N in -- No h de c & .. ng 10 dep om ag
O 8 sp Ex va ip pt ers s. on de n s
r
g p C , 0 0 8 th D
10 00 ac po C (0. h) ) & ..
C G Tin aci O 3 .12 --L ), t r
01 1-- in se hip 18 , tu .
7 O o u ag
--T Lo g, d r .. C roo e (0 ng
,
00 5-

texture test sections.

0 A (0 5- f d . 1 in n g rf d
ra ng M .12 gg .37 in N ra
30 O ve 7 0 .1 --L d T ra
n T N 5 re 5- M g
06 30 (0 5- 8
Ti in on ep urf g
N ne e 20 -in ga in A IL --Lo 05- .75 in s 75 D
D N S 10 ng -Lo -in pa -in
g th)
H ,t ra
60 ND (0 (0.7
.5 5
M 03- de te C M )
N -L pt o A 01 n s c d ea u g
01 2 - i n n - i S --T Tin g D pa ing ept vy rf d
--T 00
s M 200 ong h), nc ) G , h r

texture test sections (continued).

sp p N 4 tu re ra e ( ci
ra 2-- n 0 , ng 0.1 ), Tur ag
ns Tr ac ac M 50 --L Bro rf te
d
IL Ti .75 0.2 , 2 no f
Sk an in in N 01 on o r 50 ne -in 2- 0.1 5-in pr Dra
W N g, g, 70 --L g m D ag 01 i
I1 ew Tin C 0. 0. 0 o Tu r (0 sp n s 25- de ete g
00 Ti e ( 10 12 12 1- ng rf ag --T .7 i x
01 5- 5- -Lo T D ra 5- aci pac n d pth tu
1-
-T
ne ra n in ng in e p ), r
ra (r ndo
an m
--N in in ng ur rag Ti g n e
n ov dep dep T f D ne IL 4 spa , 0. (0 th), o .
Ti do s a t th ur ra (r 0 c 1 2 . 0 t . .
ne p
m a N Ch h), ), f D g an 01- ing 5-i 95 urf
sp ci D 2 ip no tur rag dr
(r
an n
ac g 00 (0. pr f d
do -D , 0 n d -in
m e n .1 5 ep sp ag
do in , 0 1- 37 et ra sp se -i th a c
m TX g, .1-i -Lo 5-in ext g ac -Gr n d ), er
sp 10 0.1 n d ng N ur in ad ep tur s)
ac 01 5- ep T M e g, ed th) f d
in --S in th ur AS 0.
g, h de ), f D ) 1 A , tu rag
0. otb pt tu ra IL 5-i C ( rf
15 l h) rf g 80 n d Su dra
-in as , t dr
t u 01 ep pe g
de ed rf ag --D th rp
pt Co dra en ), t ave
h) n g
, t cr se u r )
ur et -G f d
Figure D-3. CT Meter texture depth results (MPD right wheelpath) for existing

Figure D-3. CT Meter texture depth results (MPD right wheelpath) for existing
fd e ra rag
ra de
g d
A
C
 A
Z
IA 10
01
IA 10 -
1 02 A -Lo
IA I 003 --T Z
A 10 ng
10 A 1 --L ran Z D
61 00 on T 10 02- G
--T 4- g ine 03 -Lo (n
ra -Lo Tin (0 - o
n n e .5 A -Lo ng ja
G g (0 -in Z D c
IA ro T i .7 10 ng G ks
IA 2 ov ne 5- sp C 04 DG (ja ), 0
20 001 e (0 in ac A - c
(1 .7 s in 10 -L ( ks .23
02 --
-in 5 pa g, CT Meter MPD, mm (LC) 03 on no 5 CT Meter MPD, mm (LC)
--L Lo - C - C g ja ), 0 -in
IA o ng
n sp in cin 0.0 A -L A D c .2 s
80 g T ac sp g, 75
K i 10 on 10 G ks) 35- pac
i
S IA 01 Ti ne in ac 0.0 -in 04 g 0 (ja , 0 i
1 80 --T ne (0 g, in 7 d --L Gr 2-- ck .2 n s ng
pa
K 002 02 ra (0 .75 0. g, 5-i ep (0
S - 12 0. n th on oo Lon s), 45-
v i n c i .1
1 0 -L --T n .75 -i
T - n 5 15 de ), g e g 0.
K 0 on r an ine in sp to -in p tu G 2 s ng 1-in
S 4 g
- (0 s
1 0 d th rf ro (0.7 DG 45- pa
- T ( sp a o , c .

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
K 00 L D
S C
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00

in 0.7 ac cin IA .19 ep ), tu dr

1 5- ong G ( e 5 in g 1 - t th r ag A ve 5-in 0.2 in s ing 11- pac
K 00 -L D no (0 -in g , 0 0 o ), f d 10 (0 sp 45 pa (0 in s ers
S 6 o .7 s , 0 .1 07 0. tu ra 07 . 75 ac in cin .12 pa ) -
1 -- n G ja 5 p . 2 -- 2 r g --L CA -in in sp g -in ce
K 007 Lo g D (no cks IA -in ac 125 5-in Lo 5-in f dr
S - ng G on 10 sp g, 0 ac (0.1 sp rs)
1 0 -L ( ja ), 0 90 spa ing -in d ng de ag g 0 ac .1 ing 2- a
08 on DG jac cks .23 02 cin , 0. de ept Tu pt C G 5-
in ce
--L g D (j ks ), 5- --D g 15 pt h) rf D h) O ro -Lo in 2 5
g, -in (0.1 sp rs
o G ac ), 0.2 in en , 0 -in h), , tu ra 10 ov ng 0 2 a )
K ng (n ks) 0.25 45 sp se .15 de bu rf g 07 e . 25 d ep -in ce
S D o , 0 5 -i ac -G -in p rl dr --L (0 DG - t s rs
1 0 G ja .2 -i n i r th a a on . 75 , C i n h p )
10 (n ck 55 n s sp ng ade dep ), t p d g g -in 0.23 A 1 de ), b ace
--L o j s), -in pa ac (0 d th ur ra
i . C G sp -in 04 pth urla rs)
on ac 0. s ci ng 11 AC ), t f d g O ro
ov a 5 ) p
g ks) 255 pa ng (0 -in (S ur rag 10 ci spa --L , b
u
Ti , 0 -i cin (0 .1 s u f d 09 e ng c o dr
a
M ne .2 n g .1 2- pa pe ra C (0
N (0 55 spa (0 3-in in s ce rp g O --L .7 , 0 ing ng rlap g
. B
30 on 5- 25 (0
10 .7 -in c .13 s p rs av
5- s in - p ac ) & e C g in - .1
ur dr
l a
01 in p g in ac e ) O 02- sp CA in d 05 ap g
s Ti

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

--L 3 0 -L ne ac
K sp aci (0. sp er rs) ... 10 ep -in Dra
i
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

on S a n 13 ac s) & 03 on
g ( n 7 t h s
g 5

D-4
2 0 c in g ( -i e & .. -- 0. g, ) pa g
Ti 0 n r . C Lo Tin 75 c
ne M KS 01- g, 0 .13 sp s) & std O ng e -in 0. --Lo , br
12 n oo ers
(0 I 1 40 -No .15 -in ac si ... 30 ( sp 5- g )
.7 0 01 va -i s er ng 04 Me 0.7 a C i n B md
M 5- 01 -- C n pa s) . --L an 5-i ci O ro r
M N in -- No h de c & .. ng 10 dep om ag
O 8 sp Ex va ip pt ers s. on de n s
r
g p C , 0 0 8 th D
10 00 ac po C (0. h) ) & ..
C G Tin aci O 3 .12 --L ), t r
01 1-- in se hip 18 , tu .
7 O o u ag
--T Lo g, d r .. C roo e (0 ng
,
00 5-

texture test sections.

0 A (0 5- f d . 1 in n g rf d
ra ng M .12 gg .37 in N ra
30 O ve 7 0 .1 --L d T ra
n T N 5 re 5- M g
06 30 (0 5- 8
Ti in on ep urf g
N ne e 20 -in ga in A IL --Lo 05- .75 in s 75 D
D N S 10 ng -Lo -in pa -in
g th)
H ,t ra
60 ND (0 (0.7
.5 5
M 03- de te C M )
N -L pt o A 01 n s c d ea u g
01 2 - i n n - i S --T Tin g D pa ing ept vy rf d
--T 00
s M 200 ong h), nc ) G , h r

texture test sections (continued).

sp p N 4 tu re ra e ( ci
ra 2-- n 0 , ng 0.1 ), Tur ag
ns Tr ac ac M 50 --L Bro rf te
d
IL Ti .75 0.2 , 2 no f
Sk an in in N 01 on o r 50 ne -in 2- 0.1 5-in pr Dra
W N g, g, 70 --L g m D ag 01 i
I1 ew Tin C 0. 0. 0 o Tu r (0 sp n s 25- de ete g
00 Ti e ( 10 12 12 1- ng rf ag --T .7 i x
01 5- 5- -Lo T D ra 5- aci pac n d pth tu
1-
-T
ne ra n in ng in e p ), r
ra (r ndo
an m
--N in in ng ur rag Ti g n e
n ov dep dep T f D ne IL 4 spa , 0. (0 th), o .
Ti do s a t th ur ra (r 0 c 1 2 . 0 t . .
ne p
m a N Ch h), ), f D g an 01- ing 5-i 95 urf
sp ci D 2 ip no tur rag dr
(r
an n
ac g 00 (0. pr f d
do -D , 0 n d -in
m e n .1 5 ep sp ag
do in , 0 1- 37 et ra sp se -i th a c
m TX g, .1-i -Lo 5-in ext g ac -Gr n d ), er
sp 10 0.1 n d ng N ur in ad ep tur s)
ac 01 5- ep T M e g, ed th) f d
in --S in th ur AS 0.
g, h de ), f D ) 1 A , tu rag
0. otb pt tu ra IL 5-i C ( rf
15 l h) rf g 80 n d Su dra
-in as , t dr
t u 01 ep pe g
de ed rf ag --D th rp
pt Co dra en ), t ave
Figure D-4. CT Meter texture depth results (MPD lane center) for existing

Figure D-4. CT Meter texture depth results (MPD lane center) for existing
h) n g
, t cr se u r )
ur et -G f d
fd e ra rag
ra de
g d
A
C
 A
Z
IA 10
01
IA 10
10 02 A --L
IA 0 - A Z 1 ong
10 IA 3-- -Tra Z 0
61 10 Lo n 10 02 DG
--T 04 ng Ti 0 3 --L (
ra --L T ne A --L ong no
n on in (0 Z o j
I G g e .5 C 10 ng DG ack
IA A 2 ro T (0 -in
ov in .75 s A 04 D s
20 00 10 --L G (jac ), 0
e e ( -in pa k .2
02 1--
- L (1 0. C 03- o (n
IA -Lo on -in 75 sp cin A CT Meter RMS
n g CT Meter RMS -L CA ng o ja s), 35-
D c 0 in
K 8 sp -in aci g, 0 10 o
S IA 00 g T Tin 04 ng 10 G ks .23 sp
1 80 1-- in e
ac sp ng .0
in ac , 0 75 --L G 02 (ja ), 0 5-i ac
K 00
S 2- T
02 ra ( 0. e ( g, in .0 -in r
on oo -L - c k .2 n s in
K 100 -Lo --T n 0.7 75 0. g, 75 d g ve on s), 45- pa g (
S ra Tin 5-i -in 12 0. -in ep G ( g 0 i 0
K 10 4--L ng n e n s 5 15 d th C ro 0. D .24 n s cin .11
S 0 o D
5 G T i ( 0 s p
pa to -i e ), A ov 75 G, 5 p g -i
K 1 0 -- n g ( ne .7 a ci 0. n d pth tu 10 e -in 0. -in aci (0.1 n s
S 06 Lo D n (0 2 n p

0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
(0 5-i cin ng IA 19- ep ), t rf d 07

0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50

1 0 -- n G o .7 n g, , 0 10 to th ur ra .7 spa 45- spa g ( 1-in ac

K 0 Lo g ( ja
S 7- n D n ck 5 s 0 . 0 ), f g
--L CA 5- i 0 e
on 1 in cin n s cin .12 sp rs
10 -L g G o s IA -in pac .12 125 7-- 0.2 tu dra
C g 00 sp , pag g -i a c )
08 on D (ja jac ), 0 90 sp in 5- -in Lo 5-i rf d g O G 5-- ac 0.1 cin (0.1 n s ers
--L g G ( ck ks .2 02 ac g, in d ng n ra 10 ro L
o D ja s ), 35 -- in 0 d ep T de g ov on in 2 5 g 2 - p a )
K ng G ( ck ), 0 0.2 -in De g, .15 ept th ur pth 07
--L e g g, - ( in c
S D no s) .2 4 s n 0 -in h ), f D ) (0 DG 0. in d 0.1 sp ers
10 G j , 0 55 5- p se .15 d ), tu r on .7 25 ep 2-in ac )
10 (n ac .2 -in in ac -G -in ep bu rf ag g 5 ,0 C - e
C G -in .2 A in th) sp rs
--L o ks 55 s sp ing ra d th rla dr
on jac ), 0 -in pa ac (0 ded ep ), t p d ag
O ro sp 3-i 10 dep , b ac )
10 ov n 4 u r e
g ks .25 sp cin ing .11 A th) ur ra C 09 e
ac 5 th r
M Ti ), 5 ac g ( -i C , t f d g O (0 in spa --L ), b lap s)
N ne 0. -in in (0 0. n (S u ra
r C 30
--L
.7 g, c o u d
10 (0 255 sp g ( .13 12- spa up f d g O 02 on 5- 0. ing ng rla rag
01 .7 -i a 0. -i in c e ra 3 0 -- g in 25 ( B p
--L 5- n ci 13 n s er rp g 03 Lo Ti sp C -in 0.1 ur dr
on
in sp ng -i sp pa s) av
- n ne
ac A 1 d 05 lap ag
g
K sp ac ( n s ac ce & e)
S a in 0 . p e r s C -Lo g T (0 i e
Ti 2 c 1 a r s . O n i .7 ng 07 pt -in Dr
ne K 00 ing g (0 3-in ce s) & ) & .. 30 g M ne 5- , 0 5-- h), sp ag
M S 1 04 e (0. in .1 Lo br ac
M
(0 I 4 --N , 0 .13 sp rs) st ...
. 1 0 . --L a n 7 5 sp 25 n e
M N 75 0 01 ov 15 -in ac & d. d - a g oom rs
)
B

D-5
O 8 -in 01 -- aC -in s er sin .. on e in ci CO -in
10 00 N p g r T ng 1 d ro dr
sp --Ex ov hi de ac s) & g.. C G in
sp e
01 1- O a CO , 0 008 pt om ag
--T -Lo ac po aC p ( pt er s .
3 . 1 - h) D
ra ng in se h 0.1 h), s) ... 30 CO roo e (0 cin -
g, d ip 8 tu &
7 06 3 ve .7 g, 00 25- Lo , tu rag
N n T .
D Ti in M 0.1 Ag (0.3 5-in rf d .. IL --L 005 (0 5-in 0.1 1-- in d ng rf d
87 Lo e T r
60 N ne e
(
N 25 gr 7
2 - e
10 on --L .75 sp
01 2 D ( 0. .7 0 i
0 n g i
5- NM rag 01 g o -i 5- ng pt urf ag
5- 5 M 03 de ate n N AS --T Tin ng n s acin in d H h), Dr
p e
--T 00 in -in N --L p M ) D a g e a t u ag

texture test sections.

ra 2- IL ra e
sp s M 20 on th) Con AS
ns -T p N 04 g , c ) 50
n (0 G, cin , 0 pth vy rf d
g .1 )
W Sk ran ac a
c
in i M 0 - 5 - B t u r
Ti .75 0.
n 2 , 2 , Tu ra
r e 01 e -in 2- 0. 5-i no rf g
I1
00
ew Ti
ne N g, ng, N 7 01 Lon roo f d te
C 0 0 0 -- g m ra
--T (0 i 1 n pr Dr
T 1 . L ra .7 spa n s 25
p - de et ag
1-
-T
in (r
e an 00 125 .12 01- on Tu Dr g n 5-
in cin ac in d pth ex

texture test sections (continued).

ra (r d 1- -i 5-i -L g rf ag Ti
n an o -N n n on Tu D ne IL sp g, ing ep ), tur
Ti do m ov de de g rf rag (r 400 ac 0.1 (0 th) no e
ne m sp N aC pth pth Tur Dra an 1 in 2 . , p
(r a
sp ci D hi ), n ), f D g do --D g, 5-i 095 tur ...
an ac ng 20 p ( o tur ra m en 0.1 n d -in f d
do i , 0 0 p f g sp se 5- ep sp ra
m TX ng 0.1 1-- .37 re dr ac -G in th ac g
sp 1 , 0 -in Lo 5-i tex ag in ra de ), t er
ac 001 .15 d ng n N tu g, de p u s
in -- -in ep T M re 0. d th) rf d )
g, Sh d th ur A
0. ot ep ), f D S) IL 15- AC , tu rag
15 b th tu ra 80 in (S rf
-in las ), rf g 01 de up dra
d --D pt er g
de ted tur ra
pt C f d g en h), pa
h ) o n ra se tur ve)
,t c g -G f d
ur re
f d te ra ra
ra de g
g d
A
C

Figure D-5. CT Meter RMS results (right wheelpath and lane center) for existing
Figure D-5. CT Meter RMS results (right wheelpath and lane center) for existing
 IA A
IA 10 Z
10
IA 10 02 01
0 - A --L
10 IA 3-- -Tra
61 10 Lo n A Z 1 ong
--T 04 ng Ti Z 0
ra --L T ne 10 02 DG
n on in (0 0 3 --L (
I G g e .5 A --L ong no
IA A 2 ro T (0 -in Z o j
20 00 ov in .75 s C 10 ng DG ack
02 1-- e e ( -in pa A 04 D s
- L (1 0.
-in 75 sp cin
10 --L G (jac ), 0
IA -Lo on CT Meter Texture Ratio (MPD/RMS) on (no ks .23
K 8 n g C 03-
A - C g ), 5
S
sp -in aci g, 0 j CT Meter Texture Ratio (MPD/RMS)
1
IA 00 g T Tin ac sp ng .0 10 Lo A D ac 0 -in
K 00 80 1-- in e in ac , 0 75 04 ng 10 G ks .23 sp
S 2- T
02 ra ( 0. e ( g, in .0 -in --L G 02 (ja ), 0 5-i ac
K 100 -Lo --T n 0.7 75 0. g, 75 d on roo --L cks .2 n s in
S ra Tin 5-i -in 12 0. -in ep g ve on ), 45- pa g (
K 10 4--L ng n e n s 5 15 d th
C G g 0 i 0
S 0 o D
5 G T i ( 0 s p
pa to -i e ),
A ro (0. D .24 n s cin .11
K 1 0 -- n g ( ne .7 a ci 0. n d pth tu 10 ov 75 G, 5 p g -
S 06 Lo D n e -in 0 -in ac (0. in s

0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
(0 5-i cin ng IA 19- ep ), t rf d .2 in 1
1 0 -- n G o
K 0 Lo g ( ja .7 n g, , 0 10 to th ur ra 07 (0 p
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50

5 s 0 . 0 ), f g --L C .7 spa 45- spa g ( 1-in ac

S 7- n D n ck
10 -L g G o s IA -in pac .12 125 7-- 0.2 tu dra on A 5- i 0 e
g 10 in cin n s cin .12 sp rs
08 on D (ja jac ), 0 90 sp in 5- -in Lo 5-i rf d g C G 05 sp , g p g -i a c )
--L g G ( ck ks .2 02 ac g, in d ng n ra O ro --
o D ja s ), 35 -- in 0 d ep T de g 10 ov o L ac 0.1 acin (0.1 n s ers
in 2 5 g 2 - p a )
K ng G ( ck ), 0 0.2 -in De g, .15 ept th ur pth
S D no s) .2 4 s n 0 -in h ), f D ) 07 e ng g, - ( in c
10 G j , 0 55 5- p se .15 d ), tu r --L (0 0. in d 0.1 sp ers
.3 DG 25 2 a )
10 (n ac .2 -in in ac -G -in ep bu rf ag on
g 7
--L o ks 55 s sp ing ra d th rla dr C
5- , 0 C -in ept -in ce
O G in .2 A h) sp rs
on jac ), 0 -in pa ac (0 ded ep ), t p d ag ro sp 3-i 10 dep , b ac )
g ks .25 sp cin ing .11 A th) ur ra 10 ov
M C 09 e
ac n s 45 th url er
N
Ti ), 5 ac g ( -i C , t f d g
ne 0. -in in (0 0. n (S u ra O (0 in pa --L ), b ap s)
r C 30
--L
.7 g, c o u d
10 (0 255 sp g ( .13 12- spa up f d g O 02 on 5- 0. ing ng rla rag
01 .7 -i a 0. -i in c e ra
5- n ci 13 n s er rp g 3 0 -- g in 25 (0 Bu p d
--L in sp ng -i sp pa s) av 03 Lo Ti
ne s C - i . 10 rla ra
on K sp ac ( n s ac ce & e) -- n pa A n
g S a in 0 . p e r s C Lo g T
O
(0 ci 10 de 5-i p g
Ti 2 c 1 a r s . n i .7 ng 7 pt n Dr
ne K 00 ing g (0 3-in ce s) & ) & .. 30 g M ne 5- , 0 5-- h), sp ag
M S 1 04 e (0. in .1 Lo br ac
M
(0 I 4 --N , 0 .13 sp rs) st ...
. 1 0 . --L a n 7 5 sp 2 n o e
M N 75 0 01 ov 15 -in ac & d. ac C 5-in g B om rs)
O

D-6
O 8 -in 01 -- aC -in s er sin .. on de -in
r i
10 00 N p g T sp n g 1 de ro dr
sp --Ex ov hi de ac s) & g.. C G in 0
01 1- ac po aC p ( pt er s . O a CO , 0 08 pt om ag
--T -Lo in se h 0.1 h), s) ... 30 CO roo e (0 cin 3 .1 -- h) D
ra ng g, d ip 8 tu & 06 3 ve .7 g, 00 25- Lo , tu rag
N n T 7 . IL --L 005 (0 5-in 0.1 1-- in d ng rf d
D Ti in
ne e
M 0.1 Ag (0.3 5-in rf d .. IL 10 on --L 75 . 8 L T
N 25 gr 7 sp 75 on ep ur rag
60 N
D ( ( 0 2 - i
0 n g i e 5- NM rag 50 01 g o -i - g t f
01 2 0. .7 01 --T Tin ng n s acin in d H h), Dr
--T 00 5- 5 M 03 de ate n N AS
ra e D pa g e e a tu a g
in -in N --L p M ) --T

texture test sections.

ra 2- ra n (0 G, cin , 0 pth vy rf d
ns -T sp s
p
M 20 on th) Con AS
N 04 g , c ) n Ti .7 0 . T
W Sk ran ac a
c
in i M 0 - 5 - B t u r Sk ne 5- .22 g, 0 125 ), n ur rag
i
I1 r e ew (0 n s -in .12 -in o p f D
00
ew Ti
ne N g, ng, N 7 01 Lon roo f d te
C 0 0 0 -- g m ra .7 p s 5 d r r
T 1 . L ed 5- ac pa -in ep ete ag
1-
-T
in (r
e an 00 125 .12 01- on Tu Dr g Ti in in c t x

texture test sections (continued).

ra (r d 1- -i 5-i -L g rf ag n e IL sp g, ing dep h), tur
n an o -N n n on Tu D (r 400 ac 0.1 (0 th) no e
Ti do m ov de de g rf rag a n 1 in 2 . , p
ne m sp N aC pth pth Tur Dra do --D g, 5-i 095 tur ...
(r a
sp ci D hip ), n ), f D g m en 0.1 n d -in f d
an ac ng 20 ( o tur ra sp se 5- ep sp ra
do i , 0 0 p f g ac -G in th ac g
m TX ng 0.1 1-- .37 re dr in ra de ), t er
sp 1 , 0 -in Lo 5-i tex ag g, de pt ur s)
ac 001 .15 d ng n N tu 0. d h) f d
in -- -in ep T M re IL 15- AC , tu rag
g, Sh d th ur A 80 in (S rf
0. ot ep ), f D S) 01 de up dra
15 b th tu ra
-in las ), rf g --D pt er g
d en h), pa
de ted tur ra
pt C f d g se tur ve)
h ) o n ra -G f d
,t c g ra ra
ur re de g
f d te d
ra A
g C

Figure D-6. CT Meter TR results (right wheelpath and lane center) for existing
Figure D-6. CT Meter TR results (right wheelpath and lane center) for existing
 A
Z
IA 10
01
IA 10
10 02 A --L
IA 0 - A Z 1 ong
10 IA 3-- -Tra Z 0
61 10 Lo n 10 02 DG
--T 04 ng Ti 0 3 --L (
ra --L T ne A --L ong no
n on in (0 Z o j
I G g e .5 10 ng DG ack
IA A 2 ro T (0 -in s
C 04 D
20 00 ov in .75 s A --L G (jac ), 0
02 1--
- L
e e ( -in pa
(1 0. 1 o (n k .2 Mean Texture Depth (MTD), mm
-in 75 sp cin C 003 C ng o j s), 35
IA -Lo on
n g Mean Texture Depth (MTD), mm A A a -
8 sp -in aci g, 0 10 --Lo 1 DG ck 0.2 in s
IA 00 g T Tin
K 80 1-- in e
ac sp ng .0
in ac , 0 75
04 n 00 ( s) 35 p
S T e ( g, in .0 -in --L g G 2-- jac , 0. -in aci
K 00 1 02 ra ( 0.
--T n 0.7 75 0. g, 75 d on ro Lo ks) 245 sp ng
S 2 12 0. -in ep g ov ng , 0 -in ac (0
K 1 0 --L ra Tin 5-i -in
n e n s 5 15 d th G . i .
S 0 o
1 4 n T ( s pa to -i e ), C ro e (0 DG 245 sp ng 11-
K 00 --L g i 0 p 0 n pt tu A ov .7 , 0 -i ac (0 in
n
S 5 o D ne .7 a ci
5 10 e 5 . 2 i . 1 s
1 - n ( -
ci ng IA .19 de h), rf
n

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80

0. in g , 1 - pt tu dr 07 C (0 -in 45 sp ng 1-i pac

K 00 -Lo g G (
S 6 n D n 7 0 .7 sp -in ac (0 n e
5 s , 0 .1 00 to h), rf ag --L A 5 -in ac s ng 12 spa rs) i .
K 100 --L g D G ( o ja IA -in pac .12 25 7-- 0.2 tur dra C on 100 p
S 7 on G n c 9 s in 5 -i Lo 5- f g
o k 0 p g -i n n in d O g 5- sp ing ac (0 -in ce
1 0 -- g
08 Lo D (ja jac s), 02- aci , 0 n d de g d rag 10 G - ,
ac 0 ng 2 p rs) i . 1 s
n G c - n p T e 07 ro Lo in .12 ( -in ac
K --L g (j ks ks) 0.2 De g, .15 ept th ur pth ov ng
e g, 5 0. e
S on D ac ), , 35 n 0 -in h ), f D ) --L D
10 g G k 0. 0.2 -i se .15 d ), tu r on (0 G 0. -in 12- spa rs)
25 d in c
10 D (n s), 25 45 n s -G -in ep bu rf ag
C g .7 , 0
--L G o j 0. 5- -in pa ra d th rla dr O G 5- .2 CA -in ep sp ers
th
on (no ack 25 in s s ci ded ep ), t p d ag 10
ro in 3- 1 a )
g ja s) 5-in pa pa ng A th) ur ra ov sp in 04 dep ), b ce
M C
09 e ac sp 5-- th u rs)
r
N
Ti ck , 0 s c ci (0 C , t f d g
O - - ( i a L ) ,
ne s .2 p in ng .1 (S u ra
r Lo 0.
75
ng c o b la
10 (0 ), 0 55- aci g (0 (0 1-in up f d g 30 ng , 0 ing ng ur p...
01 .7 .2 in ng .1 .1 s e ra C 02 -in . 2 ( B la
--L 5- 55 s ( 3 2- p rp g O -- Ti sp C 5- 0.1 ur p ..
in -i p 0. -in in ac av 3 Lo ne
on ac A 1 in 05 lap .
g
K sp n s aci 13 s sp er e)
S a p n -i p a s C 003 ng (0 i d -
Ti 2 c a g n a c ) O .7 ng 07 ep in Dr
ne K 00 ing cin (0 sp cer ers .. 30 --Lo Tin 5- , 0 5-- th sp ag
M S 1 . 04 n e in .1 Lo ), b ac
M
(0 I 4 --N , 0 g ( 13- ace s) & )..
. 1 --L g M (0. sp 25 n e
M N 75 0 001 ov .15 0.1 in rs .. 7 a g roo rs
B )

D-7
O 8 -in 01 -- aC -in 3- sp ) & . on ea 5- ci CO -in
10 00 N i g n in ng 1 d ro m .
sp --Ex ov hi de n s ace ... C G d e
01 1- ac po aC p ( pt pa rs O e sp CO , 0 008 pt om ..
.
--T -Lo in se h 0.1 h), ce ).. 30 CO roo r Ti ac 3 1 - -
h) D
ra ng g, d ip 8 tu rs 06 3 ve ne ing 00 25- Lo , tu rag
n T 7
Ti in M 0.1 Ag (0.3 5-in rf d ).. IL --L 005 (0 (0 , 0 1-- in d ng rf d
N N ne e N 25 gr 7 10 on --L .75 .75 .18 Lo e Tu ra
D D ( (0 o -i

High-Speed Profiler EMTD

20 -i eg 5-i NM rag
n 01 g -i 7 ng pt rf g
High-Speed Profiler EMTD

60 2 0. .7
5- 5 M 03 de ate n N AS --T Tin ng n s n s 5-in H h), Dr
01 00 in -in N --L p M ) ra e D p p
--T 2-- sp s M 20 on th) Con AS IL n (0 G ac ac d eav tur ag
e f
ra Tra ac a p N 0 50 Ti .7 , 0. ing ing pth y T dra
W ns n c
in i M 0 - 5 4- g B , tu cr )
r e 01 ne 5- ur g
I1 Sk Tin N g, ng, N 7 01 Lon roo f d te --T i 22 , 0 , 0 ),
(0 n s -in .12 .12 no f D
00 ew e C 0 0 0 -- g m ra ra .7 p r
1-
-T (r 10 .12 .1 01 Lo T D g
2 n u n 5- ac spa 5-in 5-in pre ag
ra
Ti an
ne d
01 5- 5 -- g r ra Ti in in c t
n --N in -in L o T f D g ne IL sp g, ing dep dep e...
Ti (r om ov de de ng urf rag (r 400 ac 0.1 (0 th) th
ne an s p p T D an 1 in 2 . , ),
do pa N aCh th) th ur ra
(r m cin D ip , n ), t f D g
do --D g, 5-i 095 tur ..
an CT Meter MTD m en 0.1 n d -in f d
do sp g, 200 (0 o p urf rag sp se 5- ep sp ra
CT Meter MTD

m TX ac 0.1 1-- .37 re dr ac -G in th ac g

sp 1 ing -in Lo 5-i tex ag in ra de ), t er
ac 001 , 0 d ng n N tu g, de pt ur s
in -- .1 ep T M re 0. d h) f d )
g, Sh 5- th ur A
0. ot in ), f D S) IL 15- AC , tu rag
15 b de tu ra 80 in (S rf
-in las pt rf g
d 01 de up dra
--D pt er g
de ted h), ra
pt C tu g en h), pa
h) on r.. se tur ve)
,t c . -G f d
ur re
f d te ra ra
(right wheelpath and lane center) for existing texture test sections.

ra de g
g d
A
C

Figure D-7. Comparison of high-speed EMTD and CT Meter MTD results

(right wheelpath and lane center) for existing texture test sections (continued).
Figure D-7. Comparison of high-speed profiler EMTD and CT Meter MTD results
 A
Z
IA 10
01
IA 10 -
1 02 A -Lo
Z
IA I 003 --T A 10 ng
10 A 1 --L ran Z D
61 00 on T 10 02- G
--T 4- g ine 03 -Lo (n
ra -Lo Tin (0 - o
A -Lo ng ja
n n e .5 Z D c
IA G g (0 -in
ro T i .7 10 ng G ks
IA 2 ov ne 5 sp C 04 DG (ja ), 0
A - c
20 001 e (0 -in ac 10 -L ( ks .23
02 --
L
(1 .7 s in
-in 5 pa g DF Tester DFT(20) 03 on no 5 DF Tester DFT(20)
--L o
n - , C - C g ja ), 0 -in
IA o g
n sp in cin 0.0 A -L A D c .2 s
80 g T ac sp g, 75 10 on
K i 10 G ks) 35- pac
0 i
S IA 01 Ti ne in ac 0. -in 04 g (ja , 0 i
1 80 --T ne (0 g, in 07 d --L Gr 2-- ck .2 n s ng
pa
K 002 02 ra (0 .75 0. g, 5-i ep (0
S - 12 0. n th on oo Lon s), 45-
v i n c i .1
1 0 -L --T n .75 -i
T - n 5 15 de ), g e g 0.
2
K 0 on ra in in s to -in p tu G s ng 1-in
S 4 g
- n e p 0 d th r ro (0.7 DG 45- pa (0 s
1 - T ( sp a o , c .

0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
C
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00

K 00 L D
S o G in 0.7 ac cin IA .19 ep ), t f dr A ve 5-in 0.2 in s ing 11- pac
1 5- ng (
K 00 -L D no
e 5 in g 1 - t th ur ag
(0 -in g , 0 0 o ), f d 10 (0 sp 45 pa (0 in s ers
S 6 o .7 s , 0 .1 07 0. tu r 07 . 7 5 a c in - c i .1 p )
1 -- n G ja 5 p . 2 -- 2 r ag --L CA -in in sp ng 2-in ace
K 007 Lo g D (no cks IA -in ac 125 5-in Lo 5-in f dr
S - ng G
j
on 10 sp g, 0 ac (0.1 sp rs)
1 0 -L ( a ), 90 sp ing -in d ng d ag
0 a g 0 a c .1 i n 2 a
08 on DG jac cks .23 02 cin , 0. de ept Tu ept C
O G 5--L
ro in 25 g ( -in cer
--L g D (j ks ), 5- --D g 15 pt h) rf D h) 10 ov ong g, -i 0. s s
on G ack ), 0 0.2 in en , 0. -in h), , tu ra
K g (n s) .25 45 sp se 15 de bu rf g 07 e 0. n d 12- pac )
25 ep in
--L (0 DG - t s
er
S D o , 0 5 -i ac -G -in p rl dr
1 0 G ja .2 -i n i r th a a on . 75 , C i n h p s )
10 (n ck 55 n s sp ng ade dep ), p d g g -in 0.23 A 1 de ), b ace
--L o j s), -in pa ac (0 d th tur ra C G sp -in 04 pth urla rs)
on ac 0. s ci ing .11 AC ), t f d g O ro
ov a 5 ) p
g ks) 255 pa ng (0 -in (S ur rag 10 ci spa --L , b
u
Ti , 0 -i cin (0 .1 s u f d 09 e ng c o dr
a
M ne .2 n g .1 2- pa pe ra C (0
N (0 55 spa (0 3-in in s ce rp g O --L .7 , 0 ing ng rlap g
. B
30 on 5- 25 (0
10 .7 -in c .13 s p rs av
5- s in - p ac ) & e C g in - .1
ur dr
l a
01 in p g in ac e ) O 02- Ti sp CA in d 05 ap g

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

--L 3 0 -L ne ac
K sp aci (0. sp er rs) s... 10 ep -in Dra
i
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

on S a n 13 ac s) & 03 on
g ( n 7 t h s
g 5

D-8
2 0 c in g -
(0 n r i e & . ..
-- 0. g, ) pa g
Ti C Lo Tin 75 c
ne M KS 01- g, 0 .13 sp s) & std O ng e -in 0. --Lo , br
12 n oo ers
(0 I 1 40 -No .15 -in ac si ... 30 ( sp 5- g )
.7 0 01 va -i s er ng 04 Me 0.7 a C i n B md
M 5- 01 -- C n pa s) . --L an 5-i ci O ro r
M N in -- No h de c & .. ng 10 dep om ag
O 8 on de n s
C
sp Ex va ip pt ers s.
g rT p , 0 0 8 th
10 00
01 1--
ac po C (0. h) ) & ..
C G in aci O . - ), D r
in se hip 18 , tu . O
--T Lo g, d 7 r .. C roo e (0 ng
30 125 -Lo tur ag
,

texture test sections.

0 A (0 5- f d 01 -in ng f d
ra ng 30 O ve . 7 0 d T ra
n T M .12 gg .37 in N ra 06 30 .1 --L
Ti in N 5 re 5- M g (0 5- 8 on ep urf g
N ne e 20 -in ga in A IL --Lo 05- .75 in s 75 D
D N S 10 ng -Lo -in pa -in
g th)
H ,t ra
60 ND (0 (0.7
.5 5
M 03- de te C M )
N -L pt o A 01 n s c d ea u g
01 2 - i n n - i S --T Tin g D pa ing ept vy rf d
--T 00
s M 200 ong h), nc ) G

texture test sections (continued).

N 4 tu re ci ,0 h)
ra 2-- sp p ra e (
n 0 , n . ,
Tu ra
ns Tr ac ac M 50 --L Bro rf te IL Ti .75 0.2
g, 12 no rf g
Sk an in in N 01 on o dr 50 ne -in 2- 0.1 5-in pr Dra
W N g, g, 70 --L g m D ag 01 i n 2 g
I1 ew Tin C 0. 0. 0 o Tu r --T (0 s 5 d et
00 Ti e ( 10 12 12 1- ng rf ag .7 pa sp -in ep ext
1- ne ra 01 5- 5- -Lo T D ra
n
5-
in
ci
ng in
ac d e p ),
th ur
-T (r ndo --N in in ng ur ra Ti g n e
ra an m
n do s
ov dep dep T f D g
a t th ur ra
ne IL 4 spa , 0. (0 th), o .
.0
Ti (r 00 ci 12
n 5 9 tu ..
ne p
m a N Ch h), ), f D g an 1- g - 5 rf
(r sp ci D 2 ip no tur rag
n do -D , 0 in d -in d
an ac g 00 (0. pr f d m e n .1 5 e s ra g
do in , 0 1- 37 et ra sp se -in pth pac
m TX g, .1-i -Lo 5-i ext g ac - G d ) , er
sp 10 0.1 n d ng n N ur in rad ep tur s)
ac 01 5- ep T M e g, ed th) f d
in --S in th ur AS 0.
g, h de ), f D ) 1 A , tu rag
0. otb pt tu ra IL 5-i C ( rf
15 l h) rf g 80 n d Su dra
-in as , t dr
t u 01 ep pe g
de ed rf ag --D th rp
pt Co dra en ), t ave
h) n g
, t cr se ur )
ur et -G f d
fd e ra rag
ra de
g d
A
C
Figure D-8. DF Tester friction/micro-texture results (DFT(20) right wheelpath) for existing

Figure D-8. DF Tester friction/micro-texture results (DFT(20) right wheelpath) for existing
 A
Z
IA 10
01
IA 10 -
1 02 A -Lo
IA I 003 --T Z
A 10 ng
10 A 1 --L ran Z D
61 00 on T 10 02- G
--T 4- g ine 03 -Lo (n
ra -Lo Tin (0 - o
n n e .5 A -Lo ng ja
G g (0 -in Z D c
IA ro T i .7 10 ng G ks
IA 2 ov ne 5- sp C 04 DG (ja ), 0
20 001 A - c
e (0 in ac 10 -L ( ks .23
02 -- (1 .7 s in
-in 5 pa g, DF Tester DFT(20) 03 on no 5 DF Tester DFT(20)
--L Lo - C - C g ja ), 0 -in
IA o ng
n sp in cin 0.0 A -L A D c .2 s
80 g T ac sp g, 75
K i 10 on 10 G ks) 35- pac
0 i
S IA 01 Ti ne in ac 0.0 -in 04 g (ja , 0 i
1 80 --T ne (0 g, in 7 d --L Gr 2-- ck .2 n s ng
pa
K 002 02 ra (0 .75 0. g, 5-i ep (0
S - - n . 7 - 12 0. n th on oo Lon s), 45-
v i n c i .1
1 0 -L -T T 5 in
- 5 15 de ), g e g 0.
2
K 0 on r an ine in sp to -in p tu G s ng 1-in
S 4 g
- (0 s
1 0 d th rf ro (0.7 DG 45- pa
- T ( sp a o , c .

0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
K 00 L D C
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00

S in 0.7 ac cin IA .19 ep ), tu dr

A ve 5-in 0.2 in s ing 11- pac
1 5- ong G (
K 00 -L D no
e 5 in g 1 - t th r ag
(0 -in g , 0 0 o ), f d 10 (0 sp 45 pa (0 in s ers
S 6 o .7 s , 0 .1 07 0. tu ra 07 . 7 5 a c in - c i .1 p )
1 -- n G ja 5 p . 2 -- 2 r g --L CA -in in sp ng 2-in ace
K 007 Lo g D (no cks IA -in ac 125 5-in Lo 5-in f dr
S - ng G on 10 sp g, 0 ac (0.1 sp rs)
1 0 -L ( ja ), 0 90 spa ing -in d ng de ag g 0 a c .1 i n 2 a
08 on DG jac cks .23 02 cin , 0. de ept Tu pt C
O G 5--L
ro in 25 g ( -in cer
--L g D (j ks ), 5- --D g 15 pt h) rf D h)
10 ov ong g, -i 0. s s
o G ac ), 0.2 in en , 0 -in h), , tu ra
K ng (n ks) 0.25 45 sp se .15 de bu rf g 07 e 0. n d 12- pac )
25 ep in
--L (0 DG - t s
er
S D o , 0 5 -i ac -G -in p rl dr
1 0 G ja .2 -i n i r th a a on . 75 , C i n h p s )
10 (n ck 55 n s sp ng ade dep ), t p d g g -in 0.23 A 1 de ), b ace
--L o j s), -in pa ac (0 d th ur ra
i . C G sp -in 04 pth urla rs)
on ac 0. s ci ng 11 AC ), t f d g O ro
ov a 5 ) p
g ks) 255 pa ng (0 -in (S ur rag 10 ci spa --L , b
u
Ti , 0 -i cin (0 .1 s u f d 09 e ng c o dr
a
M ne .2 n g .1 2- pa pe ra C (0
N (0 55 spa (0 3-in in s ce rp g O --L .7 , 0 ing ng rlap g
. B
30 on 5- 25 (0
10 .7 -in c .13 s p rs av
5- s in - p ac ) & e C g in - .1
ur dr
l a
01 in p g in ac e ) O 02- Ti sp CA in d 05 ap g

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

--L 3 0 -L ne ac
K sp aci (0. sp er rs) s... 10 ep -in Dra
i
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

on S a n 13 ac s) & 03 on
g ( n 7 t h s
g 5

D-9
2 0 c in g ( -i e & .. -- 0. g, ) pa g
Ti 0 n r . C Lo Tin 75 c
ne M KS 01- g, 0 .13 sp s) & std O ng e -in 0. --Lo , br
12 n oo ers
(0 I 1 40 -No .15 -in ac si ... 30 ( sp 5- g )
.7 0 01 va -i s er ng 04 Me 0.7 a C i n B md
M 5- 01 -- C n pa s) . --L an 5-i ci O ro r
M N in -- No h de c & .. ng 10 dep om ag
O 8 sp Ex va ip pt ers s. on de n s
g rT p C , 0 0 8 th
10 00
01 1--
ac po C (0. h) ) & ..
C G in aci O . - ), D r
in se hip 18 , tu .
--T Lo g, d 7 r .. O C roo e (0 ng
30 125 -Lo tur ag
,

texture test sections.

0 A (0 5- f d 01 -in ng f d
ra ng 30 O ve . 7 0 d T ra
n T M .12 gg .37 in N ra 06 30 .1 --L
Ti in N 5 re 5- M g (0 5- 8 on ep urf g
N ne e 20 -in ga in A IL --Lo 05- .75 in s 75 D
D N S 10 ng -Lo -in pa -in
g th)
H ,t ra
60 ND (0 (0.7
.5 5
M 03- de te C M )
N -L pt o A 01 n s c d ea u g
01 2 - i n n - i S --T Tin g D pa ing ept vy rf d
--T 00
s M 200 ong h), nc ) G

texture test sections (continued).

N 4 tu re ci ,0 h)
ra 2-- sp p ra e (
n 0 , n . ,
Tu ra
ns Tr ac ac M 50 --L Bro rf te
d IL Ti .75 0.2
g, 12 no rf g
Sk an in in N 01 on o r 50 ne -in 2- 0.1 5-in pr Dra
W N g, g, 70 --L g m D ag 01 i n 2 g
I1 ew Tin C 0. 0. 0 o Tu r --T (0 s 5 d et
00 Ti e ( 10 12 12 1- ng rf ag .7 pa sp -in ep ext
1- ne ra 01 5- 5- -Lo T D ra
n
5-
in
ci
ng in
ac d e p ),
th ur
-T (r ndo --N in in ng ur rag Ti g n e
ra an m ov dep dep T f D
n do s a t th ur ra
ne IL 4 spa , 0. (0 th), o .
.0
Ti p (r 00 ci 12
n 5 9 tu ..
ne m a N Ch h), ), f D g an 1- g - 5 rf
(r sp ci D 2 ip no tur rag
n do -D , 0 in d -in d
an ac g 00 (0. pr f d m e n .1 5 e s ra g
do in , 0 1- 37 et ra sp se -in pth pac
m TX g, .1-i -Lo 5-in ext g ac - G d ) , er
sp 10 0.1 n d ng N ur in rad ep tur s)
ac 01 5- ep T M e g, ed th) f d
in --S in th ur AS 0.
g, h de ), f D ) 1 A , tu rag
0. otb pt tu ra IL 5-i C ( rf
15 l h) rf g 80 n d Su dra
-in as , t dr
t u 01 ep pe g
de ed rf ag --D th rp
pt Co dra en ), t ave
h) n g
, t cr se ur )
ur et -G f d
fd e ra rag
ra de
g d
A
C
Figure D-9. DF Tester friction/micro-texture results (DFT(20) lane center) for existing

Figure D-9. DF Tester friction/micro-texture results (DFT(20) lane center) for existing
 IA A
IA 10 Z
10
IA 10 02 01
0 - A --L
10 IA 3-- -Tra
61 10 Lo n A Z 1 ong
--T 04 ng Ti Z 0
ra --L T ne 10 02 DG
n on in (0 0 3 --L (
I G g e .5 A --L ong no
IA A 2 ro T (0 -in Z o j
20 00 ov in .75 s 10 ng DG ack
02 1-- e e ( -in pa C 0
- L (1 0. A 4- DG (ja s),
-L 0
IA -Lo on -in 75 sp cin
IFI Friction Number F(60) 1 o (n ck .2 IFI Friction Number F(60)
8 n g sp -in aci g, 0 C 003 C ng o j s), 35
IA 00 g T Tin A A a -
K 1
80 -- in e
ac sp ng .0
in ac , 0 75 10 --Lo 1 DG ck 0.2 in s
S T e ( g, in .0 -in 04 n 00 ( s) 35 p
K 00 1 02 ra ( 0.
--T n 0.7 75 0. g, 75 d --L g G 2-- jac , 0. -in aci
S 2 ra Tin 5-i -in 12 0. -in ep on ro Lo ks) 245 sp ng
K 1 0 --L n e n s 5 15 d th g ov ng , 0 -in ac (0
S 0 o
1 4 n T ( s pa to -i e ), G . i .
K 00 --L g in . a c0 p n p t C ro e (0 DG 245 sp ng 11-
S 5 o D e 75 c in IA 0.1 de th) urf
( i A ov .7 , 0 -i ac (0 in
1 - n - n g

0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
0. in g , 1 9- pt , tu dr 10
K 00 -Lo g G ( 7 0 0
e 5-i .24 n s in .11 sp
( g - a
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00

S 6 n D n 5 s , 0 .1 0 to h), rf ag 07 C 0. n s 5- pa
K 100 --L g D G ( o ja IA -in pac .12 25 7-- 0.2 tur dra --L A 75 p in c (0. in s cer
S 7 on G n c 9 s in 5 -i Lo 5- f g -in ac s ing 12 pa s)
1 0 -- g o k 0 p g -i n n in d C on 100 p
08 Lo D (ja jac s), 02- aci , 0 n d de g d rag O g 5- sp ing ac (0 -in ce
n G c - n p T e 10 G -L ac , 0 ing .12 sp rs)
K --L g (j ks ks) 0.2 De g, .15 ept th ur pth 07 ro o in .12 ( -in ac
S on D ac ), , 35 n 0 -in h ), f D ) ov ng
e g, 5 0. e
10 g G k 0. 0.2 -i se .15 d ), tu r --L D
10 D (n s), 25 45 n s -G -in ep bu rf ag on (0 G 0. -in 12- spa rs)
25 d in c
--L G o j 0. 5- -in pa ra d th rla dr C g .3 , 0 C - e e
O G 75 .2 A in pt sp rs
)
on (no ack 25 in s s ci ded ep ), t p d ag ro -in 3-
g ja s) 5-in pa pa ng A th) ur ra 10 ov i 10 d h) ac
sp n s 45 ept , b er
M Ti ck , 0 s c ci (0 C , t f d g
C
09 e a - h u s
N ne s .2 p in ng .1 (S u ra
r O --L (0 ci pac -Lo ), b rla )
10 (0 ), 0 55- aci g (0 (0 1-in up f d g 30 on .7 ng in n u p
5-
01 .7 .2 in ng .1 .1 s e ra
5- 55 s ( 3 2- p rp g C 02 g in , 0 g g B rla ...
(
--L in -i p 0. -in in ac av O -- Ti sp C .25 0.1 ur p ..
on K sp n s aci 13 s sp er e) 30 Lo ne
ac A - 0
in 5 lap .
g S a p n -i p a s C 0 n (0
Ti 2 c a g n a c ) O 3- g T .7 in 107 d -in D
g, 5- ep sp rag
ne K 00 ing cin (0 sp cer ers .. 30 -Lo in 5-
M S 1 . 04 n e in 0 . -L th
12 o ), ace
M N M
(0 I 4 --N , 0 g ( 13- ace s) & )..
. 1
75 0 001 ov .15 0.1 in rs .. --L g M (0. sp n b
ac C 5-in g B ro rs)
O 8 -in 01 -- aC -in 3- sp ) & . on ea 75- i n O
N i g

D-10
10 00 C nd in g 1 0
de ro om
01 1- sp --Ex ov hi de n s ace ...
O G e sp CO , 0 08 pt om ...
ac po aC p ( pt pa rs D
--T -Lo in se h 0.1 h), ce ).. 30 CO roo r Ti ac 3 .1 -- h)
ra ng g, d ip 8 tu rs 06 3 ve ne ing 00 25- Lo , tu rag
n T 7 IL --L 005 (0 (0 , 0 1-- in d ng rf d
Ti in
ne e
M 0.1 Ag (0.3 5-in rf d ).. 10 on --L 75 75 18 o . . . L e T
N N N 25 gr 7
o -i -i 7 ng pt
u r ra g
D D ( (0
0. .7
20 -i eg 5-i NM rag
n IL 01 g f
60 2 50 --T Tin ng n s n s 5-in H h), Dr
01 00 5- 5 M 03 de ate n N AS
M ) r e D pa pa
d
e a tu a g
in -in N --L p 01 an (
0 G ci ci e v y rf
--T 2-- sp s M 20 on th) Con AS , 0 n n p T d
ra Tra ac a p N 0
--T
ra
Ti .7
W c 5 4- g B , tu cr ) ne 5- .22 g, 0 g, 0 th), ur rag

test sections (continued).

ns n in i M 0 - r e n i
I1 (0 n s -in .12 .12 no f D
00 Sk Tin N g, ng, N 7 01 Lon roo f d te
C 0 0 0 -- g m ra
Sk .7 p s 5 5 r
ew e ew 5- ac pa -in -in pre ag
1-
-T (r 10 .12 .1 01 Lo T D g
2 n u ed i i
Ti an 01 5- 5 -- g r ra IL n s ng cin de de te..
ra ne d --N in -in L o T f D g Ti p , g p p .
n ne 400 ac 0.1 (0 th) th)
Ti (r om
an s ov de de ng urf rag
p p T D i
ne (r 1-- ng 25- .09 , tu , ..
do pa N aCh th) th ur ra an D , 0 in 5- rf
(r
an m cin D ip , n ), t f D g Based on DF Tester DFT(20) and High-Speed Profiler MPD do en .1 d in d
Based on DF Tester DFT(20) and High-Speed Profiler MPD

do sp g, 200 (0 o p urf rag m se- 5-i ept sp rag

m TX ac 0.1 1-- .37 re dr sp Gr n d h) ac
sp 1 ing -in Lo 5-i tex ag ac ad ep , tu ers
)
Based on locked-wheel tester FN40 and high-speed profiler MPD
Based on locked-wheel tester FN40 and high-speed profiler MPD

in ed th rf
ac 001 , 0 d ng n N tu g ) d
in -- .1 ep T M re IL , 0 AC , tu rag
g, Sh 5- th ur A 80 .15 (S rf
0. ot in ), f D S) 01 -in up dra
15 b de tu ra
-in las pt rf g --D d er g
d en ept pa
de ted h), ra
pt C tu g se h) ve)
h) on r.. -G , tu
,t c . ra r..
ur re de .
f d te d

Figure D-10. IFI Friction Number F(60) values for existing texture
ra A
g C
Figure D-10. IFI Friction Number F(60) values for existing texture test sections.
 IA A
IA 10 Z
10
1 02 01
IA I 003 --T -
A -Lo
10 A 1 --L ran Z
61 00 on T A 10 ng
--T 4- g ine Z D
ra -Lo Tin (0 10 02- G
n n e .5 03 -Lo (n
--L n o j
IA G g (0 -in
ro T i .7 A o g ac
IA 2 Z D
20 001
ov ne 5- sp 10 ng G ks
e (0 in ac C 04 DG (ja ), 0
02 -- (1 .7 s in A
--L Lo -in 5 pa g,
- Near-Field SI, dBA (WP) 10 --L ( ck .2
s 35
IA o ng
n sp in cin 0.0 03 on no Near-Field SI, dBA (WP)
80 g T C g ja ), 0 -in
c
K i ac sp g, 75 A --L CA D .2 s
S IA 01 Ti ne in ac 0.0 -in 10 on 10 G ks) 35- pac
1 80 --T ne (0 g, in 7 d 04 g 0 (ja , 0 i i
K 002 02 ra (0 .75 0. g, 5-i ep ck .2 n s ng
S - - n
-T T 5 in . 7 - 12 0. n th --L Gr 2-- pa (0
1 0 -L
K 0 on r an ine in sp - 5 15 de ),
to -in p tu
on oo Lon s), 45-
g ve g 0. in cin .11
S 4 g G ( D -i
1 - - T ( sp a 0 d th rf 0 G
24 sp g
(

100.0
101.0
102.0
103.0
104.0
105.0
106.0
107.0
108.0
109.0
110.0
111.0
112.0
K 00 L D
S in 0.7 ac cin IA .19 ep ), tu dr C
ro . 5 a 0 n
1 A ov 75- , 0 -in cin .11 spa
100.0
101.0
102.0
103.0
104.0
105.0
106.0
107.0
108.0
109.0
110.0
111.0
112.0

5- ong G ( e 5 in g 1 - t th r ag
K 00 -L D no (0 -in g , 0 0 o ), f d e in .2
4 sp g -in ce
S 6 o .7 s , 0 .1 07 0. tu ra 10 (0 s (
1 -- n G ja 5 p . 2 -- 2 r g 07
--L CA
.7 pa 5-in aci 0.1 sp rs)
5- c n 2 a
K 007 Lo g D (no cks IA -in ac 125 5-in Lo 5-in f dr in ing sp g ( -in ce
S - ng G on
1 0 -L ( ja ), 0 90 spa ing -in d ng de ag
g
10 s , ac 0.
1 sp rs)
08 on DG jac cks .23 02 cin , 0. de ept Tu pt G 0 5
pa 0. i n 2
C ci 12 g -in ace
--L g D (j ks ), 5- --D g 15 pt h) rf D h) O ro --L ng 5- (
o G ac ), 0.2 in en , 0 -in h), , tu ra 10 ov on
e g , 0.
in 0.1 sp rs)
2 a
K ng (n ks) 0.25 45 sp se .15 de bu rf g 07 (0 D 25 dep -in ce
S D o , 0 5 -i ac -G -in p rl dr
1 0 G ja .2 -i n i r th a a --L .3 G
10 (n ck 55 n s sp ng ade dep ), t p d g on 75 , 0 C -in th sp rs)
g -in .23 A 1 de ), b ace
--L o j s), -in pa ac (0 d th ur ra
i . C G sp -in 04 pth urla rs)
on ac 0. s ci ng 11 AC ), t f d g O ro
ov ac s 5- ), p
g ks) 255 pa ng (0 -in (S ur rag
Ti , 0 -i cin (0 .1 s u f d 10
e in pac -Lo bu d
M ne .2 n g .1 2- pa pe ra C 09 ( 0 g, i n n rl rag
N (0 55 spa (0 3-in in s ce rp g O --L .7 0. g g B ap
30 on 5- 25 (0 u dr
10 .7 -in c .13 s p rs av
5- s in - p ac ) & e C g in - .1 rl a
01 in p g in ac e ) O 02- Ti sp CA in d 05 ap g

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

--L 3 0 -L ne ac
K sp aci (0. sp er rs) s... 10 ep -in Dra
i
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

on S a n 13 ac s) & 03 on
g ( n 7 t h s
g 2 0 c in g ( -i e & .. -- 0. g, 5 ) pa g

D-11
Ti 0 n r . C Lo Tin 75 c
ne M KS 01- g, 0 .13 sp s) & std O ng e -in 0. --Lo , br
12 n oo ers
(0 I 1 40 -No .15 -in ac si ... 30 ( sp 5- g )
.7 0 01 va -i s er ng 04 Me 0.7
5 a C in B md
r
M 5- 01 -- C n pa s) . --L a n - ci O o r
M N in -- No h de c & .. on de in s ng 10 dep om ag
O 8 sp Ex va ip pt ers s. g r p C , 0 0 8 th D
10 00 ac po C (0. h) ) & .. C G Tin aci O 3 .12 --L ), t r
01 1-- in se hip 18 , tu . O C ro e n 0 5 o ur ag
--T Lo g, d 7 r .. 30 O ov (0.7 g, 0 01 -in ng f d
ra ng 0 A (0 5- f d 06 30 e ( 5- .1 --L de Tu ra
n T M .12 gg .37 in N ra 0 8 on p rf g
N 5 re 5- M g t

test sections (continued).

Ti in IL --Lo 05- .75 in s 75
N ne e 20 -in ga in A n -L -i p -in g H h), Dra
D N S IL
10
60 ND (0 (0.7 M 03- de te C M ) 01 g T ong n s aci
n
de ea tur g
.5 5 N -L pt o A 50
01 2 - i n n - i S 01
--T in
ra e (
D pac g, pth vy f dr
G T
--T 00
s M 200 ong h), nc )
sp p N 4 tu re --T n 0.
7
, 0 ing 0.1 ), n ur ag
2 f
ra 2-- ac ac M 50 --L Bro rf te ra T . ,
ns Tr d n in 5-i 22- 0.1 5-i o p Dr
e n i n r a
Sk an in in N 01 on o r Sk n 2
W ew Tin N g, g, 70 --L g m D ag
C 0. 0. 0 o Tu r ew
(0
.7
sp s 5-
i
de ete g
x
I1 5- aci pac n d pth tu
00 Ti e ( 10 12 12 1- ng rf ag ed in ng in e p ), r
1- ne ra 01 5- 5- -Lo T D Ti g n e
-T --N in in ng ur rag ne IL 4 spa , 0. (0 th), o .
ra (r ndo
an m ov dep dep T f D (r 0 c 1 2 . 0 t . .
n do s a th th ur ra an 01- ing 5-i 95 urf
Ti
ne p
m a N Ch ), ), f D g do -D , 0 n d -in d
sp ci D 2 ip no tur rag m e n .1 5 e s ra g
(r
an n
ac g 00 (0. pr f d sp se -in pth pac
do in , 0 1- 37 et ra ac -Gr de ), t ers
m TX g, .1-i -Lo 5-in ext g in a u )
sp 10 0.1 n d ng N ur g, de pth rf d
ac 01 5- ep T M e 0. d A ), t r
15 C ur ag
in --S in th ur AS
g, h de ), f D ) IL - f
80 in d (Su dra
0. otb pt tu ra
15 l h) rf g 01 ep pe g
-in as , t dr --D th rp
t u en ), t ave
de ed rf ag se u r )
pt Co dra -G f d
h) n g
, t cr ra rag

Figure D-11. Near-field noise results (SI right wheelpath) for existing texture
ur et de
fd e d
ra A
g C
Figure D-11. Near-field noise results (SI right wheelpath) for existing texture test sections.
 IA A
IA 10 Z
10
1 02 01
IA I 003 --T -
A -Lo
10 A 1 --L ran Z
61 00 on T A 10 ng
--T 4- g ine Z D
ra -Lo Tin (0 10 02- G
n n e .5 03 -Lo (n
--L n o j
IA G g (0 -in
ro T i .7 A o g ac
IA 2 Z D
20 001
ov ne 5- sp 10 ng G ks
e (0 in ac C 04 DG (ja ), 0
02 -- (1 .7 s in A
--L Lo -in 5 pa g,
- Near-Field SI, dBA (LC) 10 --L ( ck .2
s 35
IA o ng
n sp in cin 0.0 03 on no Near-Field SI, dBA (LC)
80 g T C g ja ), 0 -in
c
K i ac sp g, 75 A --L CA D .2 s
S IA 01 Ti ne in ac 0.0 -in 10 on 10 G ks) 35- pac
1 80 --T ne (0 g, in 7 d 04 g 0 (ja , 0 i i
K 002 02 ra (0 .75 0. g, 5-i ep ck .2 n s ng
S - - n
-T T 5 in . 7 - 12 0. n th --L Gr 2-- pa (0
1 0 -L
K 0 on r an ine in sp - 5 15 de ),
to -in p tu
on oo Lon s), 45-
g ve g 0. in cin .11
S 4 g G ( D -i
1 - - T ( sp a 0 d th rf 0 G
24 sp g
(

100.0
101.0
102.0
103.0
104.0
105.0
106.0
107.0
108.0
109.0
110.0
111.0
112.0
K 00 L D
S in 0.7 ac cin IA .19 ep ), tu dr C
ro . 5 a 0 n
1 A ov 75- , 0 -in cin .11 spa
100.0
101.0
102.0
103.0
104.0
105.0
106.0
107.0
108.0
109.0
110.0
111.0
112.0

5- ong G ( e 5 in g 1 - t th r ag
K 00 -L D no (0 -in g , 0 0 o ), f d e in .2
4 sp g -in ce
S 6 o .7 s , 0 .1 07 0. tu ra 10 (0 s (
1 -- n G ja 5 p . 2 -- 2 r g 07
--L CA
.7 pa 5-in aci 0.1 sp rs)
5- c n 2 a
K 007 Lo g D (no cks IA -in ac 125 5-in Lo 5-in f dr in ing sp g ( -in ce
S - ng G on
1 0 -L ( ja ), 0 90 spa ing -in d ng de ag
g
10 s , ac 0.
1 sp rs)
08 on DG jac cks .23 02 cin , 0. de ept Tu pt G 0 5
pa 0. i n 2
C ci 12 g -in ace
--L g D (j ks ), 5- --D g 15 pt h) rf D h) O ro --L ng 5- (
o G ac ), 0.2 in en , 0 -in h), , tu ra 10 ov on
e g , 0.
in 0.1 sp rs)
2 a
K ng (n ks) 0.25 45 sp se .15 de bu rf g 07 (0 D 25 dep -in ce
S D o , 0 5 -i ac -G -in p rl dr
1 0 G ja .2 -i n i r th a a --L .3 G
10 (n ck 55 n s sp ng ade dep ), t p d g on 75 , 0 C -in th sp rs)
g -in .23 A 1 de ), b ace
--L o j s), -in pa ac (0 d th ur ra
i . C G sp -in 04 pth urla rs)
on ac 0. s ci ng 11 AC ), t f d g O ro
ov ac s 5- ), p
g ks) 255 pa ng (0 -in (S ur rag
Ti , 0 -i cin (0 .1 s u f d 10
e in pac -Lo bu d
M ne .2 n g .1 2- pa pe ra C 09 ( 0 g, i n n rl rag
N (0 55 spa (0 3-in in s ce rp g O --L .7 0. g g B ap
30 on 5- 25 (0 u dr
10 .7 -in c .13 s p rs av
5- s in - p ac ) & e C g in - .1 rl a
01 in p g in ac e ) O 02- Ti sp CA in d 05 ap g

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

--L 3 0 -L ne ac
K sp aci (0. sp er rs) s... 10 ep -in Dra
i
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

on S a n 13 ac s) & 03 on
g ( n 7 t h s
g 2 0 c in g ( -i e & .. -- 0. g, 5 ) pa g

D-12
Ti 0 n r . C Lo Tin 75 c
ne M KS 01- g, 0 .13 sp s) & std O ng e -in 0. --Lo , br
12 n oo ers
(0 I 1 40 -No .15 -in ac si ... 30 ( sp 5- g )
.7 0 01 va -i s er ng 04 Me 0.7
5 a C in B md
r
M 5- 01 -- C n pa s) . --L a n - ci O o r
M N in -- No h de c & .. on de in s ng 10 dep om ag
O 8 sp Ex va ip pt ers s. g r p C , 0 0 8 th D
10 00 ac po C (0. h) ) & .. C G Tin aci O 3 .12 --L ), t r
01 1-- in se hip 18 , tu . O C ro e n 0 5 o ur ag
--T Lo g, d 7 r .. 30 O ov (0.7 g, 0 01 -in ng f d
ra ng 0 A (0 5- f d 06 30 e ( 5- .1 --L de Tu ra
n T M .12 gg .37 in N ra 0 8 on p rf g
N 5 re 5- M g t

test sections (continued).

Ti in IL --Lo 05- .75 in s 75
N ne e 20 -in ga in A n -L -i p -in g H h), Dra
D N S IL
10
60 ND (0 (0.7 M 03- de te C M ) 01 g T ong n s aci
n
de ea tur g
.5 5 N -L pt o A 50
01 2 - i n n - i S 01
--T in
ra e (
D pac g, pth vy f dr
G T
--T 00
s M 200 ong h), nc )
sp p N 4 tu re --T n 0.
7
, 0 ing 0.1 ), n ur ag
2 f
ra 2-- ac ac M 50 --L Bro rf te ra T . ,
ns Tr d n in 5-i 22- 0.1 5-i o p Dr
e n i n r a
Sk an in in N 01 on o r Sk n 2
W ew Tin N g, g, 70 --L g m D ag
C 0. 0. 0 o Tu r ew
(0
.7
sp s 5-
i
de ete g
x
I1 5- aci pac n d pth tu
00 Ti e ( 10 12 12 1- ng rf ag ed in ng in e p ), r
1- ne ra 01 5- 5- -Lo T D Ti g n e
-T --N in in ng ur rag ne IL 4 spa , 0. (0 th), o .
ra (r ndo
an m ov dep dep T f D (r 0 c 1 2 . 0 t . .
n do s a th th ur ra an 01- ing 5-i 95 urf
Ti
ne p
m a N Ch ), ), f D g do -D , 0 n d -in d
sp ci D 2 ip no tur rag m e n .1 5 e s ra g
(r
an n
ac g 00 (0. pr f d sp se -in pth pac
do in , 0 1- 37 et ra ac -Gr de ), t ers
m TX g, .1-i -Lo 5-in ext g in a u )
sp 10 0.1 n d ng N ur g, de pth rf d
ac 01 5- ep T M e 0. d A ), t r
15 C ur ag
in --S in th ur AS
g, h de ), f D ) IL - f
80 in d (Su dra
0. otb pt tu ra
15 l h) rf g 01 ep pe g
-in as , t dr --D th rp
t u en ), t ave
de ed rf ag u r )

Figure D-12. Near-field noise results (SI lane center) for existing texture
pt Co dra se
h) n g -G f d
, t cr ra rag
ur et de
fd e d
ra A
g C
Figure D-12. Near-field noise results (SI lane center) for existing texture test sections.
 IA A
Z
IA 10 10
1 02 01
IA I 003 --T -
A -Lo
10 A 1 --L ran Z
61 00 on T A 10 ng
Z D
--T 4- g ine
ra -Lo Tin (0 10 02- G
n n e .5 03 -Lo (n
--L n o j
IA G g (0 -in A o g ac
IA 2 ro T i .7 Z D
ov ne 5 sp 10 ng G ks
20 001 e (0 -in ac C 04 DG (ja ), 0
02 --
L
(1 .7 s in A
--L o -in 5 pa g
- , Interior Noise, dBA (WP) 10 --L ( ck .2
s 35
IA o g n sp in cin 0.0 03 on no Interior Noise, dBA (WP)
n C g ja ), 0 -in
K
80 g T
i ac sp g, 75 A --L CA D c .2 s
S IA 01 Ti ne in ac 0. -in 10 on 10 G ks) 35- pac
1 80 --T ne (0 g, in 07 d 04 g 0 (ja , 0 i i
K 002 02 ra (0 .75 0. g, 5-i ep --L Gr 2-- ck .2 n s ng
S - --T n .75 -i 12 0. n th pa (0
1 0 -L T
ra in in s - n 5 15 de ), on oo Lon s), 45-
K 0 on
n e p
to -in p tu g ve g 0. in cin .11
S 4 g
1 - - T ( sp a 0 d th r G ( 0 D 24 sp g
(
-i
. G 5

65.0
66.0
67.0
68.0
69.0
70.0
71.0
72.0
73.0
74.0
75.0
K 00 L D
S o G in 0.7 ac cin IA .19 ep ), t f dr C
ro a 0 n
1 A ov 75- , 0 -in cin .11 spa
65.0
66.0
67.0
68.0
69.0
70.0
71.0
72.0
73.0
74.0
75.0

5- ng ( e 5 in g 1 - t th ur ag
K 00 -L D no (0 -in g , 0 0 o ), f d e in .2
4 sp g -in ce
S 6 o .7 s , 0 .1 07 0. tu r 10
07 (0 s (
1 -- n G ja 5 p . 2 -- 2 r ag .7 pa 5-in aci 0.1 sp rs)
K 007 Lo g D (no cks IA -in ac 125 5-in Lo 5-in f dr --L CA 5- c n 2 a
S - ng G in ing sp g ( -in ce
( j a ), 90 sp ing -in d ng d ag
0 a
on 10 s , ac 0.
1 0 -L g 0 pa 0. i n 1 2
sp rs)
08 on DG jac cks .23 02 cin , 0. de ept Tu ept C G 5 ci 12 g -in ace
--L g D (j ks ), 5- --D g 15 pt h) rf D h) O ro --L ng 5- (
on G ack ), 0 0.2 in en , 0. -in h), , tu ra 10 ov on
e g , 0.
in 0.1 sp rs)
2 a
K g (n s) .25 45 sp se 15 de bu rf g 07 (0 D 25 dep -in ce
S D o , 0 5 -i ac -G -in p rl dr
1 0 G ja .2 -i n i r th a a --L .3 G
10 (n ck 55 n s sp ng ade dep ), p d g on 75 , 0 C -in th sp rs)
g -in .23 A 1 de ), b ace
--L o j s), -in pa ac (0 d th tur ra
C G sp -in 04 pth urla rs)
on ac 0. s ci ing .11 AC ), t f d g O ro
ov ac s 5- ), p
g ks) 255 pa ng (0 -in (S ur rag
Ti , 0 -i cin (0 .1 s u f d 10
e in pac -Lo bu d
M ne .2 n g .1 2- pa pe ra C 09 ( 0 g, i n n rl rag
N (0 55 spa (0 3-in in s ce rp g O --L .7 0. g g B ap
30 on 5- 25 (0 u dr
10 .7 -in c .13 s p rs av
5- s in - p ac ) & e C g in - .1 rl a
01 in p g in ac e ) O 02- Ti sp CA in d 05 ap g

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

--L 3 0 -L ne ac
K sp aci (0. sp er rs) s... 10 ep -in Dra
i
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

on S a n 13 ac s) & 03 on
g ( n 7 t h s
g 2 0 c in g - i e & . -- 0. g, 5 ) pa g

D-13
Ti (0 n r .. C Lo Tin 75 c
ne M KS 01- g, 0 .13 sp s) & std O ng e -in 0. --Lo , br
12 n oo ers
(0 I 1 40 -No .15 -in ac si ... 30 ( sp 5- g )
04 Me 0.7
5 a C in B md
r
M
.7 0 01 va -i s er ng
5- 01 -- C n pa s) . --L a n - ci O o r
M N in -- No h de c & .. on de in s ng 10 dep om ag
O 8 sp Ex va ip pt ers s. g r p C , 0 0 8 th D
10 00 ac po C (0. h) ) & .. C G Tin aci O 3 .12 --L ), t r
01 1-- in se hip 18 , tu . O C ro e n 0 5 o ur ag
--T Lo g, d 7 r .. 30 O ov (0.7 g, 0 01 -in ng f d
ra ng 0 A (0 5- f d 06 30 e ( 5- .1 --L de Tu ra
n T M .12 gg .37 in N ra 0 8 on p rf g
N 5 re 5- M g t

test sections (continued).

Ti in IL --Lo 05- .75 in s 75
N ne e 20 -in ga in A n -L -i p -in g H h), Dra
D N S IL
10
(0 (0.7 01 g T ong n s aci de ea tur g
60 ND .5 5
M 03- de te C M )
N -L pt o A 50 n
01 2 - i n n - i S 01
--T in
ra e (
D pac g, pth vy f dr
G T
--T 00
s M 200 ong h), nc )
sp p N 4 tu re --T n 0.
7
, 0 ing 0.1 ), n ur ag
2 f
ra 2--
ac ac M 50 --L Bro rf te ra T . ,
ns Tr n in 5-i 22- 0.1 5-i o p Dr
e n i n r a
Sk an in in N 01 on o dr Sk n 2
W ew Tin N g, g, 70 --L g m D ag ew
(0
.7
sp s 5-
i
de ete g
x
I1 C 0. 0. 0 o Tu r 5- aci pac n d pth tu
00 Ti e ( 10 12 12 1- ng rf ag ed in ng in e p ), r
1- ne ra 01 5- 5- -Lo T D Ti g n e
-T --N in in ng ur ra ne IL 4 spa , 0. (0 th), o .
ra (r ndo
an m (r 0 c 1 2 . 0 t . .
n do s
ov dep dep T f D g
a t th ur ra an 01- ing 5-i 95 urf
Ti
ne p
m a N Ch h), ), f D g do -D , 0 n d -in d
sp ci D 2 ip no tur rag m e n .1 5 e s ra g
(r
an n
ac g 00 (0. pr f d sp se -in pth pac
do in , 0 1- 37 et ra ac -Gr de ), t ers
m TX g, .1-i -Lo 5-i ext g in a u )
sp 10 0.1 n d ng n N ur g, de pth rf d
ac 01 5- ep T M e 0. d A ), t r
15 C ur ag
in --S in th ur AS
g, h de ), f D ) IL - f
80 in d (Su dra
0. otb pt tu ra
15 l h) rf g 01 ep pe g
-in as , t dr --D th rp
t u en ), t ave
de ed rf ag se u r )
pt Co dra -G f d
h) n g

Figure D-13. Interior noise results (Leq right wheelpath) for existing texture
, t cr ra rag
ur et de
fd e d
ra A
g C
Figure D-13. Interior noise results (Leq right wheelpath) for existing texture test sections.
 IA A
IA 10 Z
10
1 02 01
IA I 003 --T -
A -Lo
10 A 1 --L ran Z
61 00 on T A 10 ng
--T 4- g ine Z D
ra -Lo Tin (0 10 02- G
n n e .5 03 -Lo (n
--L n o j
IA G g (0 -in
ro T i .7 A o g ac
IA 2 Z D
20 001
ov ne 5- sp 10 ng G ks
e (0 in ac C 04 DG (ja ), 0
02 -- (1 .7 s in A
--L Lo -in 5 pa g,
- Interior Noise, dBA (LC) 10 --L ( ck .2
s 35
IA o ng
n sp in cin 0.0 03 on no Interior Noise, dBA (LC)
80 g T C g ja ), 0 -in
c
K i ac sp g, 75 A --L CA D .2 s
S IA 01 Ti ne in ac 0.0 -in 10 on 10 G ks) 35- pac
1 80 --T ne (0 g, in 7 d 04 g 0 (ja , 0 i i
K 002 02 ra (0 .75 0. g, 5-i ep ck .2 n s ng
S - - n
-T T 5 in . 7 - 12 0. n th --L Gr 2-- pa (0
1 0 -L
K 0 on r an ine in sp - 5 15 de ),
to -in p tu
on oo Lon s), 45-
g ve g 0. in cin .11
S 4 g G ( D -i
1 - - T ( sp a 0 d th rf 0 G
24 sp g
(

65.0
66.0
67.0
68.0
69.0
70.0
71.0
72.0
73.0
74.0
75.0
K 00 L D
S in 0.7 ac cin IA .19 ep ), tu dr C
ro . 5 a 0 n
1 A ov 75- , 0 -in cin .11 spa
65.0
66.0
67.0
68.0
69.0
70.0
71.0
72.0
73.0
74.0
75.0

5- ong G ( e 5 in g 1 - t th r ag
K 00 -L D no (0 -in g , 0 0 o ), f d e in .2
4 sp g -in ce
S 6 o .7 s , 0 .1 07 0. tu ra 10 (0 s (
1 -- n G ja 5 p . 2 -- 2 r g 07
--L CA
.7 pa 5-in aci 0.1 sp rs)
5- c n 2 a
K 007 Lo g D (no cks IA -in ac 125 5-in Lo 5-in f dr in ing sp g ( -in ce
S - ng G on
1 0 -L ( ja ), 0 90 spa ing -in d ng de ag
g
10 s , ac 0.
1 sp rs)
08 on DG jac cks .23 02 cin , 0. de ept Tu pt G 0 5
pa 0. i n 2
C ci 12 g -in ace
--L g D (j ks ), 5- --D g 15 pt h) rf D h) O ro --L ng 5- (
o G ac ), 0.2 in en , 0 -in h), , tu ra 10 ov on
e g , 0.
in 0.1 sp rs)
2 a
K ng (n ks) 0.25 45 sp se .15 de bu rf g 07 (0 D 25 dep -in ce
S D o , 0 5 -i ac -G -in p rl dr
1 0 G ja .2 -i n i r th a a --L .3 G
10 (n ck 55 n s sp ng ade dep ), t p d g on 75 , 0 C -in th sp rs)
g -in .23 A 1 de ), b ace
--L o j s), -in pa ac (0 d th ur ra
i . C G sp -in 04 pth urla rs)
on ac 0. s ci ng 11 AC ), t f d g O ro
ov ac s 5- ), p
g ks) 255 pa ng (0 -in (S ur rag
Ti , 0 -i cin (0 .1 s u f d 10
e in pac -Lo bu d
M ne .2 n g .1 2- pa pe ra C 09 ( 0 g, i n n rl rag
N (0 55 spa (0 3-in in s ce rp g O --L .7 0. g g B ap
30 on 5- 25 (0 u dr
10 .7 -in c .13 s p rs av
5- s in - p ac ) & e C g in - .1 rl a
01 in p g in ac e ) O 02- Ti sp CA in d 05 ap g

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

--L 3 0 -L ne ac
K sp aci (0. sp er rs) s... 10 ep -in Dra
i
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

on S a n 13 ac s) & 03 on
g ( n 7 t h s
g 2 0 c in g ( -i e & .. -- 0. g, 5 ) pa g

D-14
Ti 0 n r . C Lo Tin 75 c
ne M KS 01- g, 0 .13 sp s) & std O ng e -in 0. --Lo , br
12 n oo ers
(0 I 1 40 -No .15 -in ac si ... 30 ( sp 5- g )
.7 0 01 va -i s er ng 04 Me 0.7
5 a C in B md
r
M 5- 01 -- C n pa s) . --L a n - ci O o r
M N in -- No h de c & .. on de in s ng 10 dep om ag
O 8 sp Ex va ip pt ers s. g r p C , 0 0 8 th D
10 00 ac po C (0. h) ) & .. C G Tin aci O 3 .12 --L ), t r
01 1-- in se hip 18 , tu . O C ro e n 0 5 o ur ag
--T Lo g, d 7 r .. 30 O ov (0.7 g, 0 01 -in ng f d
ra ng 0 A (0 5- f d 06 30 e ( 5- .1 --L de Tu ra
n T M .12 gg .37 in N ra 0 8 on p rf g
N 5 re 5- M g t

test sections (continued).

Ti in IL --Lo 05- .75 in s 75
N ne e 20 -in ga in A n -L -i p -in g H h), Dra
D N S IL
10
60 ND (0 (0.7 M 03- de te C M ) 01 g T ong n s aci
n
de ea tur g
.5 5 N -L pt o A 50
01 2 - i n n - i S 01
--T in
ra e (
D pac g, pth vy f dr
G T
--T 00
s M 200 ong h), nc )
sp p N 4 tu re --T n 0.
7
, 0 ing 0.1 ), n ur ag
2 f
ra 2-- ac ac M 50 --L Bro rf te ra T . ,
ns Tr d n in 5-i 22- 0.1 5-i o p Dr
e n i n r a
Sk an in in N 01 on o r Sk n 2
W ew Tin N g, g, 70 --L g m D ag
C 0. 0. 0 o Tu r ew
(0
.7
sp s 5-
i
de ete g
x
I1 5- aci pac n d pth tu
00 Ti e ( 10 12 12 1- ng rf ag ed in ng in e p ), r
1- ne ra 01 5- 5- -Lo T D Ti g n e
-T --N in in ng ur rag ne IL 4 spa , 0. (0 th), o .
ra (r ndo
an m ov dep dep T f D (r 0 c 1 2 . 0 t . .
n do s a th th ur ra an 01- ing 5-i 95 urf
Ti
ne p
m a N Ch ), ), f D g do -D , 0 n d -in d
sp ci D 2 ip no tur rag m e n .1 5 e s ra g
(r
an n
ac g 00 (0. pr f d sp se -in pth pac
do in , 0 1- 37 et ra ac -Gr de ), t ers
m TX g, .1-i -Lo 5-in ext g in a u )
sp 10 0.1 n d ng N ur g, de pth rf d
ac 01 5- ep T M e 0. d A ), t r
15 C ur ag
in --S in th ur AS
g, h de ), f D ) IL - f
80 in d (Su dra
0. otb pt tu ra
15 l h) rf g 01 ep pe g
-in as , t dr --D th rp
t u

Figure D-14. Interior noise results (Leq lane center) for existing texture
en ), t ave
de ed rf ag se u r )
pt Co dra -G f d
h) n g
, t cr ra rag
ur et de
fd e d
ra A
g C
Figure D-14. Interior noise results (Leq lane center) for existing texture test sections.
APPENDIX E. TEXTURE, FRICTION, AND NOISE
RESULTS FOR NEW I-355 SOUTH EXTENSION
TEXTURE TEST SECTIONS
 IT IT
2- 2-
-L -L
on IT on IT
g 1A g 1A
Ti --L Ti --L
ne IT ne IT
(0 on on High-Speed Profiler MPD, mm (RWP)
IT . 1B g IT (0 1B g
3- 75 --L H High-Speed Profiler MPD, mm (LC) .7
5- --L H
-L -in ea 3- ea
on -L in on vy
on sp g vy on sp g

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40

g H g H Tu

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
D ac Tu ac
G i ea D in
ea rf
IT ng rf G vy D
(n vy D IT (n g, ra
5A o ,0 Tu ra o 0 .1
Tu g
--L ja .1
rf g 5A
ja 25 rf
IT ck 25
D
--L ck D
on -in IT on -in ra
5A g s)
,
ra
g 5A g
s)
, de g
--L Ti 0. de
(m --L Ti 0. pt (m
on ne 23 pt ne 23 h) od
g (0 5- h)
,
od on 5- , )
Ti .7 in no ) g (0
.7
in no
ne 5- sp Ti 5- sp pr
in pr ne in ac e
(0 sp
ac
in e te (0 sp in te
.7 g xt .7 g xt
IT 5- ac 5- ac (0 ur
in in (0 ur IT in i .1 e
6-
-L sp g, .1 e 6- sp
ng
1-
1- -L ,0 in
on ac 0. in on ac .1
IT g in 12 sp IT g i ng 25 sp
ac
7- Ti g, 5- ac Ti -in
-L ne 0. in 7- ,0 er
on (0 12 de er -L ne .1 de s )
g .7 5- p s) on (0 25 pt
G 5 i n th g .7 -in h)
ro -in ), G 5-
in de , tu
de tu ro
IT
ov s pt rf ov sp pt rf
IT e pa IT e ac h) dr
8- (0 ci h)
,h
dr
ag IT 8- (0 in , he ag
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

9-
-T
-L .7 ng ea 9- -L .7 g,
ra
on 5-
in , -T on 5- 0
av
y
n g 0. vy ra g in .0 tu

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

Ti G s pa
07 t u n G sp 75 rf
ro 5- rf Ti ro ac -in
ne ov ci in dr ne ov i
dr
(0 e ng ng de ag
.5 (0 ,0
de
p
ag (0 e ,0 pt
.7 t .5 (0 .2
-in
5
.2 h) -in .7 5-
h)
,
IT sp -in 5-
i
,t 5- in tu
n ur IT sp in rf
ac

E-1
10 sp de fd IT 10 ac sp de dr
IT --T in ac ra in ac pt ag
11 ra g, in
pt
g 11 --T g, in h)
--T n 0.1
h) --T ra 0. ,
ra Ti
g, ,b ra n 12
g, bu
n n
25 0. ur n Ti 5 0.
2 rla
e -in 25 la
p Ti ne -in 5- p

test sections.

test sections.
IT Ti
ne (r de -in
dr ne (r de in dr
an de IT (1 an de ag
12 (1 pt ag pt
do h) 12 .0 do h pt
--T .0 m ,
pt
h --T -in m ), h)
ra
n
-in s pa
bu ),
tu ra sp sp bu ,t
ur
Sk sp rla rf n ac ac rla
p fd
ew ac ci
ng p dr Sk in in dr ra
in dr ag ew g, g, ag g
Ti g, ,0 ag 0 0 .1
ne .1 ( Ti .1 ( G
0.
1 25 G ne 25 25 A
(r 25 -in A (r -in -in d
an -in de an es
do de si de de ig
do
m de pt gn m
pt
h)
pt
h) n)
sp pt
h)
h)
, ) sp ,b ,b
ac ,b bu ac ur ur
in u rla in la la
g, rla p g, p p
0. p dr 0. dr dr
12 dr ag 12 ag ag
5- ag 5- (o
in ( in ld
de ol de IS
pt d pt TH
h) IS h) A
,t ... ,t ...
ur ur
fd fd
ra ra
g g
(n (n
e.
e.
.. ..

Figure E-2. High-speed texture depth results (MPD lane center) for new texture
Figure E-1. High-speed texture depth results (MPD right wheelpath) for new texture
 IT IT
2- 2-
-L IT -L IT
on on
g 1A g 1A
Ti --L Ti --L
ne IT on CT Meter MPD, mm (LC) ne IT on CT Meter MPD, mm (RWP)
IT (0 1B g IT (0 1B g
.7
5- --L H .7
5- --L H
3- ea 3- ea
-L in on vy -L in on vy
on sp g on sp g

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80

g ac H Tu g ac H Tu
D in
ea rf D in
ea rf
G g, vy D G g, vy D
IT (n ra IT (n ra
5A o 0 .1
Tu g 5A o 0 .1
Tu g
ja 25 rf ja rf
--L ck D --L ck
25 D
IT on -in ra IT on -in ra
5A g
s)
, de g 5A g
s)
, de g
--L Ti 0. pt (m --L Ti 0. pt (m
ne 23 h) od ne 23 h) od
on 5- , ) on 5- , )
g (0
.7
in no g (0
.7
in no
Ti 5- sp pr Ti 5- sp pr
ne in ac e ne in ac e
(0 sp in te (0 sp in te
.7 ac g xt
ur .7 ac g xt
ur
IT 5-
i (0 IT 5-
i (0
in ng .1 e in ng .1 e
6- sp ,0 1- 6- sp ,0 1-
-L in -L in
on ac .1 on ac .1
IT g i ng 25 sp
ac IT g i ng 25 sp
ac
Ti ,0 -in Ti ,0 -in
7- er 7- er
-L ne .1 de s ) -L ne .1 de s )
on (0 25 pt on (0 25 pt
g .7 -in h) g .7 -in h)
G 5-
in de ,
tu G 5-
in de , tu
ro rf ro rf
ov sp pt ov sp pt
IT e ac h)
,
dr IT e ac h)
,
dr
IT ( in ag IT (0 in ag
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

8- 0. he 8- he
9- - Lo 7 g ,0 av 9- -L .7 g, av
-T ng
5-
in .0 y -T on 5-
in 0 .0 y
ra tu ra g tu
n G sp 75 rf n G sp 75 rf
Ti ro ac -in dr Ti ro ac -in dr
ne ov in de ag ne ov i ng de ag
(0 e g, p (0 e ,0 pt
.5 (0 0. th .5 (0 .2
-in .7 25 ), -in .7 5-
h)
,
5- -in tu 5- in tu
IT sp in rf IT sp in rf

E-2
IT 10 ac sp de dr IT 10 ac sp de dr
in ac pt ag in ac pt ag
11 --T g, in h)
11 --T g, in h)
--T ra 0. , --T ra 0. ,
ra n 12
g, bu ra n 12
g, bu
n Ti 5 0.
25 r l ap n Ti 5 0.
25 r l ap
Ti ne -in Ti ne -in

test sections.
test sections.
ne (r -in dr ne (r -in dr
de de
IT (1 an pt de ag IT (1 an pt de ag
12 .0 do h pt 12 .0 do h pt
-in m ), h) -in m ), h)
--T
ra s s bu , tu
--T
ra s s bu , tu
n pa pa rla rf n pa pa rla rf
Sk ci ci p dr Sk ci ci p dr
ng ng dr ag ng ng dr ag
ew ,0 ,0 ag ew ,0 ,0 ag
Ti .1 .1 ( G Ti .1 .1 ( G
ne 25 25 A ne 25 25 A
(r -in -in de (r -in -in de
an de de si an de de si
do pt pt gn do pt pt gn
m h) h) ) m h) h) )
sp ,b ,b sp ,b ,b
ac ur u r ac ur u r
in lap lap in lap lap
g, dr dr g, dr dr
0. ag ag 0. ag ag
12 12
5- (o 5- (o
in ld in ld
de IS de IS
pt TH pt TH
h)
,t A h)
,t A
... ...
ur ur
fd fd
ra ra
g g
(n (n
e. e.
.. ..

Figure E-4. CT Meter texture depth results (MPD lane center) for new texture
Figure E-3. CT Meter texture depth results (MPD right wheelpath) for new texture
 IT IT
2- IT 2- IT
-L -L
on 1A on 1A
g --L g --L
Ti IT on Ti IT on
ne
1B g CT Meter Texture Ratio (MPD/RMS)
ne
1B g CT Meter RMS
(0 H (0 H
IT . 75 --L ea IT . 75 --L ea
3- -in on vy 3- -in on vy

0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80

-L g Tu -L g Tu
on sp H rf on sp H rf
g ac ea D g ac ea D
D i ng vy ra D i ng vy ra
G ,0 Tu g G ,0 Tu g
IT (n .1 rf IT (n .1 rf
5A o 25 D 5A o 25 D
ja ra ja ra
--L ck -in g --L ck -in g
s) de (m s) de (m
IT on
g , 0. pt od IT on
g , 0. pt od
5B 5A
--L
Ti
ne
23 h)
, ) --L
Ti
ne
23 h)
, )
5- no 5- no
on (0 in on (0 in
g .7 sp pr
e g .7 sp pr
e
Ti 5- ac te Ti 5- ac te
ne in in xt ne in in xt
(0 sp g ur (0 sp g ur
.7 ac (0 e .7 ac (0 e
5- in .1 5- in .1
IT in g, 1-
in IT in g, 1-
in
6- sp 0. sp 6- sp 0. sp
-L ac 12 -L ac 12
on in 5- ac on in 5- ac
g g, in er g g, in er
IT Ti 0. de s) IT Ti 0. de s)
7- ne 12 pt 7- ne 12 pt
-L (0 5- h) -L (0 5- h)
on . 75 in ,t on . 75 in ,t
g de ur g de ur
G -in
pt fd G -in
pt fd
ro sp h) ra ro sp h) ra
ov
e a c , h g ov
e a c , he g
IT (0 in ea IT (0 in
8 . g v 8 . g av
IT --L 75 ,0 y IT --L 75 ,0 y
9- on -in .0 tu 9- on -in .0 tu
-T 75 rf -T 75 rf
ra g sp dr ra g sp dr
n G ac
-in
ag n G ac
-in
ag
Ti ro ing d ep Ti ro ing d ep
ne ov ne ov

E-3
e ,0 th e ,0 th
(0 (0 .2 ), (0 (0 .2 ),
.5 .7 5- tu .5 .7 5- tu
-in 5- in rf -in 5- in rf
sp in de dr sp in de dr
IT ac sp pt ag IT ac sp pt ag

test sections.
test sections.
10 in ac h) 10 in ac h)
- -T g in ,b - -T g in ,b
IT ra
,0 g, ur IT ra
,0 g, ur
.1 0. la .1 0. la
11
--T n 25 25 p
11
--T n 25 25 p
Ti -in -in dr Ti -in -in dr
ra ne ra ne
n (r d ep d ag n (r d ep d ag
Ti
n a th
ep
t
Ti
n a th
ep
t
IT e
nd h IT e
nd h
( o m
), ), ( o m
), ),
12 1. bu tu 12 1. bu tu
--T 0- sp rla rf --T 0- sp rla rf
in ac p dr in ac p dr
ra ra
n sp
ac i n dr ag n sp
ac i n dr ag
Sk g, ag Sk g, ag
ew in
g, 0 .1 (G ew in
g, 0 .1 (G
Ti 0. 25- A Ti 0. 25- A
ne 12 in de ne 12 in de
(r 5- de si (r 5- de si
an in p
gn an in p
gn
do de th ) do de th )
m pt ), m pt ),
sp h) bu sp h) bu
ac ,b rla ac ,b rla
in ur p in ur p
la dr la dr
g, p ag g, p ag
0. dr 0. dr
12 ag 12 ag
5- (o 5- (o
in ld in ld
de IS de IS
pt ... pt ...
h) h)
,t ,t
ur ur
fd fd
ra ra
g g
(n (n
e. e.
.. ..

Figure E-6. CT Meter TR results (right wheelpath and lane center) for new texture
Figure E-5. CT Meter RMS results (right wheelpath and lane center) for new texture
 IT IT
2- 2-
-L IT -L IT
on on
g 1A g 1A
Ti --L Ti --L
ne IT on DF Tester DFT(20) (RWP) ne IT on Mean Texture Depth, mm
IT (0 1B g IT (0 1B g
.7
5- --L H .7
5- --L H
3- ea 3- ea
-L in on vy -L in on vy
on g on g

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40

sp sp

0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
g ac H Tu g ac H Tu
D in
ea rf D in
ea rf
G g, vy D G g, vy D
IT (n ra IT (n ra
5A o 0 .1
Tu g 5A o 0 .1
Tu g
ja rf ja 25 rf
--L ck
25 D --L ck D
IT on s
-in ra IT on -in ra
5B g ), d g 5A g
s)
, de g
0. e (m 0. (m
--L Ti
ne 2 35
pt
h) od --L Ti
ne 23 pt
h) od
on ,n ) on 5- , )
g (0
.7
-in
o g (0
.7
in no
Ti 5- sp pr Ti 5- sp pr
ne in a ci et ne in ac e
(0 sp ex (0 sp in te
.7 ac
ng
tu .7 ac g xt
ur
5- (0 5- (0
IT in in .1 re IT in i ng .1 e
6- s g, 1- 6- sp 1-
-L
on
pa 0 .
in -L
on ac
,0
.1
in
ci 12 sp i sp
IT g ng 5- ac IT g ng 25
ac
7- Ti ,0 in er 7- Ti ,0 -in
er
-L ne .1 de s) -L ne .1 de s )
on (0 25 pt on (0 25 pt
g .7
5
-in h) g .7 -in h)
G -in de ,t G 5-
in de , tu
ro ur ro rf
ov sp pt fd ov sp pt
IT e ac h) ra IT e ac h)
,
dr
IT (0 in ,h g (0 in ag

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

9-
8-
- Lo .7 g e av
8-
-L .7 g,
he
av
-T 5-
in
,0
y IT on 5-
in 0 y
ra ng .0 tu 9- g .0 tu
n G sp 75 rfd -T G sp 75 rf
Ti ro ac -in ra ro ac -in
ne ov in ra n ov i
dr
(0 e g, de
pt g Ti e
ng de
pt
ag
(0 ne (0 ,0
.5
.7
0. h ), .7 .2 h)
-in 25 (0 ,
s
5- - in
tu .5 5- 5-
in tu
IT pa in rf IT -in in rf

E-4
IT 10 ci sp de dr 10 sp de dr
ng ac pt ag sp ac pt ag
11 --T
in h) --T ac in h )
--T ra ,0 , ra in ,
ra n .1 g, bu
IT n g g, bu
n Ti 25 0.
25 r l Ti ,0 0.
25 r l
ne -in ap 11 ne .1 ap
High-Speed Profiler EMTD

Ti -in 25 -in
ne (r de dr --T (r dr
IT (1 an de ag ra an -in de ag
pt n
12 .0 do h pt do de pt
-in m ), h) IT
Ti m p h
--T
s s bu , tu
ne s th ),
tu

texture test sections.

ra pa 12 (1 ),
n pa
ci ci
rla
p
rf --T .0
pa
ci bu rf
Sk ng ng dr dr ra -in ng rla dr
ew ag n p ag
,0 ,0 ag s ,0
Ti .1 .1 (G
Sk pa .1 dr
ne 25 25 A ew ci 25 ag
(r -in -in ng -in (G
de Ti
an ,0 A
CT Meter MTD

de de si ne .1 de
do pt pt gn (r 25 pt ...
m h) ) an h
sp
h)
,b ,b do
-in ) ,
u m d bu
ac
in
ur
l r lap
ep rla
g,
ap sp th
), p
0. dr dr ac dr
12 ag ag in bu ag
5- (o g, rla
in ld 0. p
de IS 12 dr
TH 5- ag
pt in (o
h)
,t A de l..
... pt .
ur
fd h)
ra ,t
g ur
fd
(n
(right wheelpath and lane center) for new texture test sections.

e. ra
.. ...
Figure E-7. Comparison of high-speed profiler EMTD and CT Meter MTD results

Figure E-8. DF Tester friction/micro-texture results (DFT(20) right wheelpath) for new
 IT IT
2- 2-
-L IT -L IT
on on
g 1A g 1A
Ti --L Ti --L
ne IT on IFI Friction Number F(60) ne IT on DF Tester DFT(20) (LC)
IT (0 1B g IT (0 1B g
.7
5- --L H .7
5- --L H
3- ea 3- ea
-L in on vy -L in on vy
on g on g

0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
sp sp

0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00

g ac H Tu g ac H Tu
D in
ea rf D in
ea rf
G g, vy D G g, vy D
IT (n ra IT (n ra
5A o 0 .1
Tu g 5A o 0 .1
Tu g
ja 25 rf ja rf
--L ck D --L ck
25 D
IT on -in ra IT on -in ra
5A g
s)
, de g 5B g
s)
, de g
Ti 0. pt (m --L Ti 0. pt (m
--L 23 od 23 od
ne h) ne h)
on 5- , ) on 5- , )
g (0
.7
in no g (0
.7
in no
Ti 5- sp pr Ti 5- sp pr
ne in ac e ne in ac e
(0 sp in te (0 sp in te
.7 ac g xt
ur .7 ac g xt
5- (0 5- (0 ur
IT in i ng .1 e IT in i ng .1 e
6- sp ,0 1- 6- sp ,0 1-
-L in -L in
on ac .1 on ac .1
IT g i ng 25 sp
ac IT g i ng 25 sp
Ti -in Ti -in ac
7- ,0 er 7- ,0 er
-L ne .1 de s ) -L ne .1 de s )
on (0 25 pt on (0 25 pt
g .7 -in h) g .7 -in h)
G 5-
in de , tu G 5-
in de , tu
ro rf ro rf
ov sp pt ov sp pt
IT e ac h)
,
dr
ag IT e ac h)
,
dr
ag
(0 in IT (0 in
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

8- .7 he 8- .7 he
-L g, av 9- -L g, av
IT on 5-
in 0 .0 y -T on 5-
in 0 .0 y
g tu ra g tu
9-
-T G sp 75 rf n G sp 75 rf
ra ro ac -in dr Ti ro ac -in dr
n ov i ng de ag ne ov i ng de ag
Ti e ,0 pt (0 e ,0 pt
ne (0 .5 (0 .2
.7 .2 h)
, -in .7 h)
,
(0 5- 5- tu 5- 5-
in tu
IT .5 in in rf IT sp in rf
-in

E-5
10 sp de dr IT 10 ac sp de dr
sp ac pt ag in ac pt ag
--T
in h) 11 --T g, in h)
ra ac
in , --T ra 0. ,
IT n g, bu ra n 12
g, bu
Ti g, 0.
25 r lap n Ti 5 0.
25 r l ap
11 ne 0. Ti ne -in
--T (r 12 -in dr ne (r -in dr
5- de
ra an in de ag IT (1 an pt de ag
n do p 12 .0 do h pt
Ti m de th -in m ), h)
IT ne sp pt ),
tu
--T
ra s s bu , tu
(1 h) pa
12 .0 ac ,b rf n pa
ci ci
rla
p
rf
--T -in in ur dr Sk ng dr

test sections (continued).

ag ng dr ag
ra s
g, la ew
n 0. p ,0 ,0
.1
ag
Sk pa
c 12 d r
Ti .1 ( G
ew ing 5 a g
ne 25 25
-in A
-in (r -in de
Ti ,0 (G an
ne .1 de A do de de si
gn

Based on DF Tester DFT(20) and High-Speed Profiler MPD

25 pt ... pt pt
(r h m h) h) )
an -in ), sp ,b ,b
do de bu ac ur u r
m pt rla in l lap
p ap

Based on locked-wheel tester FN40S and high-speed profiler MPD

Based on locked-wheel tester FN40R and high-speed profiler MPD
sp h) g,
ac ,b dr 0. dr dr
in u rla
ag 12 ag ag
g, p 5- (o
0. dr in ld
12 ag de IS
5- pt TH
in (o h) A
l.. ,t ...
de
pt . ur
h) fd
,t ra
ur g
fd (n
r. . e.
..

Figure E-10. IFI Friction Number F(60) values for new texture test sections.
Figure E-9. DF Tester friction/micro-texture results (DFT(20) lane center) for new texture
 IT IT
2- 2-
-L IT -L IT
on on
g 1A Near-Field SI, dBA (LC) g 1A Near-Field SI, dBA (RWP)
Ti --L Ti --L
ne IT on ne IT on
IT (0 1B g IT (0 1B g
.7
5- --L H .7
5- --L H
3- ea 3- ea
-L in on vy -L in on vy
on sp g on sp g

97.00
98.00
99.00
100.00
101.00
102.00
103.00
104.00
105.00
106.00
98.00
99.00
100.00
101.00
102.00
103.00
104.00
105.00
106.00
107.00

g H Tu g H Tu
D
ac e rf D
ac e rf
G in av D G in av D
IT (n g, y ra IT (n g, y ra
5A o 0. Tu g 5A o 0. Tu g
j 12 r f j 12 r f
--L ac 5- D --L ac 5- D
IT on ks in ra IT on ks in ra
5A g ), de g 5A g ), de g
--L Ti 0. pt (m --L Ti 0. pt (m
ne 23 h) od ne 23 h) od
on 5- ,n ) on 5- ,n )
g (0
.7
in
o g (0
.7
in
o
Ti 5- sp pr Ti 5- sp pr
ne in a ci et ne in a ci et
(0 sp ng ex (0 sp ng ex
.7 ac tu .7 ac tu
IT 5-
in (0 re IT 5-
in (0 re
in .1 in .1
6- s g, 1- 6- s g, 1-
-L
on
pa 0 .
in -L
on
pa 0 .
in
ci 12 sp ci 12 sp
IT g ng 5- ac IT g ng 5- ac
7- Ti ,0 in er 7- Ti ,0 in er
-L ne .1 de s) -L ne .1 de s)
on (0 25 pt on (0 25 pt
g .7
5
-in h) g .7
5
-in h)
G -in de ,t G -in de ,t
ro ur ro ur
ov sp pt fd ov sp pt fd
IT e ac h) ra IT e ac h) ra
IT 8- (0 in ,h
e g IT 8- (0 in ,h
e g

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

9- - Lo .7 g av 9- - Lo .7 g av
-T 5- ,0 -T 5- ,0
ra ng in .0 y ra ng in .0 y
n tu n tu
G sp 75 rfd G sp 75 rfd
Ti ro ac -in Ti ro ac -in
ne ov in ra ne ov in ra
(0 e g, de
pt g (0 e g, de
pt g
.5 (0 0. h .5 (0 0. h
-in .7 25 ), -in .7 25 ),
s
5-
in - in
tu s
5-
in - in
tu
IT pa rf IT pa rf

E-6
IT 10 ci sp de dr IT 10 ci sp de dr
11 --T ng ac pt ag 11 --T ng ac pt ag
in h) in h)
--T ra ,0 , --T ra ,0 ,
ra n .1 g, bu ra n .1 g, bu
n Ti 25 0.
25 r l ap n Ti 25 0.
25 r l ap
Ti ne -in Ti ne -in
ne (r -in dr ne (r -in dr
de de
IT (1 an pt de ag IT (1 an pt de ag
12 .0 do h pt 12 .0 do h pt
-in m ), h) -in m ), h)
--T
ra s s bu , tu
--T
ra s s bu , tu
n pa pa rla rf n pa pa rla rf
Sk ci ci p dr Sk ci ci p dr
ng ng dr ag ng ng dr ag
ew ,0 ,0 ag ew ,0 ,0 ag
Ti .1 .1 ( G Ti .1 .1 ( G
ne 25 25 A ne 25 25 A
(r -in -in de (r -in -in de
an de de si an de de si
do pt pt gn do pt pt gn
m h) h) ) m h) h) )
sp ,b ,b sp ,b ,b
ac ur u r ac ur u r
in lap lap in lap lap
g, dr dr g, dr dr
0. ag ag 0. ag ag
12 12
5- (o 5- (o
in ld in ld
de IS de IS
pt TH pt TH
h)
,t A h)
,t A
... ...
ur ur
fd fd
ra ra
g g
(n (n
e. e.
.. ..

Figure E-12. Near-field noise results (SI lane center) for new texture test sections.
Figure E-11. Near-field noise results (SI right wheelpath) for new texture test sections.
 IT IT
2- 2- IT
-L IT -L 1A
on 1A on --L Interior Noise Leq, dBA (RWP)
g --L g on
Ti IT on Ti
ne IT g
ne g Far-Field CPB Noise, dBA 1B H
(0 1B H (0 --L ea
. --L ea IT .7 vy
IT 75

65.00
66.00
67.00
68.00
69.00
70.00
71.00
72.00
73.00
74.00
75.00

vy 5- on
3- -in on 3- in g Tu

75.0
76.0
77.0
78.0
79.0
80.0
81.0
82.0
83.0
84.0
85.0
-L g Tu -L sp H rf
on sp H rf on ac ea D
g ac ea D g in vy ra
g
D i vy ra D
G
ng
g G g, Tu
(n ,0 Tu (n 0 .1 rf
IT o .1 rf IT o 25 D
5A ja 25 D 5A ja -in
ra
g
ra ck
--L ck -in g --L s) de (m
IT on s)
, de (m
IT on , pt od
5A g 0. pt od g 0.
23 h) )
Ti 23 h) ) 5A Ti ,
--L ne 5- , no --L ne 5-
in
no
on (0 in on (0 sp pr
g .7 sp pr g .7 e te
Ti 5- ac e te Ti 5- ac
in in in xt
ne in
g
xt ne g ur
(0 sp ur (0 sp (0 e
.7 ac (0 e .7 ac .1
5- in .1 5- i ng 1-
IT in g, 1- IT in ,0 in
sp in sp sp
6- 0. sp 6- .1
-L ac 12 -L ac 25 ac
on in 5- ac on i ng -in er
g g, in er g ,0 de s )
IT Ti 0. de s) IT Ti .1
7- ne 12 pt ne 25 pt
-L 7- h)
(0 5- h) -L (0 -in ,
on . in ,t on .7 tu
Bars represent Mean ± 1 Std Dev

g 75
G - de ur g 5-
in
de rf
ro
in pt fd G pt dr
sp ra ro sp h) ag
ov a
h)
, g ov ac ,
IT e c in he e in
he
av
(0 g IT (0
IT 8 . 75 ,0
av
y 8- .7 g,
0 y
--L
-in .0 tu IT -L 5- .0 tu
9- on 75 rf 9- on in 75 rf
-T g dr
ra G
sp -in dr -T g sp -in ag
n ac
d ag ra G ac
Ti ro ing ep n ro i ng
de
ne ov Ti ov pt

E-7
e ,0 th ne e ,0 h)
,
(0 (0 .2 ), (0 (0 .2 tu
.5 .7 5- tu .5 .7 5- rf
-in 5- in rf -in 5- in dr
sp in de dr in de ag
sp ag sp sp
IT ac pt IT a pt
h)
10 in ac h) ci ac
- g in ,b IT 10 ng in ,b
IT -T ,0 g, ur 11 --T ,0 g, ur
ra .1 0. la .1 0. la
11 n 25 25 p
--T
ra
ra
n 25 25 p
--T Ti dr
ra ne -in -in dr n Ti -in -in ag
n (r d ep d ag Ti
ne
ne d d ep
Ti
n a th
ep
t
(r
an
ep
th th
IT e
nd h IT (1 ),
( o m
), ), .0 do ),
tu
12 1. bu tu 12 -in m bu
rf
--T 0- sp rla rf --T sp sp rla
in p ra p dr
ra ac dr
n a a d ag
n sp
ac i n dr ag
Sk
ci
ng
ci
ng r
Sk g, ag ag
ew in 0 .1 (G
ew ,0 ,0 ( G
g,
2 .1 .1 A
Ti 0. 5- A Ti
ne 25 25
ne 12 in de -in -in de
(r 5- de si (r de
si
in gn an de gn
an
de p th ) do pt pt )
do
), m h)
,
h)
,
m pt bu sp bu bu
sp h)
,b rla ac rla rla
ac
in ur p in p p
la dr g, dr dr
g, p ag 0. ag ag
0. dr 12 (
12 ag 5- o ld
5- in
in (o de IS
de ld pt TH
IS h) A

Figure E-14. Far-field noise results for new texture test sections.
pt ... st
h) ,t d)
,t ur
ur fd
fd ra
ra g
g (n
ew
(n
e. ...
..
Figure E-13. Interior noise results (Leq right wheelpath) for new texture test sections.
 Figure E-15. Texture spectra for Section 1a (heavy turf drag).

Figure E-16. Texture spectra for Section 1b (modified heavy turf drag).

Figure E-17. Texture spectra for Section 2 (longitudinal tine, standard depth,
and no pretexture).

E-8
 Figure E-18. Texture spectra for Tollway Section 3 (longitudinal diamond grind).

Figure E-19. Texture spectra for Section 5a (longitudinal tine, standard depth,
and heavy turf drag pretexture).

Figure E-20. Texture spectra for Section 5b (longitudinal tine, standard depth, and heavy
turf drag pretexture).

E-9
 Figure E-21. Texture spectra for Section 6 (longitudinal tine, shallow depth,
and standard turf drag pretexture).

Figure E-22. Texture spectra for Section 7 (longitudinal groove and burlap drag).

Figure E-23. Texture spectra for Section 8 (longitudinal groove and

standard turf drag).

E-10
Figure E-24. Texture spectra for Section 9 (uniformly spaced transverse tine,
burlap drag).

Figure E-25. Texture spectra for Section 10 (variably spaced transverse tine,
burlap drag).

Figure E-26. Texture spectra for Section 11 (uniformly spaced transverse tine,
burlap drag).

E-11
Figure E-27. Texture spectra for Section 12 (variably spaced transverse skewed tine,
burlap drag).

E-12
APPENDIX F. SAMPLE/GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR
TEXTURE
F1. TEXTURING PCC PAVEMENT WITH HEAVY TURF DRAG

F1.01 Description. Texturing shall be obtained solely by the use of a heavy artificial turf
drag applied to the concrete in a plastic state. The mean texture depth (MTD) shall be
greater than or equal to 0.04 in (1 mm) (Minnesota Astroturf Texture).

F1.02 Materials. The turf used shall be made of molded polyethylene with a blade length
of 0.625 to 1.000 in (16 to 25 mm) and a minimum weight of 70 oz/yd2 (2.373 kg/m2). The
backing shall be a strong, durable material not subject to rot, and shall be adequately
bonded to the facing to withstand use as specified. The turf drag shall be a single seamless
piece of turf of sufficient length to span the full width of the pavement being placed and
adjustable so as to have up to a 4-ft (1.2-m) longitudinal length of turf (parallel to the
pavement centerline) in contact with the concrete being placed.

F1.03 Equipment. The drag shall be suitably attached to an approved device that will
permit control of the time and rate of texturing.

F1.04 Construction. The drag shall be operated in a longitudinal direction so as to

produce a uniform appearing finish, meeting the approval of the Engineer. Where
construction operations necessitate and with the approval of the Engineer, the length and
width of the turf may be varied. If necessary, for maintaining intimate contact with the
pavement surface and obtaining adequate texture, the drag may be weighted using lumber,
rebar, or other suitable ballast material. The weight shall be evenly distributed throughout
the width of the drag to provide a uniform texture. If the texturing operation generates
significant snagging and dragging of aggregate that results in a harsh, non-uniform
surface, the operation shall be suspended and appropriate adjustments made.

F1.05 Quality. The completed texture shall have an appearance similar to those shown in
figure F-1. The texture depth shall be measured on the completed surface shortly after the
textured surface has hardened. The texture shall be tested in accordance with ASTM E 965
(“Test Method for Measuring Surface Macro-texture Depth Using a Sand Volumetric
Technique”) or ASTM E 2157 (“Test Method for Measuring Pavement Macro-texture
Properties Using the Circular Track Meter”). The average MTD of all tests performed shall
be equal to or greater than 0.04 in (1 mm). If the average MTD is less than 0.04 in (1 mm),
but equal to or greater than 0.03 in (0.8 mm), the texture will be accepted as substantial
compliance but the Contractor shall amend the texturing operation to achieve the required
0.04-in (1-mm) texture depth. If the texture does need meet specifications, the contractor is
directed to diamond grind the affected area and immediately adjust the on-going Astro-turf
drag operation.

F1.06 Measurement. The completed texture will be measured and accepted for payment
in accordance with the quantity of PCC pavement constructed and measured by the
Engineer.

F1.07 Payment. Payment shall be made in accordance with the contract unit price for
PCC pavement.

F-1
Figure F-1. Texture developed by heavy turf drag.

F-2
F2. TEXTURING PCC PAVEMENT WITH TRANSVERSE SKEWED VARIABLE TINING

F2.01 Description. Texturing of the plastic concrete shall be obtained by the use of an
artificial turf drag followed immediately by a mechanically operated metal comb transverse
tining device. The finished surface shall have transverse skewed tining with variable
spacing and a depth of _____ in (____mm) (typically 0.125 in [3.2-mm]). (Optional) In
addition, the completed texture shall have a mean texture depth (MTD) of between _____ and
_____in (_____ and _____ mm).

F2.02 Materials. The artificial turf shall be made of molded polyethylene with synthetic
turf blades approximately 0.85 in (21.6 mm) long and contain approximately 64,800
blades/yd2 (77,500 blades/m2). The artificial turf carpet shall be full pavement width and of
sufficient size that during the finishing operations, approximately 2 ft (0.6 m) of the carpet
parallel to the pavement centerline will be in contact with the pavement surface. The
burlap drag shall be at least 4 ft (1.2 m) wide and 2 ft (0.6 m) longer than the width of the
pavement under construction with approximately 2 ft (0.6 m) of its width in contact with
the pavement surface. The turf drag shall be operated in a longitudinal direction so as to
produce a uniform appearing finish meeting the approval of the Engineer. If necessary for
maintaining intimate contact with the pavement surface, the drag may be weighted using
lumber, rebar, or other suitable material.

F2.03 Equipment. The turf drag shall be suitably attached to an approved device that
will permit control of the time and rate of texturing.

The metal tining comb shall consist of a single line of tempered spring steel tines spaced
variably between _____ and _____in (_____ and _____mm) as shown in Table F-2, securely
mounted in a suitable head. The tines shall be flat and of a size and stiffness sufficient to
produce a groove of the specified dimensions in the plastic concrete without tearing of the
pavement edge or surface. The Contractor shall modify the equipment or operations if an
acceptable pavement edge or surface is not produced. The mechanically operated metal
comb shall be attached to an exclusive piece of equipment which is mechanically self-
propelled and capable of traversing the entire pavement width being placed in a single
pass. The drag may be attached to this piece of equipment provided a surface texture is
produced satisfactory to the Engineer.

Table F-2. Metal comb tine spacing (inches, center to center) (read from left to right).

1 in = 25.4 mm

F-3
F2.04 Construction. The tining device shall be operated so as to produce a variably
spaced pattern of grooves _____ in (_____mm) deep and 0.125 in (3.2 mm) wide across the
pavement. The tining device shall be operated at a _____ skew (typically 1:6) across the
pavement. The tining finish shall not be performed too early whereby the grooves may
close up, nor too late such that proper depth cannot be achieved. The tining grooves shall
be neat in appearance, parallel with each other, uniform in depth, and in accordance with
what is shown in the plans and these specifications.

No other operation will be permitted with this equipment. Separate passes will be required
for the dragging operation and the tining operation.

F2.05 Quality. The completed texture shall have an appearance similar to those shown in
figure F-2.

Random quality control (QC) checks of tine groove depths shall be made throughout the
paving process using a standard commercial tire tread depth gauge. The measurements
shall be taken at random locations in the fresh concrete behind the tining operation. In
taking the measurements, the base of the depth gauge must be pressed down to the true
level of the PCC surface, and the plunger must then be depressed until contact is made
with the groove bottom. Depth readings shall be made to the nearest 0.04 in (1 mm). If two
consecutive depth readings fall outside the specified limits, adjustments shall be made by
the contractor to bring the tining operation back into compliance.

Figure F-2. Transverse skewed variable tine.

F-4
Quality Assurance (QA) tests of the tining texture produced in each paving run shall be
conducted on hardened concrete at a minimum of five randomly selected locations. These
tests shall consist of any of the three methods described below:

• Groove depth measurements—At each selected location, a minimum of five

measurements shall be taken diagonally across the pavement surface using a
standard commercial tire tread depth gauge (surface mortar deposits shall be
removed, as necessary, prior to each measurement). The average depth of the five or
more measurements shall be computed. If the average depth at any one location is
outside the specified tining depth limits, two additional sets of measurements shall
be made in the vicinity to ascertain non-compliance and the type of non-compliance
(i.e., consistently too shallow or too deep). Any area that does not meet the specified
minimum tine depth shall be subject to corrective action. Any area that exceeds the
specified maximum tine depth shall be subject to a price adjustment or corrective
action.
• Sand patch texture depth measurements (ASTM E 965)—At each selected location, a
minimum of two sand patch tests shall be performed at diagonal points across the
pavement. The MTD from each test shall be determined and then averaged. If the
average MTD at any one location is outside the specified texture depth limits, two
additional tests shall be conducted in the vicinity to ascertain non-compliance and
the type of non-compliance (i.e., consistently too shallow or too deep). Any area that
does not meet the specified minimum MTD shall be subject to corrective action. Any
area that exceeds the specified maximum MTD shall be subject to a price
adjustment or corrective action.
• CT Meter texture depth measurements (ASTM E 2157)—At each selected location, a
minimum of three CT Meter tests shall be performed at diagonal points across the
pavement. The mean texture depth (MTD) from each test shall be determined and
then averaged. If the average MTD at any one location is outside the specified
texture depth limits, two additional tests shall be conducted in the vicinity to
ascertain non-compliance and the type of non-compliance (i.e., consistently too
shallow or too deep). Any area that does not meet the specified minimum MTD shall
be subject to corrective action. Any area that exceeds the specified maximum MTD
shall be subject to a price adjustment or corrective action.

F2.06 Measurement. The completed texture will be measured and accepted for payment
in accordance with the quantity of PCC pavement constructed and measured by the
Engineer.

F2.07 Payment. Payment shall be made in accordance with the contract unit price for
PCC pavement, with the exception of possible price adjustments made for areas exceeding
the specified maximum tine groove depth or MTD.

F-5
F3. TEXTURING PCC PAVEMENT WITH LONGITUDINAL TINING

F3.01 Description. Texturing of the plastic concrete shall be obtained by the use of an
artificial turf drag followed immediately by a mechanically operated metal comb
longitudinal tining device. The finished surface shall have longitudinal tining of _____-in
(_____-mm) (typically 0.75-in [19-mm]) uniform spacing and a depth of _____ in (____mm)
(typically 0.125 in [3.2-mm]). (Optional) In addition, the completed texture shall have a
mean texture depth (MTD) of between _____ and _____in (_____ and _____ mm).

F3.02 Materials. The artificial turf shall be made of molded polyethylene with synthetic
turf blades approximately 0.85 in (21.6-mm) long and contain approximately 64,800
blades/yd2 (77,500 blades/m2). The drag shall be suitably attached to an approved device
that will permit control of the time and rate of texturing. The artificial turf shall be full
pavement width and of sufficient size that during the finishing operations, approximately 2
ft (0.6 m) of the turf parallel to the pavement centerline will be in contact with the
pavement surface. The drag shall be operated in a longitudinal direction so as to produce a
uniform appearing finish meeting the approval of the Engineer. If necessary for
maintaining intimate contact with the pavement surface, the drag may be weighted using
lumber, rebar, or other suitable material.

F3.03 Equipment. The turf drag shall be suitably attached to an approved device that
will permit control of the time and rate of texturing.

The metal tining comb shall consist of a single line of tempered spring steel tines spaced at
_____ in (_____mm) centers (typically 0.75 in [19-mm]) and securely mounted in a suitable
head. The tines shall be flat and of a size and stiffness sufficient to produce a groove of the
specified dimensions in the plastic concrete without tearing of the pavement edge or
surface. The Contractor shall modify the equipment or operations if an acceptable
pavement edge or surface is not produced. The mechanically operated metal comb shall be
attached to an exclusive piece of equipment which is mechanically self-propelled.

F3.04 Construction. The tining device shall be operated to as to produce a relatively

uniform pattern of grooves parallel to the pavement centerline spaced at _____-in (_____-
mm) centers (typically 0.75 in [19 mm]), _____ in (____mm) deep (typically 0.125 in [3.2-
mm]), and 0.125 in (3.2 mm) wide. Longitudinal tining shall stop at the edge of travel
lanes. Tining devices shall be maintained clean and free from encrusted mortar and debris
to ensure uniform groove dimensions. The tining finish shall not be performed too early
whereby the grooves may close up, nor too late such that proper depth cannot be achieved.
The tining grooves shall be neat in appearance, parallel with the longitudinal joint, uniform
in depth and in accordance with what is shown in the plans and these specifications.

F3.05 Quality. The completed texture shall have an appearance similar to those shown in
figure F-3.

F-6
 Figure F-3. Longitudinal tining with uniform spacing.

Random quality control (QC) checks of tine groove depths shall be made throughout the
paving process using a standard commercial tire tread depth gauge. The measurements
shall be taken at random locations in the fresh concrete behind the tining operation. In
taking the measurements, the base of the depth gauge must be pressed down to the true
level of the PCC surface, and the plunger must then be depressed until contact is made
with the groove bottom. Depth readings shall be made to the nearest 0.04 in (1 mm). If two
consecutive depth readings fall outside the specified limits, adjustments shall be made by
the contractor to bring the tining operation back into compliance.

Quality Assurance (QA) tests of the tining texture produced in each paving run shall be
conducted on hardened concrete at a minimum of five randomly selected locations. These
tests shall consist of any of the three methods described below:

• Groove depth measurements—At each selected location, a minimum of five

measurements shall be taken diagonally across the pavement surface using a
standard commercial tire tread depth gauge (surface mortar deposits shall be
removed, as necessary, prior to each measurement). The average depth of the five or
more measurements shall be computed. If the average depth at any one location is
outside the specified tining depth limits, two additional sets of measurements shall
be made in the vicinity to ascertain non-compliance and the type of non-compliance
(i.e., consistently too shallow or too deep). Any area that does not meet the specified
minimum tine depth shall be subject to corrective action. Any area that exceeds the
specified maximum tine depth shall be subject to a price adjustment or corrective
action.

F-7
 • Sand patch texture depth measurements (ASTM E 965)—At each selected location, a
minimum of two sand patch tests shall be performed at diagonal points across the
pavement. The MTD from each test shall be determined and then averaged. If the
average MTD at any one location is outside the specified texture depth limits, two
additional tests shall be conducted in the vicinity to ascertain non-compliance and
the type of non-compliance (i.e., consistently too shallow or too deep). Any area that
does not meet the specified minimum MTD shall be subject to corrective action. Any
area that exceeds the specified maximum MTD shall be subject to a price
adjustment or corrective action.
• CT Meter texture depth measurements (ASTM E 2157)—At each selected location, a
minimum of three CT Meter tests shall be performed at diagonal points across the
pavement. The mean texture depth (MTD) from each test shall be determined and
then averaged. If the average MTD at any one location is outside the specified
texture depth limits, two additional tests shall be conducted in the vicinity to
ascertain non-compliance and the type of non-compliance (i.e., consistently too
shallow or too deep). Any area that does not meet the specified minimum MTD shall
be subject to corrective action. Any area that exceeds the specified maximum MTD
shall be subject to a price adjustment or corrective action.

F3.06 Measurement. The completed texture will be measured and accepted for payment
in accordance with the quantity of PCC pavement constructed and measured by the
Engineer.

F3.07 Payment. Payment shall be made in accordance with the contract unit price for
PCC pavement, with the exception of possible price adjustments made for areas exceeding
the specified maximum tine groove depth or MTD.

F-8
F4. TEXTURING PCC PAVEMENT WITH LONGITUDINAL DIAMOND GRINDING

F4.01 Description. Texturing shall be obtained by diamond grinding the hardened

concrete with a mechanical cutting device. The finished surface shall have longitudinal
grooves with a center-to-center spacing of ______in (_____mm) (typically between 0.230 and
0.250 in [5.8 and 6.4 mm]) and corresponding land-width spacing of _____in (_____mm)
(typically between 0.105 and 0.125 in [2.7 and 3.2 mm]). (Optional) In addition, the
completed texture shall have a mean texture depth (MTD) of between _____ and _____in
(_____ and _____ mm). If the diamond ground texture is to be applied to new concrete
pavement, no pre-texturing of the plastic concrete need be performed.

F4.02 Materials.

F4.03 Equipment. The equipment shall be power-driven, self-propelled machines

equipped with diamond blades specifically designed to grind and texture hardened concrete.
The grinder shall have a depth control device that will detect variations in the concrete
surface and adjust the cutting head height to maintain the depth of grind specified. The
grinding machine shall be equipped with devices to control alignment. The equipment
must be able to grind the surface of the pavement to the textures specified herein, without
causing excessive raveling of the joints, and without cracking or fracturing the aggregates.

F4.04 Construction. Grinding shall be performed in a longitudinal direction and shall

begin and end at lines normal to the pavement centerline in any section, unless otherwise
specified in the contract. The profile grinding operation shall proceed in a manner that
produces a uniform finished surface. The slurry resulting from the work shall be removed
in a continuous operation. The slurry shall not be permitted to flow into gutters or other
drainage facilities. Pavement must be immediately left in a washed clean condition, free of
all slipperiness from the slurry, etc. All debris and surplus material removed from the
grinding operations shall be deposited in a truck or other conveyance and removed from the
project. The slurry shall not be disposed of in the existing drains or on the slopes of the
roadway, but must be removed from the project and disposed of by the Contractor.

The grinding machine shall be operated so as to produce a relatively uniform pattern of

grooves parallel to the pavement centerline spaced on centers at ______in (_____mm)
(typically between 0.230 and 0.250 in [5.8 and 6.4 mm]). The Contractor shall be
responsible for determining the appropriate number of grooves per unit width to be used to
produce the specified surface requirements. The texture shall contain parallel longitudinal
corrugations that present a narrow ridge corduroy type appearance. The peaks of the
ridges shall be approximately 0.06 in (1.6 mm) higher than the bottom of the grooves. The
grooves shall be 0.125 in (3.2 mm) wide. The land width between the grooves shall be
______in (_____mm) (typically between 0.105 and 0.125 in [2.7 and 3.2 mm]). The selected
area of pavement specified to be ground, shall have not less than 95 percent of its area
actually ground. Any portion of the selected area not ground, shall be due only to
irregularities in the pavement surface and for no other reason.

F-9
F4.05 Quality. The completed texture shall have an appearance similar to those shown in
figure F-4. Joints and random cracks shall be visually inspected to ensure that spalling
does not occur as a result of the grinding operation. If spalling is observed, actions shall be
taken immediately to prevent further spalling.

Figure F-4. Longitudinal diamond ground surface texture.

Random quality control (QC) checks of the cut grooves shall be made throughout the
grinding process using a standard commercial tire tread depth gauge. The measurements
shall be taken at random locations behind the grinding operation. Depth readings shall be
made to the nearest 0.04 in (1 mm). If two consecutive depth readings fall outside the
specified limits, adjustments shall be made by the contractor to bring the grinding
operation back into compliance.

Quality Assurance (QA) tests of the diamond ground texture shall be conducted at a
minimum of five randomly selected locations. These tests shall consist of any of the three
methods described below:

• Groove depth measurements—At each selected location, a minimum of five

measurements shall be taken diagonally across the pavement surface using a
standard commercial tire tread depth gauge. The average depth of the five or more
measurements shall be computed. If the average depth at any one location is
outside the specified groove depth limits, two additional sets of measurements shall
be made in the vicinity to ascertain non-compliance and the type of non-compliance
(i.e., consistently too shallow or too deep). Any area that does not meet the specified

F-10
 minimum groove depth shall be subject to corrective action. Any area that exceeds
the specified maximum groove depth shall be subject to a price adjustment or
corrective action.
• Sand patch texture depth measurements (ASTM E 965)—At each selected location, a
minimum of three sand patch tests shall be performed at diagonal points across the
pavement. The MTD from each test shall be determined and then averaged. If the
average MTD at any one location is outside the specified texture depth limits, two
additional tests shall be conducted in the vicinity to ascertain non-compliance and
the type of non-compliance (i.e., consistently too shallow or too deep). Any area that
does not meet the specified minimum MTD shall be subject to corrective action. Any
area that exceeds the specified maximum MTD shall be subject to a price
adjustment or corrective action.
• CT Meter texture depth measurements (ASTM E 2157)—At each selected location, a
minimum of three CT Meter tests shall be performed at diagonal points across the
pavement. The mean texture depth (MTD) from each test shall be determined and
then averaged. If the average MTD at any one location is outside the specified
texture depth limits, two additional tests shall be conducted in the vicinity to
ascertain non-compliance and the type of non-compliance (i.e., consistently too
shallow or too deep). Any area that does not meet the specified minimum MTD shall
be subject to corrective action. Any area that exceeds the specified maximum MTD
shall be subject to a price adjustment or corrective action.

F4.06 Measurement. Diamond grinding of concrete pavement will be measured by the

square yard (square meter).

F4.07 Payment. Diamond grinding of concrete pavement will be paid for at the contract
unit price per square yard (square meter), with the exception of possible price adjustments
made for areas exceeding the specified maximum groove depth or MTD.

F-11
F5. TEXTURING PCC PAVEMENT WITH LONGITUDINAL GROOVING

F5.01 Description. Texturing shall be obtained by longitudinal grooving of the hardened

concrete using a mechanical cutting device. The finished surface shall have longitudinal
grooves at ______-in (_____-mm) (typically 0.75 in [19 mm]) spacing and a depth of ______in
(_____mm) (typically 0.25 in [6.4 mm]). (Optional) In addition, the completed texture shall
have a mean texture depth (MTD) of between _____ and _____in (_____ and _____ mm). If
the longitudinal groove texture is to be applied to new concrete pavement, burlap or turf
drag pre-texturing of the plastic concrete shall be performed.

F5.02 Materials.

F5.03 Equipment. The grooving equipment shall be power-driven, self-propelled

machines equipped with diamond blades specifically designed to groove and texture
hardened concrete. The machine shall have a depth control device that will detect
variations in the concrete surface and adjust the cutting head height to maintain the depth
of groove specified. The equipment must be able to groove the surface of the pavement to
the textures specified herein, without causing excessive raveling of the joints, and without
cracking or fracturing the aggregates.

F5.04 Construction. Grooving shall be performed in a longitudinal direction and shall

begin and end at lines normal to the pavement centerline, unless otherwise specified in the
contract. The slurry resulting from the work shall be removed in a continuous operation.
The slurry shall not be permitted to flow into gutters or other drainage facilities. Pavement
must be immediately left in a washed clean condition, free of all slipperiness from the
slurry, etc. All debris and surplus material removed from the grooving operations shall be
deposited in a truck or other conveyance and removed from the project. The slurry shall
not be disposed of in the existing drains or on the slopes of the roadway, but must be
removed from the project and disposed of by the Contractor.

The grooving machine shall be operated so as to produce a relatively uniform pattern of

grooves parallel to the pavement centerline spaced at approximately _____in (_____mm)
centers (typically 0.75-in [19-mm]), _____in (_____mm) deep (typically 0.25 in [6.4 mm]),
and _____in (_____mm) wide (typically 0.125 in [3.2 mm]). The selected area of pavement
specified to be grooved, shall have not less than 95 percent of its area actually grooved. Any
portion of the selected area not grooved, shall be due only to irregularities in the pavement
surface and for no other reason.

F5.05 Quality. The completed texture shall have an appearance similar to those shown in
figure F-5. Joints and random cracks shall be visually inspected to ensure that spalling
does not occur as a result of the grooving operation. If spalling is observed, actions shall be
taken immediately to prevent further spalling.

F-12
 Figure F-5. Longitudinally grooved surface texture with uniform spacing.

Random quality control (QC) checks of the cut grooves shall be made throughout the paving
process using a standard commercial tire tread depth gauge. The measurements shall be
taken at random locations behind the grooving operation. Depth readings shall be made to
the nearest 0.04 in (1 mm). If two consecutive depth readings fall outside the specified
limits, adjustments shall be made by the contractor to bring the grooving operation back
into compliance.

Quality Assurance (QA) tests of the grooved texture shall be conducted at a minimum of
five randomly selected locations. These tests shall consist of any of the three methods
described below:

• Groove depth measurements—At each selected location, a minimum of five

measurements shall be taken diagonally across the pavement surface using a
standard commercial tire tread depth gauge. The average depth of the five or more
measurements shall be computed. If the average depth at any one location is
outside the specified groove depth limits, two additional sets of measurements shall
be made in the vicinity to ascertain non-compliance and the type of non-compliance
(i.e., consistently too shallow or too deep). Any area that does not meet the specified
minimum groove depth shall be subject to corrective action. Any area that exceeds
the specified maximum groove depth shall be subject to a price adjustment or
corrective action.
• Sand patch texture depth measurements (ASTM E 965)—At each selected location, a
minimum of three sand patch tests shall be performed at diagonal points across the

F-13
 pavement. The MTD from each test shall be determined and then averaged. If the
average MTD at any one location is outside the specified texture depth limits, two
additional tests shall be conducted in the vicinity to ascertain non-compliance and
the type of non-compliance (i.e., consistently too shallow or too deep). Any area that
does not meet the specified minimum MTD shall be subject to corrective action. Any
area that exceeds the specified maximum MTD shall be subject to a price
adjustment or corrective action.
• CT Meter texture depth measurements (ASTM E 2157)—At each selected location, a
minimum of three CT Meter tests shall be performed at diagonal points across the
pavement. The mean texture depth (MTD) from each test shall be determined and
then averaged. If the average MTD at any one location is outside the specified
texture depth limits, two additional tests shall be conducted in the vicinity to
ascertain non-compliance and the type of non-compliance (i.e., consistently too
shallow or too deep). Any area that does not meet the specified minimum MTD shall
be subject to corrective action. Any area that exceeds the specified maximum MTD
shall be subject to a price adjustment or corrective action.

F5.06 Measurement. Diamond grooving of concrete pavement will be measured by the

square yard (square meter).

F5.07 Payment. Diamond grooving of concrete pavement will be paid for at the contract
unit price per square yard (square meter), with the exception of possible price adjustments
made for areas exceeding the specified maximum groove depth or MTD.

F-14