A.

Defect Found by Penetrant Method

A.1 Relevant Indication

1. Casting
A casting is produced by pouring molten metal into a mould cavity and allowing it to solidify.

1.1 Shrinkage Cracks

1.2 Hot Tears

1.3 Cold Shuts

1.4 Folds
 1.5 Inclusions

1.6 Microshrinkage Pores

1.7 Porosity

2. Forging
Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive
forces.
2.1 Inclusions

2.2 Laps
2.3 Forging Cracks

2.4 Pipe
 3. Welds
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or
thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining
techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

3.1 Center Bead Cracks

3.2 Cracks in HAZ
3.3 Crater Cracks
3.4 Porosity

1, crater crack in weld metal;

2,transverse crack in weld metal;
3, transverse crack in HAZ;
4, longitudinal crack in weld metal;
5, toe crack inbase metal;
6, underbead crack in base metal;
7, fusion-line crack;
8, root crack in weld metal;
9, hat cracks inweld metal
(a) Uniformly scattered porosity.
(b) Clusterporosity.
(c) Linear porosity.
(d) Elongated porosity
4. Others
4.1 Laminations

4.2 Grinding Cracks

4.3 Quench Cracks

4.4 Stress Corrosion Cracks

 4.5 Fatigue Cracks

A.2 Nonrelevant Indications

 Weld spatter
 Incomplete penetration
 Surface expulsion
 Scuff marks
 Press-fit interface
 Braze runoff

 Burrs
 B. Defect Found by Magnetic Method

B.1 Relevant Indication

1. Casting Forging and Weldments
1. seams,

2. laps,

3. quenching cracks

4. grinding cracks,
 5. surface ruptures

2. Inservice
Surface Fatigue Cracks

B.2 Non Relevant Indication

1. Particle Adherence Due to Excessive Magnetizing Force.
2. Mill Scale.
3. Configurations
4. Abrupt changes in magnetic properties,
5. Magnetized writing
6. Additional Sources