AP Chem Lab Final

AP Chemistry
Lab Final
Jenna Potter
6th hour
Purpose: To figure out which chemicals are in the 12
unknown vials given to each student by undergoing
multiple tests that identify substances.
Extra Chemical: AgNO3

27A= AgNO3
Description: Substance was clear and odorless. It precipitated with multiple

substances and turned black on a penny.
Test Performed Result of Test

Reacted with NaOH Brown ppt formed
Reacted with HCl White ppt formed
Reacted with NaCl White ppt formed
Reacted with CaCO3 Tan ppt formed
Net Ionic Equations:

● Ag+ (aq) + OH- (aq) AgOH (s)
● Ag+(aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)
● 2Ag+(aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → Ag2CO3 (s)
Reasons for Verification:

1. When combined with NaOH, a double replacement reaction occurred
and caused a dark brown precipitate(AgOH) to form, confirming the
presence of silver in substance A.
2. When combined with HCl, a double replacement reaction occurred
and caused a white precipitate to form (AgCl), confirming the
presence of silver in substance A.
3. When combined with CaCO3, a double replacement reaction
occurred and caused a tan precipitate to form (Ag2CO3), confirming
the presence of silver in substance A.
27B: Na2SO4
Description: A loose, but crystallized powder substance. Had more of a

powder texture than NaCl, but a less of a powder texture than NaHCO3.

Reacted with Pb(C2H3O2)2 White ppt formed
Reacted with BaCl2 White ppt formed

● SO4-2 (aq) + Pb+2 (aq)→ PbSO4 (s)
● SO4-2 (aq) + Ba+2 (aq) →
BaSO4 (s)
-2 +
● SO4 (aq) + 2Ag (aq) → Ag2SO4 (s)

1. When combined with Pb(C2H3O2)2, a double replacement reaction
occurred and caused a white precipitate to form (PbSO4), confirming
the presence of sulfate in substance B.
2. When combined with BaCl2, a double replacement reaction occurred
and caused a white precipitate to form (BaSO4), confirming the
presence of sulfate in substance B.
3. When combined with AgNO3, a double replacement reaction occurred
and caused a whitish-gray precipitate to form (Ag2SO4), though this
precipitate is very soluble in water, and therefore hard to spot , but
confirmed the presence of sulfate in substance B.
27C: HCl
Description: Substance had a slightly yellow tint and no smell. When the pH
was tested, it was very acidic (1). The swipe test had no significant impact
on results.

pH test 1
Reacted with CaCO3 Bubbles (gas) formed
Reacted with AgNO3 White ppt formed

● CO3-2(s) + 2H+ (aq) →H2O (g) + CO2(g)
● Cl- (aq) + Ag+ (aq) → AgCl (s)

1. A dark pink pH paper and distinct pH of 1 automatically confirmed the
presence of HCl.
2. When combined with CaCO3, a combustion reaction occurred,
indicating the presence of CO2, and confirming the presence of
hydrochloric acid in substance C.
3. When combined with AgNO3, a double replacement occurred and
caused a white precipitate to form (AgCl), confirming the presence of
hydrochloric acid in substance C.
27D: CaCO3
Description: A thick, powdery substance that has a pH of 8.

pH test 8
Reacted with HCl Bubbles (gas) formed
Reacted with AgNO3 Tan ppt formed
Reacted with CH3COOH Bubbles (gas) formed

● CO3-2(aq) + 2H+ (aq) → H2O (g) + CO2(g)
● 2Ag+ (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → Ag2CO3 (s)
● 2 CH3COOH (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → 2 CH3COO- (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

1. When HCl was added, a combustion reaction occurred and produced
carbon dioxide and water vapor, confirming the presence of
carbonate in substance D.
2. When AgNO3 was added, a double replacement reaction occurred
and caused a tan ppt (Ag2CO3) confirming the presence of carbonate
in substance D.
3. When CH3COOH was added, a combustion reaction occurred and
produced carbon dioxide and water vapor, confirming the presence of
carbonate in substance D.
27E: H2O
Description: A clear, odorless liquid with a pH of 6. A significant swipe test
length.

pH test 6-7
Swipe test Took same amount of time as
distilled water

1. When swiped on lab table with a q-tip, substance E took the a
lengthy amount of time compared to hexane as well as same amount
of time as distilled water.
2. When put into the test dish with hexane, the two looked immiscible
with a distinct layer of hexane on the substance because of the
difference in intermolecular forces (water has strong hydrogen bonds
and hexane has weak dispersion forces), confirming the presence of
water.
3. When testing the pH of the substance, both papers had the same
pattern of colors, including orange, light orange, and red orange,
confirming the presence of water.
27F: NaCl
Description: A crystal solid with medium sized crystals that did not stick to
the sides of the vile. No notable pH.

Combined with hexane Insoluble

● Cl- (aq) + Ag+ (aq) →AgCl (s)
● 2Cl- (aq)+ Pb+2 (aq)→ PbCl2 (s)

and caused a white precipitate to form (AgCl), confirming the
presence of chloride.
2. When added to hexane, the substance was insoluble because of the
difference in intermolecular forces (NaCl has a strong ionic bond
while hexane has weak dispersion forces).
3. When Pb(C2H3O2)2 was added, a double replacement reaction
occurred and caused a white precipitate to form (PbCl2), confirming
the presence of chloride.
27G: Pb(C2H3O2)2
Description: A white powder with granules. Had a vinegar-like smell. No
distinct pH.

Reacted with NaOH White ppt formed
Reacted with Na2SO4 White ppt formed
Reacted with NaCl White ppt formed
Reacted with NaHCO3 White ppt formed

● Pb+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Pb(OH)2
● Pb+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) → PbSO4
● Pb+2 (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → PbCl2

1. When NaOH was added, a double replacement reaction occurred
and caused a white precipitate to form (Pb(OH)2), confirming the
presence of lead in substance G.
2. When Na2SO4 was added, a double replacement reaction occurred
and caused a white precipitate to form (PbSO4), confirming the
presence of lead in substance G.
3. When NaCl was added, a double replacement reaction occurred and
caused a white precipitate to form (PbCl2), confirming the presence of
lead in substance G.
27H: NaHCO3
Description: A powdery substance that resembled baking soda. The pH
was 8.

pH test 8
Reacted with CH3COOH Bubbles (gas) formed

● HCO3-(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq) → H2O (g) + CO2(g) + C2H3O2-(aq)
● 2HCO3- (aq) + Ba+2 (aq) → BaHCO3 (s)
● 2HCO3- (aq) + Pb+2 (aq) → PbHCO3 (s)

1. When CH3COOH was added, a combustion reaction occurred and
caused bubbles to form which indicate gas, confirming the presence
of bicarbonate in substance H.
2. When BaCl2 was added, a double replacement reaction occurred
and caused a white precipitate to form (BaHCO3), confirming the
presence of bicarbonate in substance H.
3. When Pb(C2H3O2)2 was added, a double replacement reaction
occurred and caused a white precipitate to form (PbHCO3),
confirming the presence of bicarbonate in substance H.
27I: CH3COOH
Description: A clear liquid that smelled like vinegar. A notable pH of 2-3
proved it was an acid.

pH test 2-3
Reacted with NaHCO3 Bubbles (gas) formed
Reacted with CaCO3 Bubbles (gas) formed

● HCO3-(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq) → H2O (g) + CO2(g) + C2H3O2-(aq)

1. A distinct pH of 2 automatically confirmed the presence of acetic
acid.
2. There was a distinct vinegar smell present in solution I.
3. When NaHCO3 was added, a combustion reaction occurred and
caused bubbles to form which indicate gas, confirming the presence
of acetic acid in substance I.
27J: NaOH
Description: A clear liquid with no smell. A notable pH of 11 showed it was
basic.

pH test 11-12
Reaction with AgNO3 Brown ppt formed
Reaction with Pb(CH3COOH)2 White ppt formed

● Ag+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → AgOH (s)
● Pb+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Pb(OH)2 (s)

1. A distinct pH of 11 automatically confirmed the presence of NaOH.
and caused a brown precipitate to form (), confirming the presence of
NaOH in substance J.
3. When Pb(CH3COOH)2 was added, a double replacement reaction
occurred and caused a white precipitate to form (), confirming the
presence of NaOH in substance J.
27K: BaCl2
Description: A crystallized solid that had larger crystals and sparkled.

Reacted with Na2SO4 White ppt formed
Reacted with NaOH White ppt formed

● Ag+(aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)
● SO4-2 (aq) + Ba+2 (aq) →
BaSO4 (s)
● Ba+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Ba(OH)2 (s)

and cause a white precipitate to form (AgCl), confirming the presence
of chloride in substance K.
2. When Na2SO4 was added, a double replacement reaction occurred
and cause a white precipitate to form (BaSO4), confirming the
presence of barium in substance K.
3. When NaOH was added, a double replacement reaction occurred
and cause a white precipitate to form (Ba(OH)2), confirming the
presence of barium in substance K.
27L: C6H14
Description: A clear liquid with a strong odor and evaporates quickly.

Swipe test Evaporates very quickly
Added to water Immiscible

1. Substance has a distinct smell and a strong odor, confirming hexane.
2. When a swipe test was performed, the substance evaporated quickly
and even evaporated off of pH strip, confirming the presence of
hexane and low intermolecular forces.
3. When added to water, the substance was immiscible because of the
difference in intermolecular forces (water has a strong hydrogen
bonds while hexane has weak dispersion forces), indicating hexane
was present.

AP Chem Lab Final

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AP Chemistry

Extra Chemical: AgNO​3

Description: Substance was clear and odorless. It precipitated with multiple

Test Performed Result of Test

Reacted with HCl White ppt formed

Reacted with NaCl White ppt formed

Reacted with CaCO​3 Tan ppt formed

Net Ionic Equations:

Reasons for Verification:

Description: A loose, but crystallized powder substance. Had more of a

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Extra Chemical: AgNO3

Reacted with CaCO3 Tan ppt formed