IL NUOV0 CIMENTO VOL. X X X I , N.

6 16 Marzo 1964

Approximate Relativistic Equations of Motion

for an Extended Charged Particle
in an Inhomogeneous External Electromagnetic Field.

P . ~NYBORG
Mathe~aties Department, Agricultural College o] Norway - Vollebekk

(ricevuto il 3 Agosto 1963)

Summary. - - Classical expressions for the external force and torque in

the mass-center frame including first-order terms in the electromagnetic
field are given. Electric and magnetic dipole momentum vectors are
introduced. A relativistic generalization of the classical procedure is
performed, using a projection tensor which separates out the t~proper
space part ~> of four-vectors and four-tensors. A covariant electromag-
netic moment tensor is introduced. In the ease of no electric moment
in the proper mass-center frame, the electromagnetic moment tensor
is substitued by a magnetic moment pseudoveetor. The equations of
motion then agree with equations set up by GOOD and by SOLOMON,
and in the case of homogeneous field they coincide with the equations
Of BARGMANN, ~[ICH:EL a n d TELEGD1.

Introduction.

T h e p r o b l e m of t h e p r e c e s s i o n of t h e p o l a r i z a t i o n of p a r t i c l e s m o v i n g in
a n e x t e r n a l e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c field h a s a c q u i r e d c o n s i d e r a b l e t h e o r e t i c a l a n d
e x p e r i m e n t a l i n t e r e s t in t h e l a s t few y e a r s . (See for i n s t a n c e r e v i e w a r t i c l e b y
FRADKLN a n d GOOD (1)).
BARGtV[ANN, MICHEL a n d TELEGDI (~) h a v e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e e x p e c t a t i o n

(1) ]). M. FRADKIN and R. H. GOOD jr.: Rev. Mod. Phys., 33, 343 (1961).
(2) V. BARGYIANN, L. ~¢[[CHEL and V. L. TELEGDI: Phys. Rev. Lett., 2, 435 (1959).

78 - I1 N u o v o Cimento.
1210 P. NYBOR(}

value of the polarization operator will follow the same time-dependence as one
would obtain f r o m a classical (nonquantum), relativistic equation of motion
for the spin (or magnetic moment). To solve the problem of spin precession
in the relativistic case, it should thus suffice to produce a consistent set of
covariant classical equations of motion.
]3ARGMANN et al. h a v e set up such equations in the case of homogeneous
external field, and FI~ADK~ and GOOD (1) have later derived identical equa-
tions for the expectation value of the POlarization operator for spin -1 par-
ticles, starting from the Dirae equation with the inclusion of a Pauli t e r m to
~ccount for the anomalous m~gnetic m o m e n t , and thus verified the ~ssumption
m~de b y BARG1VIANN et at.
The equations of BARGMANN et al. have been generMized to inhomogeneous
externM fields b y G o o d (3) and also b y SOLOMON (%
BARG~AN et al., GOOD and SOL0~0~ postulale their cow~riant equations of
motion and stgte t h a t their equations ,'educe to well-known nonrelativistic
forms in the rest f r a m e of the particle.
I n this paper, n o n q u a n t u m covariant expressions for external force and
torque will be deduced f r o m general principles b y a covariant method. As t h e
concepts of magnetic and electric dipole m o m e n t s in n o n q u a n t u m theory only
h a v e a meaning for extended particles, we will s t u d y such particles. The
covariant deduction is step b y step a relativistic generalization of a standard-
t y p e nonrelativistic t r e a t m e n t . Hence the detailed nonreb~tivistic deduction.
Our force and torque expressions are valid also in the ease of an electric
dipole m o m e n t in the rest frame, whereas earlier (2-4) no electric m o m e n t in
the rest f r a m e has been postulated.
I n the deduction of force and torque expressions, we are led to the defi-
nition of a new covariant elcctromaguetic m o m e n t tensor, which in the rest
f r a m e of the particle reduces exactly to the well-known nonrelativistic expres-
sions for m a g n e t i c and electric dipole m o m e n t s (respectively space-space and
space-time p a r t of the tensor).
I n the case of no electric m o m e n t in the rest frame, we are led to equa-
tions of motion which agree with the equations set up b y GooD and b y SO-
LOMON, and which in the ease of homogeneous field coincide with the equations
Of BARGMANiN, ~¢[ICHEL a n d TELEGDI
I n our deduction, ~ projection tensor which separates out the <(proper
space p a r t ~ of four-vectors and four-tensors, plays an essential p a r t . This
projection tensor is not defined in relation to our special problem, a n d seems
to be useful also in other fields of theoretical physics.

(a) ~R. H. GOOD jr.: Phys. Rev., 125, 2112 (1962).

(4) A. I. SOLOMON: NUOVO Cimento, 26, 1320 (1962).
 A P I ' I { O X 1M A T E R E L A T I V 1 ST1 C E Q U AT] ON S E T C . 1211

1. - Nonrelativistic t r e a t m e n t . Force and torque.

W e w a n t to s t u d y t h e force a n d t o r q u e on a, l o c a l i z e d (,harge "rod c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u l i o n in a s l o w l y - v a r y i n g e x t e r n a l e l e ( . t r o m a ~ n e t i e field. A s l o w l y -
v a r y i n t z field will 1)e d e f i n e d b y t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t t h e o r d e r of m a g n i t u d e of
all Sl)a,(,e a,n d l i m e d e r i v a t i v e s fulfil r e l a t i o n s of t h e t y p e

c~E~ 1 c~E~' 1
~x~ ~ -e ~t ~ [ E i '
(l) l>>a (i,j=1,2,3),
~cHi 1 ~H,. _1
- ~-H,:
c et

w h e r e a is t h e g r e a t e s t d i a m e t e r of t h e d i s t r i l m t i o n .
T h e e x t e r n a l fiehl will b e expa.nded in p o w e r series

E ( r , t) = E(ro + s, t) =
~ 0
[,i: ....
(2)
H ( r , t) = H(ro + s, t) = ~,
~l=o ....

ro will be t h e 1)osition v e c t o r of t h e o e n t e r of m a s s of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d we
will h a v e .~ < a. On ae(,ount of (1), we a,s s u m e tha.t we fret a. r e a s o n a b l e a p -
proxima, tion w i t h o n l y a few t e r m s in t h e ext)ansion (2). F o r vonvenien('e,
we will w r i t e t h e e x p a n s i o n (2) a,s

E ( r , t) Eo ! (s'Vo)Eo + ~(s'Vo)2Eo ÷ ... ,

(2')
H(r,t) Hot (r'~-o)Ho l- ~(s'~7o)2Ho-~ . . . .

W e will a,ssume theft o u r ehartze a n d (,urrent d i s t r i b u t i o n oa,n be t h o u g h t

of as a t e s t s y s t e m , t h a t is, we negle(,t t h e field l)rodu('ed b y t h e s y s t e m
itself.
W e a,s s u n w t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n to be ('(mtimlous w i t h i n a s m a l l v o l u m e , a n d
b y mea, ns of (2') we g e t t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n for t h e e x t e r n a l ele(.tromaffnetie
foroe V a,oting on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n :

(3) F = f {o[Eo + (S'Vo)Eo+ ~(s.V,,)2Eo+ ...] +

+ j×mo/+ (s v0)no + i(s v0) .0 + , v0,

d V o = d.%d.%d.%, 0 is tile c h a r g e d e n s i t y , j is t h e ( ' u r r e n t d e n s i t y .

1212 e . NYBORG

The integration will be carried out in the mass-center f r a m e (rest frame).

We will now assunle t h a t in (3) we m a y keep t e r m s only of zeroth and first
order in the expansion of E and H . This implies certain a s s u m p t i o n s regarding
the nature of the charge and current distribution. We assume Eo a n d Ho to
be of tile same order of m a g n i t u d e .
I:~OSENFELI) (5) has shown t h a t a n a t u r a l a s s u m p t i o n for atomic distribu-
tions is

(4) J = e~,
V a
(5) - ~ - .
c 1

The order of magnitude of a first order t e r m in H will then be given b y

(6)

whereas the m a g n i t u d e of ~ second-order t e r m in E will be given b y

Thus (4), (5) are not compatible with our assumption.

However, if (5) is s u b s t i t u t e d b y

(8) v

t h e n (4) and (8) will allow us to drop second-order t e r m s b o t h in H and E.

As the case (8) does not seem a d a p t a b l e to classical description, our s t a t e m e n t
t h a t second-order t e r m s in E will be neglected against first-order t e r m s in H
m a y seem questionable. However, in the relativistic t r e a t m e n t t h a t is to
follow, this difficulty will not appear. As we are p r i m a r i l y interested in the
relativistic case, we will leave it at t h a t .
W e will now return to the r e m a i n i n g t e r m s ill tile force expansion (3):

(9) t'~EodV0 = eEo,

(10) e ----re dVo,

(5) L. ROSENFELD: Theory o] Electrons (Amsterdam, 1951), p. 23.

 A P P R O X I M A T E RELATIVISTIC EQUATIONS ETC. 1213

(tl) fo(s.Vo)EodVo = (c'Vo)Eo,

(12) c zfos dVo,

(13) l ~jxHo dvo= l jxH,,

e is the total (net) charge, J is 1he total (net.) current, e is the electric dipole
moment.
We now postula.te tlu~t in the m~ss-center frame there is no net currenl,

f]dVo = 0

Thus in a.n ~rbitr~ry fr:~me, the current is due to the motion of the cha.rge e.
By integr~tion of

(!¢;) (C.j)s -- (C. s)j = C x (s x j),

where C is independent of s, it ('~m be shown t h a t

(17) (C.s)jdVo=~ (sxj)dI~xC-- ~livj(C.s)sdVo.

(The left-hand side of (17) cont:fins forms 's'~Tkwhich on the riffht-hnnd side
tm.ve been sep~rrated in ~, :mtisymmetric and a symmetric part.) Usinff
eq. (17), we fret

(18)
f'cJX(s'V,,)dVoHo= (s.V,,)jdl~,×Ho=

- -

1
l
2c ( s × j ) d t ~ , x V , , ×Ho l[divj(s'Vo)sdV~xHo=
2cJ
= Vo(tt.Ho).- ~ , f d i v j (s "Vo)s dVo ×H,,

where the magnetic m o m e n t ix is introdu(,ed by

(19) ~=~
,f (s×j)dE,.
1214 P. N YBORG

Thus, with our approximation, we can write (in the mass-center frame)

(20) F= eEo + (e'Vo)Eo + Vo(l~'Ho) -- ivj(s.Vo)sdVo ×Ho •

Using' the equation of continuity, we recognize t h a t the last term in (20) re-
presents ~n interaction with the time rate of change of the electric quadrupole
moment. ~Ve assume t h a t this term can be neglected. (This ~gain is an as-
sumption concerning the nature of the distribution.) Then the following terms
remain in the force expression:

(21) F = eEo + (e'Vo)Eo + Vo(~'H) .

Keeping only terms of zeroth order in tile expansion (2'), we get the fol-
lowing expression for tile torque N with respect to the center-of-mass:

We now have

(23) fs × ~EodVo = e × Eo,

(24) { f.×(j×no)dVo=¢f(S.no)jdVo--f(s.j)dVono.
By means of (16), we get

(25) ~f (S'Ho)jdVo = V~xHo -- ~I f d"lvj(s'Ho)sdVo,

"

whel'e~s

l[/div(s'j)dVotto--/s'~divjdVoHo]
(26)
lc f s~div j d VoHo .
I -
Thus~

(27) c1 ; s x(jxHo)dVo x.o + ivj(.x.0,x.d o

From (23), (27) we have

(2s)
 APPROXIMATF~ RE1,ATIVISTIC EQI',ATIONS ETC. 1215

T h e h~st t e r m in (28) again represents an inter;~ctdon with the time r~te of

ehan~'e of the ele(,tri(, qm~drul)ole moment; a.nd will be neglected. H e n c e

(29) N e ~< Eo 4 bL ~<Ho •

2. - T h e l i m i t i n g case of a point particle.

To obtain results different from the trivial

F=0, N=0 when a >0 (s<a)

(thai is, whell t,he v o l u m e tends to zero), we ha.re to m a k e cert~dn a s s u m p t i o n s .

~¥e ~ssume

(30) lira ;~o (lI~, = e.

!

The limitin~ value e should exist and be different f r o m zero. Equation (30)
will bold if

(31) lira ,2(s) c b(s) .

0l--~0

Hence

(32) lim e = l i m [l's~(s) d t ; - - 0 .

a~--o a-+o. !

Also the hig'her ele(.tri(, nlultipole m o m e n l s will equal zero. F o r the m ~ g n e t i e

IlloIneIl~ we h:l, V e

33)
1 F
lira ~ = lim |(J (s x v) d I.], .

If

(34) lim(s~v) exisls, #0,

a~O

We also ]HI,VP

(35) limit exisls, / O.

a ~0

Hi~'her-order m~rg'netie m o m e n t s will e q m d zero in the linfit a ~ 0. The :~s-

s u m p t i o n (34) would me;m t h a t v---~oo when a + 0. h i a, relativistic t h e o r y ,
we would R'et v - ~ c when a - ~ 0 (('f. eq. (8)).
1216 P. NYBOR(~

The electron m a y be described as a point particle possessing charge and

magnetic moment. We would expect a relativistic description to be necessary
for such a particle, and t h a t it should agree with

(36) F = eE + V([~.H),

(37) N = [z×H,
in the rest frame.

3. - N o n r e l a t i v i s t i e equations of m o t i o n (¢ : 0 ).

In our approximate t r e a t m e n t of the extended charged particle (i. e., the

localized charge and current distribution) we have introduced the vector quan-
tities ~ and p~. A set of equations of motion should, besides equations for the
mass-center motion, also include equations for e and ~.
F r o m classical mechanics we have

d
(38) -- mV-- F ,
dt
d
(39) -- S = N
dt

V it the mass-center velocity, S is the nle('hanic~fl a.lltzular m o m e n t u m (spin).

With the usual assumption

(40) y.= gS,

we get

d
(41) d~ ~ = gN.

To get a simple connection (similar to (40)) between tile electric dipole

m o m e n t and classical mechanical quantities, one might assume the charge-
density and tile mass-density to be proportional. However, this would only
lead to

(42) c = 0,

when tile electric dipole m o m e n t is defined with respect to the center-of-mass.

As we see no other possibility to establish a simple classical equation for ¢,
we write down equations of motion only for the special case (42). We then
 A P P R O X I M A T E RELATIVISTIC, EQUATIONS F,TC. 1217

htl,¥e

(43) d m V = eEo-I- Vo(l~'Ho),

dt

d
(44) ~ ~ = g~ × Ho.

I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t eq. (44) le~(ls to

(45) 1~'~= c o n s t a n t .

4. - Relativistic treatment. Force and torque.

T h e eh~H'ge a n d c u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n s h o u l d now be t h o u g h t of as a, fluid

l o c a l i z e d in a sp~welike l i m i t e d v o l u m e . As in t h e eh~ssiea,l ease, we w a n t t o
t:ive a n o v e n d l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e m o t i o n of t h e fluid. F o r eonvenien('e, we
eM1 t h e l i m i t e d fluid d i s t r i b u t i o n a. pa.rti(de (i.e., ~m e x t e n d e d p a r t i e l e ) .
t q a s s i e M l y , t h e (,harge m~d (,urrent d i s t r i b u t i o n w~s d e s c r i b e d b y m e , m s of
:~ t h r e e - v e ( , t o r s which w~ts 1he p o s i t i o n v e e t o r in a. m o m e n t ~ r y r e s t f r a m e wit.h
origin in t h e (,enter ot' mass. W e will now i n t r o d u c e a, relativisti(, g e n e r a li-
za,tion of t h i s eh~ssie~d d e s c r i p t i o n .
W i t h t h e parti(,le we a sso(,iate ~ kineti(' m o m e n t u m f o u r - v e c t o r t'~, w h i c h
we s u p p o s e to be t i m e l i k e . A f r a m e of r e f e r e n c e in w h i c h t h e s p a c e p ~ r | of t'~,
e q u a l s zero is ¢.alled ;~ m o m e n t m ' y r e s t f r a m e . W e will i n t r o d u c e a, p a r l i e u l a , r
(momenta, ry) rest f r a m e Z,, whi('h we will ('all t h e ( m o m e n t a r y ) p r o p e r m a s s -
(,enter f r a m e . ~1t'le origin in ~'o is pla.('ed a:t t h e p r o p e r ('enter of m a s s , lh~tt is~
a t t h e p o i n t whi(,h is t h e ('(q:ter of m~ss in l h e r e s t f r a m e . (We h a v e a s s u m e d
t h a t ~r prot)er c e n t e r of m a s s e~ll be defined for o u r e x t e n d e d p a r t i c l e also in
t h e presel~('e of exten!a,1 fields.)
T h e f o u r - v e h ) ( ' i t y 11~ of t h e prot)er (,(qiter of ma, ss is ('(mne(.ted w i t h P b y

(46) P,, "~ C (~ = 1, 2, 3, t),

m will be c a l l e d l h e i)roper m a s s of t h e parti(,le. For UP we also ha,re

(47) U l' = - - c ~.

If we define :~ four-ve(.tor s/~ b y

1
(48) .~, = o,,~x~ = x, 4- c~ U, ILx~
1218 e . NYBORG

(see Appendix I), we get

(49) { s~= X~= (s), } in ~o.

3a --- 0

Thus .~ describes a, spacelike distribution and should be the proper general-

iz~ttion of s.
The four-force _~ will be written in the form

L
(50) F, =ft. dsV0 .
The integration is over three-space and should be carried out in ±o. Both
)t and F . transform .~s four-vectors.
(If we introdu(.e F , b y

(51) F~=--~ If, t,6(x~Uo+b)d 4V,

where the integration is over "dl four-space, it is evident t h a t F , is a. four-
vector, when J~ is a four-vector. When the particle is momentarily at rest in
a frame Zo, we g'et in this frame (from (51))

(52) F,~.f1,~ (t- ;~) dtdSVo=f ;

b/c2 can be interpreted as tile time (measured in this particular Lorentz frame)
at which this frame is the m o m e n t a r y proper mass-center frame. F o r con-
venience, we will use the form (50) rather than (51.) t h r o u g h o u t the whole
article.)
As we want the proper mass m (introdu(.ed by (48)) to be a characteristic
constnnt for the extended particle, it is essential t h a t

(53) F u -- o .

(We will substnnfiate the condition (53) later on.)

(53) is satisfied when f, is proper spucelike. Ill accordant'e with this, ],
will be given by

(54)
(1 ) )
~ is tlle electromagnetic field tensor, j~, is the current-density four-vector.
 A I ' P I ¢ O X I M A T E R F L A T I V 1 S T I C EQUATI()N,~ ETC. 1219

From (A.9) (equations with the iwes('rit)l A arc found in Appendix) we h:~ve

(s5) /,v- o.

Be(.ause of (55), eq. (53) will be satisfied.

F r o m (54) we gel

(56) C #
ill ~0 •

/~- 0
We nolo that for a. point l)~rtiele, eqs. (50), (54) will give

(57) F,~ = ~ F t,.~ + e , e2, t;.

i n the (.h~ssi(,al lrea(ment, the extermd Iiel(ts E and H were exp~mdcd in

t)ower series (2).
lnslead of (2), we now use the ('ova rianl form

(5s)

It, is easily seen theft (58) reduces to (2) in X..

We h~ve

(59)

(60)
3

wh(q't ~

(61)

In |he folh)win~' we keep only the first two terms in the expa, nsion (58).
:ks E and H ~o together in F /~v this means that we keep terms of the s:~me
order in E a~nd g . This is necessary to render the approximation eowu'iant.
We now get

1 [~:,oj _4 1 ] I (xo]o)Do(O,,~F,,~)
-- o
1220 p. NYBORG

In (62) it is understood that ~/c"xo and D o act only on the extern'fl field tensor
and theft values at the proper eente.r of mass are inserted.
We now ~ssume t,h~t

(63) d~V° = c

(63) is the eovari,'mt formub~tion of (15).

We now get the following expression for the four-force ,~eting on the par-
ticle:

(64) F u = c F~°U~'-I-D°(()~'F~°)" eJ°d3V° = c =

e
= - .F~,oU, + Dq(O,,F,.o)#e, + ~1 Do(O#,F,,)(Keo + Koe).
e

See At)pendix I I , for the introduction of ttQ, a.nd for the tra.nsformation in (64).
The l~st term in (64) will equal in Z'o the difference between (20) and (21).
Thus, if we drop the b~st term in (64), we make exactly the sa.me a.pprox-
imation ~s in the nonrelativisti{~ c'~se. Hence, the correct reb~tivistic general-
ization of (21) will be

(65)
C

~ron (65) it is e~sily seen that

(66) in ~(,.
F4 = 0
/
F r o m what has been s~fid em'lier in this Section, the correct rela,tivistie
genemliz:~tion of the torque expression (22) is expected to be

(67)

I t is readily verified that

(68) I s~j~N~ = -- si~k NI~j = Ni I in £o

Nk4= N4k= N44=0 I
 API'ROXIMATF REI.'tT1VISTIC E~UATIONS ETC. 1221

where N~ is t~'iven by ('22). 5~,~ is proper Slmcelike , ~md it can be written

(69)

= o~o~ ~ f (xo ~ - x~ Fo~)j~ d 3 Vo •

As we keep only zeroth-order t e r m in /~,, this tensor c~m be t a k e n outside

the integral. We then h~ve

(70) ~v = O.o%(~Lo~-- ~L~),

where L ~ is given by (A.14). Using (A.24), we get

In Zo the lust line in (71) equuls the difference between (28) ~md (29). Hence
the correct relutivistic genera.liz~tion of (29) will be

F r o m (72) it is e~sily verified thut

N~z - (ffkH~--tt~H~) ~- (e'~Ez-- ~Ek)

(73) in Lo.
Nt~4 - - h~j~ = N44 = 0

5. - Relativistic equations of m o t i o n ( e = 0).

As in the classicul c~se, we will set up equutions of motion in |he (,~tse of

no electric m o m e n t i~, the rest fra,me. If we postula.te

(7~) M,,U,_ 0,

where M,~ is given b y (A.17), we m u s t h~ve

(75) f ~ T " • =0.

F r o m (75) we get

(76) j 'gxk d ~Vo = 0 in Zo

1222 e. ~'YsoRc~

or

(77) e ~ 0 .

(e is the electric m o m e n t with respect to tile p r o p e r ('c,nter of ma, ss, nleasured

in t h e rest franle (A.21).) I t also follows th:~t #,~ defined b y (A.20) musl be
p r o p e r spa(,elike :

(78) I r .

T h u s either (74) or (78) m a y be t a k e n as t h e (,ov~ri~mt condition for no eleetri(,

m o m e n t in the rest frame.
W e now poslnla.te

(79) =F.,

where the (tot denotes differentiation with resi)eet to the 1)roi)er time, tha.t is,
tl,e t i m e m e ~ s u r e d in ~o.
F r o m (53), (79) we h a v e

P~,P. 0 ,

(8o) P. P . -- ~,)nst.Ht,
m ~ constant.

F r o m (65), (79), (80) we h~ve

(81) .tgT. = ce F,.o G + n~(o..Y,,~)t,~o .

A~ /,/,uv llOW is l ) r O l . , r Sl)aeelike , w e halve

(82) Zoo D~ = #~ ~x~

a n d we get

e [~F~ 1 ~F,,~'~
= - cC o t ; + + /-~QO °
: axe!

Using Maxwell's equMions for the e x t e r n a l field, we get

(84) ~x~ ~ -2 ~x,, ~+°"

 APPR()XIMATI,: RELATIVISTIC EQUATIONS ETC. 1223

(83), (84) give

1
(85) ,,' F

The equations of motion for the prot)er center of mass e~m not be solved
without ~t the sa,me time solving the equ:~tions of motion for tt . This equa-
lion will now be set u]). V~Te postulate

(86) #z~-- g N ,

which reduces to
d
(87) ~ ~ = gN in Eo

in a(,(,ord~mce with the classical eq. (41).

As t t now is i)roper st)a,(,elike, ( 7 2 ) a n d (86) give

From (88) we get

(89) t~.~ P.~ = 2g(t%~.~) G = o .

We then h~ve

(9o)
In Zo, (90) re(tuees to

(91) ~2 ('on sta, ll t

in a,e(,orda,nce with (45).

6. - Pseudovector description (e = 0).

When the ~mtisymnmtri(. tensor # ~ is proper spaeelike, it is mathenlaticully

equiwflent to tile i)seudove(.tor

(92) t, : -1 ,
c/~'' U,.

* o
#.v ~s tlle tensor dual to #.~, that is,

i
(93) *
1224 P, NYBORG

In ~u!eordance with (92) ~nd (93) we have

i
(94) /tt~ - - e ~ o t~ ~ ,
C

where sz,oq is the Levi-Civita symbol.

F r o m (92) it follows that

(95) { tk = ttk ] in 2,"o •

t~ = 0

Thus t is proper spacelike and reduces to (~, 0) in Zo. (78), (92) imply

(96) t u = o.

(90), (92) imply

(97) t u t~ = c o n s t a n t .

t, will now be introduced in the equations of motion inste:~d of tt~.... F r o m (85)

and (94) we get

e 1 O~,F*fl~ U~ =
(98)

e ~,,~u~ + i t,u ~ 5 + ~ t~ v~ u. u~ ~ ( ~ .
= -c -e O ix

F r o m (92), (88), (98) we get

(99) i, 1 , • +
(~.,u~ . . u , , ) = - -] ( ~ v . u ~ ' ~ t ~ + ~ ~*
~,;uot~to CJ~°~]
= - ~.~ mc ~ ~ ] +

+g F , q t e + ~1 U~ U, g o .t o ----gLoto÷
. -~ g - - m c ~ UoF~oto+
. m c-~ U,, 5 e t . t ~ - ~ x a .

Thus the motion of a charged purticle possessing m:tgnetie inoment (but no

electric m o m e n t in the proper mass-center frame) m:~y be described by eqs. (98)
and (99).
These equations are identical to the equations of motion set up by
GOOD (s) when we neglect Good's quadrupole terms.
In tile speebd e~se of homogeneous extermfl field, our equations reduce
to the eqmttions of BARGNANN et al. (2). The equations of motion are solved
in some simple cuses of practical interest b y BARGiKANN et al. (~).
 APPROXIMATE RELATIVISTIC EQUATIONS ETC. 1225

If we put

(100) g--
mc

eq. (99) redu(,es to

(101)

(98), (101) are identi('al to equali(ms of motion set up by SOLOMON (4).

l would like to express my that~ks to l)r. M. KOLSRVD for stimulating dis-

eussions. I also whish ot t h a n k |'(w hosi)ilality at the I n s t i t u t e for TheoreticM
Physi(.s, University (ff Osht.

APPE_N I)[X I

B y means of the proje(.tion tensor

it is possible to separate out what we will call the (( proper space part ~> of a
four-vector or a four-tensor associated with a particle (°). 0~, has the following
properties which can be easily verified:
(A.2) Ou,. = ( ) ~ ,

(A.3) 0,~0o, = 0,~ ,

(A.4) 0~,~ ()m, = 0~1-' -- 3 ,
(A.5) 0,~ U, = 0 .

The p r o p e r space part R, of the four-vector A~ is defined b y

(A.6) R~ = O , ~ A , .

F r o m (A.1) it follows that.

1
(A.7) R, = A, + c% ~ ~ A ~ ,

[ R~ = Ak~
(A.8) ~ R4 0 ] in Z0.

(6) T. TAKABAYASI: Prcg. Theor. P h y s . , 23, 915 (1960).

79 - II Nuovo Cimento.
1226 P. NYBORG

AS R4 = 0 in .Xo, we will cM1 R~ ~ proper spueelike vector. F r o m (A.5),

(A.6) we get
(A.9) R, U, = 0 .

The proper space purt R~ of ~ four-tensor A,~ is defined by

(A.IO) R.~ = Ot, ~ O ~ A o o .

Hence,

{A.11) 1 1 1 U~U~ UQ G A ~

We note t h a t

(A.12) / = o/ in Z,,.

(A.5) a,nd (A.10) ~ive

(A.13) G,G=R,,G= o.

APP E l'qDI X I I

In eq. (64) we met with the tensor

(A.14) L~,

The proper space part of L~, is

(A.15) Ks, = O~,QO,QL.e

and thus

(A.16) in Z o .
Kk4 ----K4k = K44---- 0

[~ introduced b y (19) can be identified with the a n t i s y m m e t r i c part of Kkz

in 27o. ttowever, to introduce also the electric dipole m o m e n t in our relati-
vistic description, we start from the tensor

(A.17)
 APPROXIMATI£ REI.ATIVISTIC EQUATIONS ETC. 1227

M~,,, can be w r i t t e n

(A.18) M., = 1
x~,], + ~2 Uz ~.~xo.i, + 1 Ut' ~rjox, + ~ U~, (;U o U. xoi,, daVo=

From the definition of M~. we get

/
(A.19) in ~o.
Mk~ -- -- M,~ i ] O.c~.d ~~,~.

M44= 0
H e n c e , in ~,, ~ can be identified w i t h the space-space pa.rt a n d e can be
identified with the space-time p a r t of the a n t i s y m m e t r i c tensor

(A.20)
We m~y write

/za 0 #1 is,,
(A.21) (#~'~) = #, .... ¢h 0 lea in Zo •

ie 1 - - ie 2 --ie 3 0 //

W e m i g h t also i n t r o d u c e generMized dipole m o m e n t t h r e e - v e c t o r s m and p b y

(A.22)
(0 ma
m~
0
-- ml
2 o.'I
ml
0
ip2
ipa I
= (~u~,,).

*p~ ip~ -- ipa

We would then have

(A.23) [ im=tt
n 2=e: ° ' p}

The t e n s o r / ~ we will call the c o v u r i a n t e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c m o m e n t . E a r l i e r

a t t e m p t s (7-,) to define a t e n s o r w i t h the properties of /*~v h a v e n o t b e e n
e n t i r e l y successful.

(7) W . DXLLENBACR: AItn. Phys., 58, 523 (1919).

(s) W. PAULI: Theory o] Relativity ( L o n d o n , 1958), p. 104.
(9) A. N. K~VF~AN: A n n . Phys., 18, 264 (1962).
1228 e. N YBORG

B y m e a n s of (A.5), we get

(A.24)

Besides t h e t h r e e - v e c t o r pt d e s c r i b i n g t h e m a g n e t i c m o m e n t i n t h e rest
f r a m e , t w o o t h e r t h r e e - v e c t o r s m i g h t be u s e d i n t h e d e s c r i p t i o n w h e n e = 0:
m g i v e n b y (A.22) a n d t w h i c h is t h e space p a r t of t, g i v e n b y (97). As all
t h e s e v e c t o r s h a v e b e e n used i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e , we will stress t h e fact t h a t
t h e y coincide o n l y i n t h e rest f r a m e .
F r o m t h e L o r e n t z t r a n s f o r m a t i o n rules, we get

1 72
(A.25) m = 71x c 2 1 + y (v "t~)v ,

I 7=
(A.26) t = [~ -t. . . . . (v . t t ) v .
czl÷y

I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h (92) we also h a v e

1 l
(A.27) t= 7- m + ~i 7 ( v ' m ) v .

F r o m (A.26) it c a n be s h o w n t h a t

(A.28) v.t = y(v.~).

Hence

1 7
(A.29) ~ = t (v • t) v.
C27~- 1

RIASSUNT() (*)

Si dgnno le espressioni classiehe della forza esterna e delia torsione nel sistema del
centro di massa compresi i termini del primo ordine del camp() elettromagnetico. Si
introducono i vettori del momento dei dipoli elettrico e magnetico. Si effettua una
generalizzuzione relativistica 4e!la procedura classica, usando u n tensore proiettivo
ehe separa la (, parte di spazio proprio ~ dei quadrivetto,'i e dei quadritensori. Si intro-
duce un tensore del momento el:~t~romagnetico eovariante. Nel caso che non ci sin
momento elettrico nel sistema del centro di massa proprio, il tensore del momento
elettromagnetico g sostituito da ui;,, pseudovettore del momento mag~mtico. Le equa-
zioni del moto allora concordano con le equazioni stabilite da GOOD e da SOLOMON,
e uel caso di un campo omogeneo coineidono con le equazioni di BARGMANN, MICHEL
e TELEGDI.

(') ?'raduzione a c u r a della R e d a z i o n e .