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Experiment 1
Mahmoud Mohamed
ID - 128697
Abstract
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Table of Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
Discussion.................................................................................................................................................... 13
References .................................................................................................................................................. 15
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Introduction
Oxidation test is done on primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. During test an
Oxidizing agent is used which is the potassium dichromate with sulphuric acid. If the
oxidation occurs the orange color which contains dichromate ions is reduced to green
color containing chromium ions. In the case of primary alcohols it can be oxidized to
aldehydes or carboxylic acid. If the alcohol is oxidized to an aldehydes then its further
oxidized to carboxylic acid. In a secondary alcohol it can be oxidized to form ketones.
In a tertiary alcohol it can’t be oxidized by potassium dichromate so no reaction forms.
Tertiary alcohols doesn’t have free hydrogen atom so it can’t be oxidized. (Clark, 2003)
During the experiment Ethanol and methanol are primary alcohols and when adding
Oxidizing agent potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 changes their color from orange to green
Cr+6 to Cr+3 and when oxidized produces aldehydes and further oxidation with water
gives carboxylic acid while tertiary alcohol, Isoamyl alcohol aren’t oxidized because it
lacks a free hydrogen atom which is a necessity in the oxidation process.
Acidity Test acts as a detection function group where the alcohol reacts with sodium
Metal Na to give the alkoxides and evolving hydrogen gas. Carboxylic acids heated with
Alcohols with an acid catalyst produces ester and water where sulphuric acid is used as a
catalyst. The esterification reaction is slow and is reversible an example is making ethyl
ethanoate from ethanoic acid and ethanol
(clark, 2003)
Esters are characterized as organic compounds and works when an organic compound
changes the hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group in the organic acid. It is an reversible
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Ester functional group
During the experiment Ethanol + acetic acid gives us ethyl acetate (a fruity odor or green
apple) while methanol Methanol + salicylic acid produces methyl salicylate ( vix odor).
Iodoform test is done by using iodine and sodium hydroxide. The procedure is by
Adding iodine to the sample of alcohol with sodium hydroxide.
The sodium hydroxide acts to remove the color of iodine then the solution is warmed up
Till it produces the yellow color. If the pale yellow color appeared and precipitation
Occurs then it is a positive result for iodoform CHI3. (Clark, 2003) The test is done
On methanol and ethanol to differentiate between them. Ethanol will give the positive
Result while methanol gives the negative result. Its mechanism is
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Results
Alcohols
Unknown 1
Physical Characteristics:
Color: Colorless
Chemical reactions:
Reaction with sodium metal Hydrogen gas evolved and a It gives alkoxides with
poping sound is noticed
Evolving hydrogen
gas
Oxidation with K2Cr2O7 test Color changed from orange It is a primary alcohol
to green due to Cr+6 changes and are oxidized to
to Cr+3 aldehydes and then
forms carboxylic acid
Reaction with conc. H2SO4 Not applicable Not applicable
Esterification Produced a vix odor Methanol + salicylic
acid
Produces Methyl
salicylate
Borax Test Not applicable Not applicable
Iodoform test Color changed when adding Negative result and
iodine pellets and NaOH did not precipitated
Yellow color
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atom so it is oxidized to aldehydes and further oxidation gives carboxylic acid.
When doing the iodoform test we found that the alcohol solution did not precipitated
which indicated the alcohol was methanol . The iodoform reaction happens a pale yellow
precipitate which is a positive result for iodoform.
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Alcohols
Unknown 2
Physical Characteristics:
Appearance: liquid
Color: colorless
Chemical reactions:
Reaction with sodium metal Hydrogen gas evolved and a It gives alkoxides with
poping sound is noticed
Evolving hydrogen
gas
Oxidation with K2Cr2O7 test Color changed from orange It is a primary alcohol
to green due to Cr+6 changes and are oxidized to
to Cr+3 aldehydes and then
forms carboxylic acid
Reaction with conc. H2SO4 Not applicable Not applicable
Esterification Produced a fruity odor Ethanol + Ehtanoic
(green apple) acid produces ester +
water
Borax Test Not applicable Not applicable
Iodoform test Color changed when adding Positive result and it
iodine pellets and NaOH precipitated
Yellow color
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When doing the iodoform test the alcohol solution turned pale yellow and precipitated
which is a positive result. Ethanol is the only primary alcohol to give the iodoform
reaction.
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Alcohols
Unknown 3
Physical Characteristics:
Appearance: liquid
Color: colorless
Chemical reactions:
Reaction with sodium metal Hydrogen gas evolved It gives alkoxides with
and a poping sound is Evolving hydrogen gas
noticed
Oxidation with K2Cr2O7 test Color did not changed It is a tertiary alcohol
which has no free
hydrogen atom so it
isn’t oxidized
The first observation is the color did not change when oxidation occurs. It did not change
because it is a tertiary alcohol which doesn’t have a free hydrogen atom attach to it.The
second observation is the reaction with H2SO4 the color changed to reddish brown which
an indicator for Isoamyl alcohol.
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Alcohols
Unknown 4
Physical Characteristics:
Color: colorless
Chemical reactions:
Reaction with sodium metal Hydrogen gas evolved It gives alkoxides with
and a poping sound is Evolving hydrogen gas
noticed
Oxidation with K2Cr2O7 test Color changed from It can be oxidized
orange to green due to
Cr+6 changes to Cr+3
Reaction with conc. H2SO4 Not applicable Not applicable
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First observation it can be oxidized color changes from orange to green. The glycerol
alcohol has a high viscosity. The borax test led to the indentification of the alcohol when
adding borax with phenol phetalin the solution turns to pink color and when adding a
dilute glycerol vanishes the pink color.
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Discussion
1st Unknown
The first unknown was methanol. The first test was the solubility test and unknown sample was
miscible in water. The second test was the oxidation test the sample was oxidized to produce
aldehydes and carboxylic acid and the color changed from orange to green. It was known when
doing the iodoform test and the observation was that it did not precipitated and when doing the
esterification test it produced a vix odor.
2nd Unknown
The second unknown was ethanol. The sample was soluble in water. Ethanol is a primary
Alcohol so it did oxidized to aldehydes and then oxidized further to carboxylic acid. The
Iodoform test is done by adding iodine pellets to the alcohol and then adding sodium hydroxide
to remove the color of iodine. The solution did precipitated with pale yellow color which is a
positive result this shows that the alcohol sample is ethanol. The esterification test produced a
fruity odor.
3rd Unknown
The third known was isoamyl. During solubility test it did not dissolve in water. The oxidation
Test it did not oxidized which shows it is a tertiary alcohol and the color did not change stayed
Orange. When adding H2SO4 it reacts to give a reddish brown color which is an indicator for
Isoamyl alcohol.
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4th Unknown
The fourth unknown was glycerol. The solubility test results it did dissolve in water. It is
oxidized and the color changed form orange to green. The borax test showed that it is glycerol
when adding borax to the alcohol with phenol phetalin the color turns pink and then adding
dilute glycerol vanishes the pink color.
Questions
2- When using K2Cr2O7 as an oxidizing agent the orange color is reduced to green color.
Cr+6 to Cr+3 while KMnO4 changes form Mn+7 to Mn+2.
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References
Clark, J. (2003). Esterification.
Http:// http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/esterification.html
Http:// http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/oxidation.html
Http:// http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/iodoform.html
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