CONTENTS

1. Production of Crops
2. Microorganisms
3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
4. Metals and Non-metals
5. Combustion and Fuel
6. Cell Structure and Function
7. Reproduction
8. The Age of Adolescence
9. Force and Pressure
10. Friction
11. Sound
12. Chemical Effects of Current
13. Some Natural Phenomena
14. Light
 1. Production of Crops

II. Short answer questions.

1. Define the following:

a. Ploughing : Ploughing /tilling is the first agricultural practice which involves loosening
of soil which is done by using wooden or iron ploughs that are pulled by animals.
Now a days tractors are used to make the process faster and cheaper.

b Harvesting : Cutting the matured crop in the fields is called harvesting, done manually
by sickle or by harvester.

c. Threshing : Separating the grains from the chaff is called Threshing.

It is done manually , done by allowing animals like oxen or buffaloes walking over
the harvested crop or by using a machine called Thresher.

d. Irrigation: The process by which adequate amount of water is supplied to the crops
is called irrigation, which is done using tube wells, wells, rivers, canals or naturally
through rains.

Q2 What are the two methods of modern irrigation? Explain.

A. Irrigation is the process by which adequate amount of water is supplied to the crops.
The two modern irrigation methods are –
a) Sprinkler system-In this method water is distributed through long tubes that are
attached to a number of sprinklers on the tubes. Using sprinklers water is sprayed in the
fields just like rainfall. This method is very useful to irrigate crops growing on uneven
land.
b) Drip irrigation : In this method water is allowed to fall drop by drop to the soil near the
roots of the crops. This method is efficiently used in areas where water is scarce so as to
prevent wastage of water.

Q3. What do you understand by the term ‘Hybridisation’?

A. Hybridization is a process which involves cross breeding of different varieties of
high quality plants to obtain seeds which contain the desirable qualities of both
the parent plants. The hybrid seeds provide better yield and are disease resistant.
Q4. How are seeds stored after harvesting?
A. Proper storage of harvested crop is important to prevent damage from moisture

and pests.

 Seeds are often dried in the sun and then stored in gunny bags or metal bins for small
scale storage.
 For large scale storage of grains, Granaries or Silos are used.
 In addition, the stored grains are sprayed with pesticides regularly to keep them safe
from attack by pests and disease causing microbes.

Q5. Define nitrogen cycle.

A. The process of Nitrogen being used by the plants and animals and then returning it
to the atmosphere is called Nitrogen Cycle.

Q6. What are Cash crops? Give examples.

A. Crops that are grown for commercial purposes are called Cash crops.
Eg. jute, cotton

Q7. What is the difference between Denitrification and Nitrification?

Ans. Nitrification :
It is the process of conversion of Ammonia to nitrites and then to nitrates.
This is an intermediate step of Nitrogen cycle in which Nitrogen is converted
into another usable form (ie nitrates) by bacteria,
Eg: Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter
Denitrification :
It is the process of reducing the nitrates back into free atmospheric Nitrogen.
Eg. of denitrifying bacteria : Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus

Q8. Define animal husbandry.

A. The practice of rearing and breeding of animals on a large scale is called
Animal Husbandry.

III. Long answer questions.

Q1. State the differences between Mixed cultivation and Crop rotation? Give examples.
 Mixed cultivation
 Mixed cropping is growing two or
more crops simultaneously on the
same piece of land.
Eg:wheat+gram or wheat + mustard
 It can be done as relay cropping in
which second crop is planted even
before the first crop is harvested or
 As double cropping where one crop
is started at the end of the growing
season of the previous crop
 This practice helps in maintaining
nutrient levels in the soil
Crop rotation
 Crop rotation is growing of
different crops on a piece of land in
a pre-planned succession.
 Depending upon the duration, crop
rotation is done for different crop
combinations.
 The availability of moisture and
irrigation facilities decide the
choice of the crop to be cultivated
after one harvest.
 This method is also followed to
avoid exhaustion of the soil of a
particular nutrient and to control
weeds, pests and diseases

Q2. Explain nitrogen cycle with a well labelled diagram.

A. Nitrogen is an important element required by all organisms which helps

in synthesizing proteins required for their growth. (diagram pg12- fig 1.21)
 Plants cannot utilize Nitrogen present in the atmosphere directly. Therefore,
this Nitrogen needs to be converted to products that can be used by the plants and
in turn pass it to animals.
 The process of Nitrogen being used by the plants and animals and then returning
it back to the atmosphere is called Nitrogen Cycle which mainly involves five steps.
1. Nitrogen fixation: This can be done in two ways –
 Biological Nitrogen Fixation : It is the process in which atmospheric Nitrogen
is converted to usable Nitrogen compounds called nitrates by bacteria such
as Rhizobium which are present in the root nodules of the leguminous plants such
as peas and beans.
 Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation : It is the process in which atmospheric Nitrogen
is converted into usable Nitrogen compounds for plants during lightning.
 Due to increase in temperature , O2 and N2 react to form oxides of nitrogen which
in turn combine with rainwater and form nitric acid. When nitric acid comes
in contact with soil alkalis they form nitrates.
2. Nitogen Assimilation : Plants absorb these inorganic nitrates from the soil
and convert them into organic compounds like proteins which are used by the plants
and the process is called Nitrogen Assimilation.
3. Ammonification: When plants and animals die, due to microbial action the organic
Nitrogen present in their bodies in the form of proteins gets converted into Ammonia
and Ammonium compounds and is called Ammonification.
4. Nitrification: Some of the ammonium compounds are absorbed by the plants and get
converted into nitrates by the nitrogen fixing bacteria and is called Nitrification.
Eg: Nitrosomonas , Nitrobacter
5. Denitrification : This process takes place anaerobically(in the absence of O2) during
which unused nitrates get converted to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria.
Eg:Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus

Q3. Explain Rabi and Kharif crops with examples.

A. Rabi crops: The crops that are grown in the winter season during the months
of October-December and are harvested during March-April.
Eg. wheat, mustard, gram, barley.
Kharif crops: These are the crops that are grown during summer season from June-
July and are harvested during September-October. These crops need more water
to grow, hence they are grown in monsoon and are called as monsoon crops also.
Eg: paddy, groundnut

Q4. What are the advantages of ploughing the soil before sowing seeds in it?
A. Ploughing the soil has following advantages—

 Loosened and well aerated soil, provides air to the roots of the plants to grow.
 Loose soil helps the roots to penetrate deep in the soil
 It allows the growth of earthworms and other useful microorganisms in the soil
 Loosening and turning of soil provides fresh soil which is rich in nutrients to
the plants.
 It also enables the soil to mix uniformly with the fertilizers.

Q5. How can we improve the production of crops?

A Crop production can be improved in the following ways—

 Use of good variety of seeds, hybridized seeds

 Better irrigation facilities
 Use of modern agricultural implements
 Providing the right amount of manures and fertilizers to the crops
Q6. Farmers these days use a mixture of manures and fertilizers. What do you think is

the reason behind it? Explain.

A. Farmers these days use a combination of manures and fertilizers as depending entirely
on fertilizers might increase crop yield (as they are nutrient specific) but may
cause health hazards and in the long run the soil becomes acidic and unsuitable
for crops.
Hence to substantiate the use of fertilizers, manures are used which are organic and
have no health risks nor they harm the soil.

Q7. Why are pea plants sown after a crop of wheat is harvested?
A. Pea plant is a legume crop is sown between two successive cereal crops such as wheat.
Legume plants harbor rhizobium bacteria in their root nodules. These bacteria
help the plants in Nitrogen fixation in soil. Thus, growing a legume crop helps
in replenishment of nutrients in the soil.
Q 8. Give reasons.
a. Some crops are harvested in summers and others in winters.

 Kharif crops are grown during rainy season as they need more water and are
completely matured by summer season during which they are harvested.
Eg. paddy,groundnut
 Rabi crops are those which require less water, hence they are grown in winter season
and are harvested in March-April.
Eg: wheat
b. Manures are added to the soil.
Manures are added to the soil to make it rich in organic nutrients, increase
water holding capacity of the soil, no risk of making the soil toxic.
i.e it is ecofriendly.

c. The soil is tilled before sowing seeds.

The soil is tilled before sowing seeds to make it well aerated which provides air to the
roots of the plants to grow, helps roots to penetrate deep in the soil, aids the growth of
earthworms and enables the soil to mix uniformly.
d. Drip irrigation is more economical than sprinkler irrigation.

In drip irrigation, water is allowed to drip directly near the roots of the crops which
prevents wastage of water, hence economical compared to sprinkler in which water is
sprinkled all over the field.

e. Growing leguminous crops is very good for soil.

 Leguminous plants have symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria in their root nodules.
 These bacteria have the ability to fix Nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert
it into its usable form which is essential for synthesizing proteins.
 Legumes help to keep usable Nitrogen in the soil, even after they are harvested.
 This process reduces the need of Nitrogen-rich fertilizers, and helps sustain
usable
nitrogen concentrations in soils for future crops. Therefore, legumes are good
for soil.

Q9. Distinguish between manures and fertilizers.

A. Text book Table from pg7

Q10. Write the equations involved in nitrogen fixation.

A. N2 + O2 - 2 NO

2 NO + O2 -- 2NO2

4 NO2 + 2H2O + O2 - 4 HNO3

CaCO3 + 2 HNO3 - Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

HOTS

A. Slash and burn is a method of farming that is adopted by farmers. Find out where
these methods are used. Explain the method.

A. Slash and burn farming is a form of shifting agriculture where the natural vegetation
is cut down and burned as a method of clearing the land for cultivation, and then
when the plot becomes infertile, the farmer moves to a new fresh plot and does the
 same again. This process is repeated over and over.
The resulting layer of ash provides the newly-cleared land with a nutrient-rich layer
to help in the growth of the crops.

B. Mantra wants to grow some vegetables in her garden. Which kind of manure will
you suggest her to use – chemical fertilizer or farm manure, or both.

A. Mantra needs to go for farm manure as she is growing vegetables on a small scale
but occasionally she has to add NPK fertilizer to maintain the balance of all the
nutrients for better yield.

Pg3
Q Why is paddy not grown in the winter season?
A. Paddy is a kharif crop which is sown in rainy season. It requires lots of water for
its growth. During winter large amount of water is not available. Hence due to
unavailability of sufficient water and unfavourable climatic conditions (temperature,
humidity) paddy should not be grown in the winter season.

Pg 5
Q Why is ‘depth’ an important criteria while sowing seeds?

A. Seeds come in a variety of sizes and each size needs to be planted at different depth
for maximum germination.
Shallow planting can cause the plant's main root system to form right at the soil
surface and shallow roots do a poor job of taking up water and nutrients
and anchoring the plant.Hence depth is an important criteria while sowing seeds.

Pg 8
Q Which method of irrigation must be used in the areas which are prone to drought?
A. Drip irrigation system

Pg10
Buffer stock of crops is also maintained while storing crops. What do
you understand by buffer stock? Why do you think it is maintained?

A. While fixing procurement targets, need for renewing and building buffer stocks is kept

in mind. Buffer stocks are surplus stocks of food materials, which are stored in
 Go downs. Buffer stocks serve the following purposes:

i. These stocks help in uniform distribution of food materials in different parts of

the country.

ii. These stocks can be used to satisfy the food requirements in the event of all

in production due to adverse climatic conditions such as floods and droughts or due

to plant diseases.

iii. These stocks help in maintaining fairly constant prices.

iv. These stocks make it convenient to send food supplies to distinct areas without undue

delay.
 2. Microorganisms

II.Short answer questions.

Q1. What do you understand by microorganisms? Name the different kinds of

Microorganisms.
A. The organisms that are too tiny to be seen even with a naked eye and can only be seen
using an instrument called microscope are called Microbes or Microorganisms.
The different types of microorganisms are Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Algae and
Protozoa.

Q2 What are vaccines? How do they help in the prevention of the disease?

A. Vaccines are weakened or dead germs which are referred to as Antigen.

 Vaccines are introduced into the body through injections or in the form of oral
drops.
 Our body produces Antibodies in response to the injected Antigens.
 These Antibodies then remain in the body, to fight the Antigen and protect the
body from any future infections and the body becomes immune to that particular
disease for which the vaccine is given.

Q3 What is the difference between an Antigen and an Antibody?

 Any disease causing microbe or agent that enters our body is referred to as
Antigen.
 The substances (proteins) that our body produces to help fight off the Antigens
are referred to as Antibodies.

Q4 How are viruses different from the other microorganisms?

A. Viruses are different from other microbes in the following ways—
 Viruses do not possess a cellular structure like other living organisms.
 They remain in inactive state when outside the host body, which means they are
not capable of growing, moving or reproducing.
 They become active as soon as they enter a living organism.
Q5 What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
A. The diseases that can spread from one person to another are called communicable
diseases.
Eg: Cholera, Chickenpox
Q6 In how many shapes do bacteria exist? Name them.
A. Bacteria can be classified into four types based on their shapes—

a) Bacilli-rod shaped b) Cocci-(spherical) c) Spirilla-(spiral) d) Vibrio-(comma)

Q7 List any five uses of microorganisms.

A. Five uses or microorganisms are ---

 Microbes like Bacteria and Fungi are used to make Antibiotics that are used to
cure many microbial diseases. Eg: Penicillin and Streptomycin are the Antibiotics
prepared from bacteria.
 Vaccines are prepared from dead or weakened germs such as Polio vaccine.
 Bacteria like Rhizobium and Blue green algae help in fixing atmospheric
Nitrogen and convert them to usable Nitrogen compounds in Leguminous
plants.
 Microbes like Bacteria, Fungi and Protozoa help in decomposing the organic
waste into manure.
 Many bacteria are used in Tanning and Leather Industry.

Q8 Define Pasteurization. Where is it used?

A. Heating the food items such as milk to high temperatures (70 0 C to 100 0 C) for 15 to
30 minutes followed by immediate chilling to kill microbes is called Pasteurization.
This technique is used to make it safe to consume and to increase the shelf life of milk

Q9 “Viruses are considered to be on the borderline of living and non living”. Justify.

A. Viruses are capable, of multiplying rapidly using the cellular machinery of the host
Cells (other living organisms) in which they grow.
A virus is like a non-living thing outside the body of the organisms, therefore they are
considered to be on the borderline of living and non-living.

Q10 Name any two diseases caused by microbes and their mode of transmission in
plants, animals and humans each.
 Organism Microbe Disease Mode of
transmission
Plants 1.Bacterium 1.Citrus canker 1. Air
2.Virus 2. Tobacco mosaic 2. Insects
Animals 1. Bacterium 1. 1.Anthrax 4. 1.contact with
infected animals
2. Virus 2. 2.Foot and mouth
5. 2. Contaminated
disease 6. air and water
3.
Humans 1.Bacterium 1. Cholera 1. contaminated
food, water and
2.Virus 2. Chickenpox air.
2.Infected clothes

III. Long answer questions.

Q1 Describe different methods of food preservation.

A. Different methods can be adapted to kill the germs in the food and to preserve it-
 Drying or dehydration : Removing moisture or extra water content from food
items is called dehydration. This prevents the spoilage of food as moisture is one
of the pre- requisite conditions for the growth of microbes.
 Sweetening and Salting : Addition of sugar or salt to food items forces microbes
lose water from their bodies by a process known as Osmosis,thus preventing
them from growth and reproduction in the food material and the food stays
fresh.
 Heating : Heating food items to high temperatures by Pasteurization techniques
helps in killing germs present in the food. Eg: Dairy products.
 Using chemical preservatives : Chemicals like Sodium benzoate and Potassium
metabisulphite when added to the food removes the oxygen content from the
food items thus preventing the growth of microbes.
 Canning : Once the food items are sterilized, they are stored in air tight
containers and cans to prevent the growth of microbes, used in preservation of
jams, squashes, ketchups.

 Freezing : Storing the food items in the freezer does not allow microbial growth
and keep the food items preserved for a very long time.
Eg: vegetables, fish, meat, fruits etc.
Q2 Microbes are both bane and boon. Justify the statement with examples.

A. Microbes are considered both boon and bane for their advantages and disadvantages :

Microbes are harmful to human, animal and plant life and to the overall environment
in general as they cause serious diseases in them which are sometimes fatal.

On the other hand, some microbes are actually helpful in maintaining the ecological
balance in the environment by their important role in breaking down the dead organic
matter to their basic constituents, thus returning it to earth’s crust for possible
recycling.

Microbes are also used for making vaccines, antibiotics etc.

Q3 Describe different kinds of microorganisms with examples.

A. Microbes are divided into five major groups-

a. Fungi : Mostly found in warm and moist places

These are either unicellular Eg: Yeast or multicellular Eg: Agaricus
They do not have chlorophyll.
b. Bacteria : Found almost everywhere such as air, water and even food.
These are unicellular organisms but sometimes they live in groups called
colonies.
Some bacteria are useful such as Rhizobium, Lactobacillus whereas some
are harmful, causing diseases such as Cholera, Typhoid etc.
c. Algae : Found usually in water and in damp places and are plant like organisms.
They contain Chlorophyll and hence can photosynthesise.
Eg. Chlamydomonas , Volvox
d. Protozoa : These are mostly aquatic but can also be found in soil and in the bodies
of other organisms and are called parasites.
These are unicellular and have animal like characteristics.
They can move from one place to another .
Eg: Amoeba, Trypanosoma

e. Viruses : These are the smallest of all microbes and cane be seen only with the
Electron Microscope.
They do not have any cellular structure
 They remain inactive until they enter a living organism and hence are
considered to be the borderline of living and non-living
Eg: HIV virus, Tobacco mosaic virus etc.

Q4 Name the microbial diseases, causative agent and mode of transmission in :

a. Animals b. Plants c. Humans

Same as answer for Q.10

Q5 Why is the bread soft and has pores? Explain in detail.

A. Kneading a mixture of flour, salt, sugar, yeast cells and water into dough is an
important step in bread production.
 The process responsible for the fluffiness of bread is the decomposition of sugar
by yeast cells to produce CO2 gas and alcohol and the process is called
fermentation.
 As more and more gas is produced, the dough rises in volume making the bread
porous and spongy.
(Baking the expanded dough at 1800C kills the yeast and stops fermentation, the
alcohol evaporates to form special compounds which impart taste to the bread.)

Q6 Microbes help cleaning the environment and maintaining nitrogen balance in

nature. Explain.

A. Bacteria play important roles in the Global Ecosystem. Decomposition is the breakdown
of organic compounds by these organisms, and the release of nutrients back into the
environment, which is one of the most important roles of the bacteria in nature.

The cycling of Nitrogen is another important activity of Bacteria. Plants rely on nitrogen
from the soil for their health and growth, and cannot acquire it from the gaseous
nitrogen in the atmosphere. The primary way in which Nitrogen becomes available to
them is through Biological Nitrogen Fixation by bacteria such as Rhizobium.
 HOTS

Q1 Microbes cause diseases when they are present in our body, but this is not the case
with ruminants. Why?
A. Some microbes cause diseases in our body but ruminants need certain microbes in their
Rumen to survive.
This is because they feed on plants and the microbes present in their gut help in
digestion of cellulose present in plant cell walls, with the help of the enzyme cellulose.
Q2. Riya’s mother used to wrap curd and keep it inside a hot case during winters. But
now in summers, she keeps the container outside to set the curd. Give reasons.

A. Curd is formed by setting of milk by Lactic acid Bacteria which can multiply at 37–
42oC.Due to low temp in winter the desired bacterial activity doesn’t take place, so
curd formation becomes difficult.
Hence Riya’s mother kept the semi hot milk(40–50oC) with curd culture in a hot case,
so that curd can be made easily in winters too, as temp. in the hot case can be
maintained to activate
the bacterial actions.
Q3 Ruchita boiled milk. She allowed it to cool down and left it in the kitchen. The
next morning she observed that milk got spoiled. Why? How could she have saved
the milk from getting spoiled. Discuss.

A. The milk spoiled due to the growth of pathogenic microbes. So the milk should be
stored in the refrigerator at very low temperatures to slow down the growth of the
pathogens.

HOTS
pg 26
1. Shouvik was advised to take antibiotics…..
A. If one fails to complete a course of antibiotics, some of the bacteria causing the infection
may survive and become resistant to the Antibiotic. This will result in increase of the
bacterial population having a higher than normal resistance to that antibiotic and the disease
would not be treatable with the same antibiotic.
Pg 27
2. Anil did not cook chicken properly….
A. If improperly cooked food (chicken) is consumed, many microbes(pathogens) may
linger on the food, which may cause illness in the person such as Food Poisoning
(Salmonella Poisoning), Vomitting, Diarrhoea, Headache, Fever etc.
 3. SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTIC

I. A.MCQ’s
1(c) acrylic 2(c) polythene 3(a) acrylic 4(a)jute 5(d)PET 6(c)ester

B. True or false:

1. True 3. True 6. True 7. True

2. Nylon is used to make parachutes because of its strength.
4. Cotton is comfortable to wear in summers.
5. Synthetic fibres catch fire easily.

C.
1. Cotton 2.polystyrene 3.renew 4.expensive
D. 1.rayon 2.nylon 3.acrylic 4.bakelite 5.PET 6.spandex

E. rayon, nylon, acrylic, polyester, spandex

F. 1.thermoplastic 2.spandex 3.acrylic 4.polymer 5.nylon 6.bakelite

II. Short answers:

1. What is polymerisation? What are its types?
A. Polymerisation is the process of joining monomers to form polymers. It is of two types- linear
and cross polymerisation.
2. Write short notes on :
a.Artificial silk: Rayon is also called artificial silk that is synthesised from cellulose of wood pulp
or cotton. It is strong, lustrous, does not melt, can be dyed in various colours.
b.Nylon: It is the first complex synthetic polymer to be made. It is strong, elastic, light, wrinkle
resistant, easy to maintain. It is used to make ropes, toothbrushes, textiles etc.
c.Acrylic : It resembles wool and its properties also match with wool. It is light yet strong, soft,
warm, wrinkle and shrinkage resistant, absorbs less water, resistant to chemicals and moths, can
be dyed in various colours. It is used to make sweaters, blankets, lining of boots and gloves,
contact lenses and dentures etc.
D. Spandex : It is known for its elasticity. It is a co-polymer of polyester and polyurethane. It is
also known as lycra. It is used in making swimming costumes, leggings, clothing that snugs to
the body.

3. What are the advantages of plastic?

A. Plastics are light, inexpensive, easy to store, do not get corroded, non-reactive to water and
air, resistant to microbial action, poor conductors of heat and electricity to be used as insulators.
4. Refer to page 41 for answer.

5.Name the plastic that is used to make kitchenware.

 A. Melamine is used to make kitchenware. It is a thermoset.

III. Long Answers:

1. Page 43 table 3.1
2. Page 44
3. Page 43 for advantages of synthetic fibres.
4. Page 45
5. Why is Bakelite used as a covering for electrical switches?
A. Bakelite is a poor conductor of electricity. Hence, it is used to make covering for electrical
switches to prevent electrocution.

6. Why is rayon called artificial silk?

A. Rayon is called artificial silk owing to the following properties:
* strong and absorbent
* does not melt
* lustrous
* can be dyed in various colours.

7. Why is spandex not comfortable?

A. Spandex is a synthetic fibre known for its elasticity. It is a co-polymer of polyester and
polyurethane. It is uncomfortable as it does not absorb sweat.
8. Page 44 table 3.2

HOTS:
1. Which materials are parachutes and ropes made of? What is the basic quality that a fibre should
possess to make parachute and rope?
A. Nylon is used to make parachutes and ropes as nylon is strong, elastic, light and absorbs less
water.
2. What kind of fibre we should not wear while working in a lab? Why or why not?
A. We should not wear fabrics made of synthetic fibre in the lab as they may catch fire easily.
3. Why do we prefer to store materials and chemicals in a plastic bottle rather than a steel, iron, or
glass bottle?
A. Plastic does not react with chemicals and does not corrode. Hence, it is used to store chemicals.
4. Nalini wants to learn swimming. She goes to a store to buy swimming costume and a cap. What
kind of material should these be made of and why?
A. Nalini should buy swimming costumes made of spandex as it snugs to the body , absorbs less
water and dries fast.
5. The MCH has kept two bins namely green and blue bin. What kind of garbage should be thrown
in these bins?
A. Wet waste like vegetable, fruit peels and organic matter should be thrown in a green bin. Dry
waste such as plastics, newspapers, card boards etc should be thrown in a blue bin.
Page 32

1. Polyester is blended with cotton to make polycot or polyester is blended with wool to make
polywool.

2. Due to its elasticity, spandex is used to make skin tight garments.

3. The properties of acrylic are similar to the properties of wool.

4. In linear polymerisation , the monomers are linked linearly.

5. Nylon was the first complex synthetic polymer to be made.

4.METALS AND NON-METALS

 Page 55.

1. a. heat, electricity b. aluminium c. malleable, ductile, d. O2 e. metals

2. a. Sodium b. Sodium

Page 60

1. a. true b. false c. true

2.a. 2 Na + 2 HCl 2NaCl + H2

b. 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2

c. 4Na + O2 2Na2O

d. MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2

Page 63

1. MgO is basic in nature.

2. Metal oxides are basic in nature.

3, 4 true

6. More reactive metals react with water to give metal oxides , hydroxides and hydrogen.
Page 64
I. A
1.b. red-brown 2.c. malleability 3.b. potassium 4.c.steel
5.c.graphite 6.b.sulphur

B
1.Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic
2.Platinum, Copper , Lead
3.Mercury 4. Alloy 5. Galvanization 6. Diamond

C
1. Iron is in solid state at room temperature.(Gallium has low mp, melts on palm)
2. Zinc is more reactive than mercury.
3. Non-metals form acidic oxides.
4. Gold is a lustrous metal.
5. Potassium is at the top of the reactivity series.

1. Copper 2.rusting 3. O2 and moisture 4.lustrous 5.phosphorus 6. Ductility

E

Metals are malleable, ductile, lustrous and sonorous

Non-metals are non-malleable, non-ductile, non-lustrous and non-sonorous.

F.

1. Third most abundant element.

2. The process by which metals get eaten up

3. The tendency of an element to react with other substances to form compounds.

4. The property of metals which says that they can be beaten into sheets.

5. The metals which are not very reactive.

6. The smallest particle of molecule.

7. Study of extraction of metals.

II. Short answers:

1. Define;

a. Corrosion: It is the process by which metals get eaten up when they come in contact with air
and moisture present in the atmosphere.

b. Metallurgy: It is the branch of science that deals with the extraction of metals.

C. Displacement reaction: A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a lesser reactive
metal from the aqueous solution of its salt is known as displacement reaction.

D. Sonority: It is the property of metals by virtue of which metals produce a ringing sound when
struck by another object.

2. Why are sodium and potassium stored under kerosene?

A. Potassium and sodium are the most reactive metals that react with oxygen and moisture even
at room temperature and catch fire. Hence, to avoid this they are stored under kerosene.

3. Name one metal and one non-metal that exist in liquid state at room temperature.

A. Mercury – metal

Bromine – non-metal

4. Name any two ores along with their metals from which they are extracted.

A. Bauxite is the aluminium ore. Haematite is an iron ore.

 5. Write equations for the following reactions:

A. Aluminium reacts with steam to form aluminium oxide and hydrogen.

2Al + 3H2O Al2O3 + 3H2

b. Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen

Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

6. What are alloys? Give examples.

A. An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal.

Alnico, brass, steel, bronze are some of the alloys.

7. Name one most and least reactive metal.

A. Potassium is the most reactive metal whereas platinum is the least reactive metal.

II. Long answers:

1. What is galvanisation? State its application.
A. Galvanisation is the process of coating the base metal like iron, steel with zinc to prevent rusting.
It is extensively used in construction process to make the building frames.
The body parts of cars, buses are galvanised.
The body of washing machines, AC units are galvanised.
2. State the differences between metals and non-metals.
A.
METALS NON-METALS
1.Metals are solids at room temperature 1. Non-metals are solids, liquids and
except mercury, gallium. gases at room temperature.
2.Metals are hard and strong except Na, 2. Non-metals are soft except diamond.
K.
3. Metals are lustrous. 3. Non-lustrous except graphite and
iodine.
4.Malleable and ductile 4. Non-malleable and non-ductile
5. Sonorous 5.Non-sonorous
6.Have high melting and boiling points 6. Have low melting and boiling points
except Na, K except diamond.
7.Have high densities 7.Have low densities
8.Good conductors of heat and electricity 8.Bad conductors of heat and
electricity(graphite is an exception)
9. React with oxygen to form metal oxides 9. React with oxygen to form non-metal
that are basic in nature. oxides that are acidic in nature.
 10. React with water to form metal 10. Do not react with water.
hydroxides or metal oxides and hydrogen
gas is evolved.
11. React with dilute acids to form metal 11. Do not react with acids.
salt and hydrogen gas.
12. Some metals such as Zn, Al react with 12. Non-metals react with bases in
bases to form salt and hydrogen gas. different ways under different conditions.

3. Why is the handle of a metal pan made of plastic? Give reason.

A. Plastic is an insulator and hence heat does not pass through it. To prevent burning of hands,
handles are made of plastic.

4. Define rusting of iron and write any three methods to prevent rusting of iron.

A. When an iron object reacts with oxygen and water, its surface gets covered with a reddish
brown substance called rust and the process is called rusting.

Rusting can be prevented by

a. painting, greasing, oiling.

B .galvanization

c. plating with tin and chromium

5. Why are pickles and curd not stores in an aluminium can?

A. Pickles and curd contain organic acids that react with metals to form metal salts that are
toxic.

6. What is reactivity series? Why cannot copper displace iron from iron sulphate solution?

A. The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivity is called reactivity series of
metals. Copper being less reactive than iron, cannot displace iron from iron sulphate solution.

7. Metals replace hydrogen from acids whereas non-metals do not. Why?

A. Metals react with acids to replace hydrogen to form metal salts. As non-metals do not react
with acids hence don’t replace hydrogen.

HOTS:
1 .What is the choice of material for building bridges? Why?
A. Steel is used for building bridges due to its high tensile strength (resistance of material to
break under tension ability to bear heavy weights)
2. Helium gas is used for filling hot air balloons. Which property of He is used here?
A.Helium is lighter than air and moreover it is the least reactive gas and hence it is used for
filling hot air balloons.
3.A material appears dull and brittle and does not conduct electricity. Is it a metal or a non-
metal?
A. These are the physical properties of non-metals hence non-metal.
4. Mercury is a metal, but appears unusual. Why?
A. Mercury is a only metal which is liquid at room temperature hence appears unusual.
5. Why are cooking utensils, knives and surgical instruments made of stainless steel?
A. Stainless steel is strong, durable and does not corrode and hence it has a wide application.

5. COMBUSTION AND FUEL

a. Combustible substance b. ignition temperature c .air d. CO e. spontaneous

 Page 72

a & b Non-luminous or outermost zone. c. luminous or middle zone d. candle

e. dark or innermost zone

Page 76

1. True 2. False 3.false 4.false 5. False

Page 77
A.1d. dark zone 2d. methane 3 wrong Q 4b. Innermost zone 5a .kJ/kg 6b.expensive
7b.carboxyhaemoglobin 8a.CO
B.1,5,6 true 2,3,4 false
C.1.non-renewable resources 2.supporter 3.sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
4. non-combustible substances 5. fuels 6. fire extinguisher

D.1.produce harmful products on burning 2. Are inflammable substances.

3 .orange yellow 4.leave residue 5.when CO combines with haemoglobin

E. Concept map
1.combustible – eg petrol, kerosene
2.Non-combustible- eg stone, glass
Types of combustion : complete-eg LPG ; Incomplete- eg forest fire

F.crossword
1.calorific value 2.combustion 3.fuel 4.flame 5.non-renewable 6.renewable
7.acid rain 8.fire extinguisher 9.global warming

G.Match the following:

1-d; 2-e; 3-c ; 4-a ; 5-b; 6-f

II.Short answers:

1. Definitions as given in key words on page 76

2. Page 68 given at the end as 3 points.

3. Distinguish Between:
a. Rapid combustion: the combustion that takes place very rapidly when heat is supplied
to produce heat and light is called rapid combustion. Eg. petrol, kerosene
 Spontaneous combustion: The combustion that happens in substances that have very low
ignition temperature which can burst out into flames without supply of heat is called
spontaneous combustion. Eg. Sulphur, phosphorus

b.Exhaustible resources: The resources that get exhausted on using are called exhaustible
or non-renewable resources. Eg. Coal, petrol
Inexhaustible resources: The resources that do not get depleted and can be used over a
long period of time are called inexhaustible or renewable resources. Eg. Sun, wind

4. Give any three uses of natural gas.

A. Natural gas is used

At home for cooking,heating.

To generate electricity

In motor vehicles

5. How is the efficiency of a fuel determined?

A. The efficiency of a fuel is determined by its calorific value. Higher the calorific value, more
efficient is the fuel.

III. Long answers:

1. Refer to page 71 for diagram and explanation.

2. Refer to page 74
3. Activity 5 on page 72
4. How does CO2 help in extinguishing fire?
A. CO2 being heavier than air sinks over to form a blanket over flame to cut the supply
of oxygen. Hence it is a non-supporter of combustion.
5. Various ways of classifying fuels is given on page 73.

6. What is global warming?

A. The increase in average temperature of the earth due to increased levels of green house
gases like CO2 produced as a result burning of fuels in huge quantities is called global
warming. The carbon dioxide traps the infrared radiation from sun , not allowing it to escape
from earth’s surface.This increases the temperature of earth resulting in global warming.
It causes melting of polar ice caps that increases the sea levels which results in floods in
coastal areas.

7. Write a short note on soda acid fire extinguisher.

A.A soda acid fire extinguisher consists of a glass bottle filled with sulphuric acid. This bottle
is placed over sodium bicarbonate solution, placed in a closed container. When the knob of the
container strikes the acid bottle, the bottle breaks and thus the acid reacts with baking soda
and liberates carbon dioxide that is forced out with the liquid through the nozzle to extinguish
the fire.

2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2

b. Candle flame question is repeated

HOTS:

1.How is the spilling of crude oil in the sea harmful for animal and plant life?

A. Spilling of crude oil is harmful especially to sea birds and sea otters because these animals
lose the ability to keep them warm when the oil gets smudged on their body. Plants on the
other hand cannot synthesise food due to lack of sunlight that is blocked due to oil that floats.

2. How can LPG leakage be detected?

A. LPG is an odourless gas. To detect the leakage of this gas to prevent accidents, a typically
smelling chemical called ethyl mercaptan is mixed with LPG.

3. Which type of coal is used in thermal power plants and why?

A. Steam coal which is intermediate between anthracite and bituminous is used for power
generation as it is energy efficient and causes less pollution.

4. Why do goldsmiths blow the outermost zone of a flame to get metallic gold?

A. Outermost zone is the zone of complete combustion and it is the hottest zone.

5. What will happen if the ignition temperature of the substance is lower than room temp?

A. It will show spontaneous combustion.Eg.Phosphorous

6. Why does a flame always points in upward direction?

A. Since the source of the flame is at the bottom of the wick, the air in the lower region gets
heated and rises, creating low pressure . The low pressure will allow the flame to expand in
lower region. Whereas in upper region air is relatively cool, so it remains there. This creates
high pressure .Because of this flame gets compressed and becomes pointed.

6. Cell Structure and Function

II Short answer questions.

Q1. Differentiate between :

a. Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell
A. Table 7.1 page 97
b.
Unicellular organisms
An organism which contains only
one cell is called a unicellular or
single celled organism.
In these organisms, a single cell
performs all the functions such as
circulation, digestion, excretion,
reproduction etc
Eg Amoeba, Paramecium
Multicellular organisms
When an organism contains more
than one cell, it is called
multicellular organism.
As the complexity of organisms is
increased in these, different cells
perform different specialized
functions.
Eg; Cat, Humans

Q2. Draw a well labelled diagram of a generalized cell—pg 100 figure 7.8

Q3. Write short notes on –

a. Plastids-
Plastids are membrane bound structures found only in plant cells and in blue green
algae
They are of three types—
 Chloroplasts : Plastids which contain green coloured pigment are called
chloroplasts. These help in preparing food for the plant during photosynthesis.
 Chromoplasts: These plastids contain coloured pigments other than chlorophyll
which provide different colours to fruits and vegetables such as yellow, orange.
 Leucoplasts : These are colour less plastids which store starch, proteins, oils and
are found in plants that store food of potato

b. Centrosomes :

 These are found only in animal cell and not in plant cells.
 They are not membrane bound and help in cell division
 They contain two granules like structures called centrioles which are hollow and
cylindrical and are made of microtubules.

c. Cell membrane :
  It forms boundary of the cell which is about 7 to 10 nm thick.
 It gives shape and protection to the cell. It is made up of Phospholipids and
Proteins.
 Being selectively permeable, cell membrane regulates the movement of materials
in and out of the cell.

Q4 Briefly explain about nucleus.

 Nucleus is a large spherical body surrounded by a double walled membranous

Nuclear envelope.
 Nuclear envelope is made of proteins and lipids and have pores which help in
the passage of material between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
 Fluid inside the nucleus is called Nucleoplasm and the dense spherical body
inside the nucleus is called nucleolus.
 There are thread like structures in the Nucleoplasm called Chromosomes which
contain DNA.
 DNA contains genes in it that carry the hereditary characters from one generation
to another generation.

Q5 What are the different shapes of cells? Explain with examples.

A. Cells are of different shapes depending upon the functions they perform.
 Amoeboid shape : White blood cells present in our blood are amoeboid so that
they can squeeze out through capillary walls.
 Amoeba can change the shape its body with finger like projections called
Pseudopodia that help it in locomotion and also in engulfing the food.
 Elongated: Nerve cells are thin and long as they have to carry messages from
various parts of the body to the brain and vice versa.
 Kidney shaped : Guard cells in plants are kidney shaped which facilitates them to
open and close the pores.
 They may be disc-like, circular, rectangular, polygonal or irregular.

Q6 Why is cell division important?

 Cell division is important for the living organisms to grow.
 It helps in replacing the dead and worn out cells.
 It helps in the repair mechanism of the body’s tissues and organs.
 It also helps in reproduction.
 III. Long answer questions.

Q1 With the help of a neat and well labelled diagram, differentiate between plant
and animal cells.
A. Table 7.2-pg104/105

Q2 Who proposed the cell theory? What are its postulates?

A. Three scientists, Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden and Rudolph Virchow

proposed the cell theory. Its main postulates are –
 All living organisms are made of cells
 Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
 New cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Q3 How did Robert Hook discover cells?

A. Robert Hooke discovered cells by looking at a thin slice of cork through a

microscope.
He saw dead cell walls of plant cells, which appeared as box like structures for which
he used the term ‘cell’.

Q4 Explain the process of cell division.

A. Cell division takes place once the cell has copied all its DNA. A cell normally divides
into two new cells. This process is called mitosis. Each new cell gets a complete copy
of all the DNA (bundled up as 46 chromosomes in human cells).
Cells that are making Egg or Sperm cells must divide in a different way and is called
Meiosis.

Q5 List all the cell organelles and describe their functions.

A. Each cell contains many small structures called cell organelles that perform different
functions. They are-

Cell Organelle Function

The brain of the cell, the nucleus

Nucleus directs cell activities and contains
genetic material called chromosomes
made of DNA.
 Produce energy out of food, hence
Mitochondria
called “power house of the cell”

Ribosomes Synthesize proteins

Synthesis of complex
polysaccharides, processing,
Golgi Apparatus
packaging and distribution of
materials.

Contains digestive enzymes to help

Lysosome break food (proteins, lipids, poly-
saccharides) into simpler substances

Called the "intracellular highway"

Endoplasmic because it is for transporting all sorts
Reticulum of substances around the cell and is
also the site of proteinsynthesis.

Used for storage of water, food and

Vacuole
waste

Centrosome(only
Helps in cell division
in animal cells)

Plant cells also have:

Use sunlight to make food

Chloroplasts
through photosynthesis

Cell Wall For support, rigidity and protection

Q6 Why are lysosomes called the suicidal bags of the cell?

A. Lysosomes are called suicidal bags of the cell as they have the ability to digest t
the dead or damaged cell in which they are present. In the process they themselves are
also digested by the enzymes they produce.
 HOTS
A. Which part of the plant cell that we eat acts as roughage? Why we cannot get
roughage from animal food?
A. The term "roughage" is used for the different types of fibre, one of which is cellulose
present in cell wall of plant cells only, and not in the animal food.

B. Why are head and spinal cord injuries considered dangerous?

A. The brain, located in the head and spinal cord in the vertebral column are vital to
keep the body alive and functioning. Everything we do, depends on the messages
(nerve impulses) that are sent from the brain, along with the spinal cord to the rest of
the body. Hence any injury to either of these might prove fatal.

C. Is it true that bigger organism….

A. Yes, the bigger the organism ,larger is the number of the cells and is not related to
the size to the cell.
D. Discuss: Plant cells have cell wall whereas animals don’t. Why?
A. A plant cell wall is made up of cellulose which is basically of glucose molecules. It
makes the cell rigid and gives strength to the plant cells because plants don’t have a
skeleton and needs it for protection.
Animals have skeletons, so they do not need the rigidness the cell wall brings in plant
cells.
Pg 99
Q 1. Why should a wet mount not have air bubbles?

A. Air bubbles interfere with resolving power of lens and we might get unclear images due
to the air bubbles. Secondly, bubbles sometimes appear as part of the specimen
(Eg. cocci) and interfere with our observations.

Q2. What will happen if a clean glass slide is not used?

A. It is important to ascertain that the slides to be used are clean and scratch-free. Dirty
and scratched slides can result in poorly prepared slide, which can affect the clarity
and compromise the quality and integrity of diagnosis.
 Pg 101
Q 3. Do you look exactly like your sibling? Why or why not?

A. Children inherit pairs of genes from their parents. A child gets one set of genes from
the father and one set from the mother. These genes can match up in many ways to
make different combinations. This is why many family members look a lot alike and
others don't look like each other at all.

Pg 10
Q 4. Do you know cells also kill themselves? Find out more about this killing? What is
it called?

A. Apoptosis, sometimes called "cellular suicide," is a normal, programmed process of

cellular self-destruction. Even though it involves cell death, apoptosis serves a healthy
and protective role in our bodies as it removes unneeded tissue during development or
to balance out cell growth.

ce goldsmiths blow the outermost zone of the flame to get gold.

5.What will happen when the ignition temperature is lower than the room temperature?

A. Combustible substances catch fire without the supply of heat if their ignition temperature is
less than the room temperature.

6.Why does a flame always point in upwards direction?

A. Flame is less denser than the surrounding air. The surrounding air being denser pushes the
flame upwards.
 7. Reproduction

II. Short answer questions;

Q1 What are hermaphrodites ? Give an example.

A. The organisms in which both male and female reproductive organs are
present within the same individual are called hermaphrodites.
Eg: Earthworm, Leech
Q2 Briefly describe the process of reproduction in Amoeba.

A. The mode of reproduction seen in Amoeba is asexual – Binary fission.

 As amoeba doesn’t have a fixed shape, the plane of division is either
lateral or longitudinal.
 During the fission, the nucleus of the cell elongates and is followed by the
division of cytoplasm.
 The organism splits exactly into two equal off spring each with a copy of
parent’s genetic material.

Q3 Draw and label the various stages in the lifecycle of a butterfly.

A. Pg 115 –figure 8.7
Q4 Why is it necessary for organisms to reproduce?

A. It is necessary for the organisms to reproduce as it helps in

maintaining their number and also for the continuation of their species.
Q5 With examples, compare viviparous and oviparous animals.
A.
Viviparous animals Oviparous animals
Animals which reproduce by Animals which reproduce by
giving birth to young ones by laying eggs are called
directly are called viviparous oviparous animals.
animals.
Eg: All mammals- cats, cows, Eg: Birds, frogs
dogs

Q6 Draw a well labelled diagram of human male reproductive system.

A. Page 112—fig.8.3
Q7.What is puberty?
A. Puberty is the stage of life when the body becomes sexually mature or
capable of reproduction.

III.Long answer questions.

Q1 What is asexual reproduction? Explain its types.

A. The method of reproduction which involves only one parent is

called Asexual Reproduction. There are two types of asexual reproduction –
Binary fission and Budding.
Binary fission :
 This method of reproduction is seen in lower organisms such as
Amoeba and Paramecium.
 In this method the nucleus of the cell elongates and splits equally
followed by the division of the cytoplasm.
 When the daughter cells get separated they grow as two independent
individuals.
Budding :
 In this method of asexual reproduction, small projections or buds
appear due to repeated cell divisions.
 These buds when develop completely, get detached from the
parent organism and grow as a new individual.

Q2 Describe the process of Metamorphosis in a frog.

A. The transformation of the Larva into an Adult frog through drastic

changes is called Metamorphosis.
 In the life cycle of frog, the fertilized eggs after a few days hatch into
small fish like creatures called Tadpoles.
 Tadpoles swim in water like fish with the help of their tails and come
to the surface of water to breathe with their external gills.
 As the tadpole matures (in 12 to 14 weeks), it loses its tail and external
gills.Legs start to appear, also develops lungs to breathe.
Q3 What determines the gender of a baby?

A.
 In a human body, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes out of which 22
pairs of chromosomes are responsible for the physical characters and
the 23 rd pair of chromosome also called the Sex Chromosome is what
determines the gender of a baby.
 A female has 22+ XX chromosomes, whereas a male has 22+XY
chromosomes.
 When an egg is fertilized by a sperm that contains Y chromosome,
the zygote will develop into a male child.
 When the egg is fertilized by a sperm that contains X chromosome, the
zygote will develop into a female child.
 Which means that the chromosome of the father determines the sex of
the child and not the chromosome of the mother.

Q4 How does fertilization take place in hens?

A. Fertilisation in hens is Internal Fertilization.
After the egg is fertilized by the sperm, zygote is formed which undergoes
repeated cell divisions and before the egg is laid many protective layers are
formed outside the zygote including the hard shell.

Q5 With the help of neat diagram, describe the process of fertilization in

humans.
A. The process of fertilization takes place inside the fallopian tube/oviduct of the
female reproductive system.

 Male gametes are introduced into the female reproductive tract by the
penis.
 The male gametes i.e. the sperms swim through the female genital tract
and reach the Fallopian tube.
 The sperm fuses with the egg in the Oviduct/Fallopian thbe which
results in the formation of the Fertilized egg or Zygote.
Q6 With reference to Gestation period, explain the transition of embryo to an
adult.
Ans. The period of development of zygote into foetus after which the child birth
occurs is called the gestation period.
 After the zygote is formed it divides many times and forms a ball of
cells called embryo which gets embedded in the inner lining of the
uterus wall where further development occurs.
 Once implanted, the embryo divides further and starts differentiating
into different cells and perform specialized functions. This is called cell
differentiation or cell maturation.
 The cells then fprm tissues and organs.
 At about 6 to 8 weeks,the embryo reaches the stage where it can be
recogised and is called foetus.
 The foetus develops completely in about 40weeks.
 This period of complete development of the foetus is called Pregnancy
or Gestation period.
 After the completion of Gestation Period of 40 weeks the child birth
occurs which is called Parturition.
Q7 Differentiate between :

A. a.
Asexual reproduction
In this type of reproduction , a
single parent gives rise to a new
individual.
It does not involve the fusion of
male and female gametes.
The offspring produced by this
method are the exact copies of
their parent as there is no genetic
variation.
Lower group of organisms
reproduce by this method
Eg: Amoeba, Hydra
Sexual reproduction
In this method of reproduction,
both the male and female
organisms are involved.
Male and female gametes fuse to
form a zygote.
The offspring produced by this
method are not exact copies of
their parents as they show genetic
variation.
Higher group of organisms
reproduce by this method.
Eg:Humans,Dogs
b.
Zygote Foetus
It is a stage of the embryo that
It is a fertilized egg formed after shows all the main recognizable
the fusion of the sperm with the body parts of a mature organism.
egg.
The zygote divides several times to An embryo gradually develops
form an embryo. into a foetus.

c.
Internal fertilization
Fertilisation which takes place
inside the body of the female
organism is called internal
fertilization.
External fertilization
External fertilization is a form of
fertilization in which a sperm cell
fuses with an egg cell external to
the body of the female.

HOTS
A. How does malarial parasite reproduce?
The female anopheles mosquito infects humans with plasmodium parasite
that causes malaria.
There are two stages in the life cycle of Plasmodium-the parasite
reproduces asexually in the RBCs of the humans.

When the female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected human, the

parasite enters the mosquito’s body along the human blood and
undergoes sexual reproduction.

B. Fertilisation takes place internally in hens. However they never give

birth to young ones. Why?
Internal fertilisation take place in hen. But a hen does not give birth to chicks.

i. After fertilisation takes place inside the body of the hen, the fertilized egg
or zygote divides repeatedly to form embryo which travels down the
oviduct.
ii. As it travels down the oviduct, many protective layers are formed around
the embryo. The hard shell that we see in a hen’s egg is the outermost
protective layer.
iii.Complete development of the embryo takes place inside the egg.
iv. When the eggs are laid they hatch to release the chicks.
 Pg 114
1. How are twins born? What are Siamese twins?
Ans. Identical twins come from a single fertilized egg, or zygote, that splits into
two. Both halves contain the same DNA and eventually form two foetuses.
Conjoined twins or Siamese twins develop when an early embryo partially
separates to form two individuals. Most conjoined twins are still born or die
shortly after birth. The babies are often attached at the chest, pelvis or buttocks.
The twins may share organs.
Surviving twins may be separated surgically. Success depends on where they're
joined and which organs they share.

Pg 118
2. A mother has given birth to a female child. What is the sex chromosome
given by both the parents?
A. Mother – X chromosome and Father --- X chromosome
3. Can human cloning be referred to as a natural process when identical twins
are delivered?
A. Cloning is a process of creating an exact genetic copy of an organism.
Birth of identical twins when a single zygote splits into two which results in the
formation of two embryos in the same pregnancy can be referred to as a
natural process of cloning.

4. Do you think there can be ethical issues regarding cloning? If yes, what are
those issues?
A. Yes, some of the ethical issues regarding human cloning are-
 It interferes with nature.
 It might decrease the overall value of human life.
 It might be used for exploitation.
 8. THE AGE OF ADOLESCENCE
HOTS Page 126
Q. Who needs more Calcium adults or children?
A. The Calcium is an important constituent of the bones and majority of growth occurs in
the bones in children and adolescents in bones, hence this group needs it more. (Daily
requirement 1300 mg/day).

HOTS page 127

Q. Building healthy body builds healthy mind” Justify.
A. It’s important to take care of both your mind and body. It will pay off in many ways,
including:
Allowing you to take charge of your life and feel good about the choices you make.
Gaining energy and feeling more fit.
Improving your physical health.
Gaining a positive outlook and finding more enjoyment in your life.
Being a role model for your family and friends.

D. Give reasons for the following:

1. Girls have a high pitched voice.

. The difference in vocal cords length and thickness between males and females causes a
difference in vocal pitch.
Adult male voice is usually of low pitch due to longer and thicker folds of the vocal cord,
while female vocal cord folds are shorter and thinner which results in a high pitched
voice.

2. Boys start developing facial hair.

A. In boys, facial hair grows thick and darkens because of the effect of Testosterone during
Puberty.

3. Boys and girls feel attracted towards each other.

A. Due to the sex hormones secreted in both males and females, they feel attracted towards
each other, Testosterone in males and Oestrogen in females.

4. Productive phase in man lasts for the whole life.

A. For most men, testosterone secretion continues throughout life, and helps in sperm
production, so it is said that productive phase lasts for the whole life, though both
diminish with advancing age.

5. Some people get affected by diabetes.

A. Diabetes is caused due to the deficiency of the hormone Insulin that causes a raise in the
blood sugar level and results in less utilisation of it by body cells. Modern life style,
sedentary life and heredity may enhance the chances of Diabetes.

6. Consuming excess of junk food is not good for health.

A. When junk food is consumed in excess, the high fat, simple carbohydrates, and processed
sugar found in junk food contributes to an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular
disease, and many other chronic health conditions.

E. Complete the concept map.

Endocrine
System

Water Reproduction Calcium and

Growth by means of Metabolism by
Glucose levels by
Balance by Response to
hormone by Pituitary, means of the means of the stress by means
means of means of Ovaries and Thyroid Thyroid,
Testis Parathyroid and of the Adrenals
Pituitary the
Pancreas
Pituitary

F. Image study. Refer to the graph of menstrual cycle on page 132.

Q. What do you infer from the figure shown alongside?

A. The menstrual cycle takes about 28 days and goes through two phases, Follicular and
Luteal phases.
Follicular phase is from Day 1 of Menstruation to Ovulation (release of the egg) about 14-
15 days later.
Luteal phase is from Ovulation to the next Menstruation (Days 14 to 28).
These phases are regulated by hormones like LH, FSH, Estrogen and Progesterone, as
their levels rise and fall throughout the cycle.

II. Short answer questions.

1. Why pituitary gland is called the master gland?

A. It is called the master gland because it produces hormones that control other endocrine
glands and many body functions including growth.

2. Why are drug and alcohol consumption considered abuses?

A. Drug and alcohol abuse is a pattern of using drugs and drinking alcohol that causes harm
to one’s health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work.
Drug abuse is an extreme desire to obtain, and use, increasing amounts of one or more
substances like drugs, including alcohol and cigarettes which harm the body.

3. Why adrenaline is also called ‘fight or flight’ hormone?

A. Adrenaline is the body's activator, and is released in response to anxiety, exercise, or fear,
this is the basis of the so-called 'fight-or-flight' reaction.
When an animal is threatened, the options are usually either to stand its ground and fight,
or run away as fast as possible.
Both responses would require extra supplies of blood and oxygen in the muscles.
Fright causes the brain to send signals to the Adrenal glands which start pumping large
amounts of Adrenalin into the bloodstream.
This increases the heart beat and breathing rate in preparation for the ensuing action.
E.g. Adrenaline in action is when a cheetah is running to catch its prey.

4. What are ductless glands?

A. Endocrine glands are also known as the ductless glands because of the fact that their
secretions are released directly into the blood, not through any tubes or ducts.
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Pineal body, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal glands,
Pancreas, and Gonads are the major glands which make up the human Endocrine System.

5. Why does Menstruation occur in females?

A. It is the body's way of preparing for pregnancy.
Menstruation happen as a result of hormones released from the Pituitary gland at the
base of the brain.
These hormones cause an ovum to be released from the ovary and at the same time, the
lining of the Uterus becomes thicker (vascular and glandular) to receive the fertilized
ovum (ovum).

6. Draw a well labelled diagram of the endocrine system.

Answer. Endocrine System

III. Long Answer Questions.

1. Discuss the Abnormalities caused because of over and under secretion of hormones.

A. Diseases caused by over or under secretion of various hormones are:

S. Hormones Cause Diseases/ symptoms
N.
1 Growth (i)Deficiency in (i)Dwarfism; (ii) Stops the growth of
Hormone childhood long bones of the body, result in
dwarfs.
(ii)Gigantism; ii) Elongation of long
(ii)Over secretion in bones, results in giants.
early ages.

2. Thyroid gland Deficiency of Iodine Simple Goitre- Swelling in the neck

in region
diet & hence less of
Thyroxine
3. Adrenal Adrenaline Hypersecretion causes Cushing’s
Glands Disease.
4. pancreas Deficiency of Insulin Diabetes mellitus increase in blood
Insulin from sugar level, increased volume of urine,
islets of increased thirst.
Langerhans
 5. Follicle- Stimulates the Hypersecretion causes no known
stimulating production of egg effects. Hyposecretion can cause
hormone cells and sperm in the failure of sexual maturation and
(FSH) gonads. production development of ovum and
sperms in males.
6. Luteinizing Triggers ovulation Hypersecretion causes no known
hormone (LH) and stimulates the effects.
production of Hyposecretion can cause failure of
Estrogens and sexual maturation
Progesterone in Testosterone production in males
female, and promotes decrease.
Testosterone Ovulation will not occur in females.
production in male.

2. Differentiate and compare between the changes that occur in both females and males
at the time of puberty.

A.
Parameters Boys Girls
Age Puberty sets in boys between Puberty sets in girls between ages 8-
9-14 years old (11 ½, on 13 (age 10, on average)
average)
Physical Chest widens and shoulders Hips broaden and the breasts start
Appearance broadens. Attainment of adult developing. Attainment of adult
height. height.
Voice Increased size of larynx and Smaller size of larynx and vocal
vocal chords cause voice to be chords cause voice to be shrill and
of low pitch. Adam’s apple high pitched.
develop.
Sexual Growth of facial, armpit and Growth of armpit and pubic hair.
characteristics pubic hair. Menstruation starts.
Sweet glands Starts secreting more sweat Starts secreting more sweat and hence
and hence cause increased cause increased body odour
body odour
 Sebaceous Pimples and acne erupt Pimples and acne erupt
glands
Behaviour Emotional and psychological Emotional and psychological changes
changes occur. occur.

3. What are the hormones secreted by our body?

A Some of the major hormone secreted in our body are:
Endocrine Gland Hormone
Pituitary Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
Endorphins
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid gland Thyroxine
Adrenal gland Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Pancreas Insulin
Testes Testosterone
Ovaries Oestrogen

4. Describe the process of menstruation.

A. The process of shedding of the uterine lining on regular monthly basis is called
menstruation. It is a 28 days cycle.
It starts at puberty and marks the beginning of the reproductive cycle of the female.
The uterus prepares itself to receive a fertilized egg every month.
Due to this the inner lining of the uterus become thick, glandular and is supplied with
blood to nourish the embryo.
If the egg is not fertilized, then the lining of the uterus breaks down and get released in
form of blood through vagina.
The time period of this is about 2 to 8 days every month.
This monthly cycle is known as Menstrual cycle.

5. Why is it important for adolescents to have a balanced diet?

A. Adolescence is a time of growth in children, for both physical and mental development.
A healthy diet is essential for teenagers because of their heightened nutritional needs,
and also the food they eat as teenagers can have an impact on their health when they
reach adulthood.
 Developing healthy eating habits as an adolescent can help one grow and develop into a
strong, healthy adult.
Poor nutrition can lead to eating disorders, delay in sexual maturation and delay in
reaching full height.
Imbalanced diet may lead to obesity.
With so many unhealthy meal choices available, it is important to abstain from food high
in calories and fat and maintain a healthy, well-balanced diet.

6. What are the functions of the pituitary gland? Name two hormones it produces, along
with their functions?
A. Pituitary Gland
The hormones of the pituitary gland help regulate the functions of other endocrine
glands.
The pituitary gland has two parts—the Anterior lobe and Posterior lobe—that have two
very separate functions.
The pituitary gland is called the “master gland” because its hormones control other parts
of the Endocrine system, namely the Thyroid gland, Adrenal glands, Ovaries, and Testes.
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland-
Growth hormone (GH): GH is essential in early years to maintain a healthy body
composition and for growth in children. In adults, it aids healthy bone and muscle mass
and affects fat distribution.
Luteinizing hormone (LH): LH works along with FSH to ensure normal functioning of
the ovaries and testes.

HOTS page 133.

1. Drugs are harmful for people of all ages. Why?

A. It is very easy to fall prey to drugs and alcohol abuse. Drugs are very addictive and once
taken there is a tendency to take them again and again. They harm the body in the long
run, ruining health and happiness. Therefore “Always Say No To Drugs.”

2. Why does the pelvic area in girls broaden at puberty?

A. Estrogen is responsible for the widening of the female pelvis during puberty, it is a means
of preparing the woman for the process of childbirth.

3. Do women remain reproductive after Menopause. Why and why not?

A. No, women do not remain reproductive after Menopause, because after Menopause ova
the female gametes (sex cells) are not released by the ovaries.
 9. Force and Pressure
II. Short Answer questions.

1. Why is it preferable to carry shoulder bags that have broad straps?

A. Shoulder bags have broad straps to increase the surface area of contact and reduce the
pressure exerted on the shoulders by the weight of the bag.
( i.e pressure is inversely proportional to area)
2. What are the effects of force?

A. A force can produce the following effects:

 A force can move a stationary object
 A force can stop a moving object
 A force can change the speed of a moving object
 A force can change the direction of a moving object
 A force can change the shape and size of an object
3. Differentiate between contact and non-contact forces?
Contact Force Non – Contact Force
 When there is a physical  When two bodies are not in
contact between two objects physical contact with each
and the force applied by one other, then the force applied is
object has an effect on the called non – contact force.
other object, the objects are Since the forces are acting from
said to have contact force a distance, the non – contact
forces are also called action –
at – a – distance force.
 Examples of Contact Forces:  Examples of Non-Contact
muscular force, frictional force, Forces are :
mechanical force. Gravitational force, Magnetic
force, Electrostatic force, Nuclear
force.

4. If the force exerted by an object on an area of 20 m2 is 20N. What will be the pressure
applied by the object?
A. A= 20 m2
F =20 N
P= F/A
P= 20 / 20
 P = 1 Pa
5. Why does an inflated balloon burst even with a small prick of a pin?
A. Pressure is inversely proportion to area. If area decreases pressure increases and vice
versa. Pointed tip of a pencil has less surface area so the pressure applied on inflated
balloon is more so it bursts.
6. Describe in brief the composition of the air?
A. Air is a mixture of gases. It consists of 78% nitrogen, 21 % oxygen and the rest 1% is a
combination of gases like carbon di oxide, water vapour, helium.
7. Why do iron fillings get stick to a magnet?
A. Iron fillings stick to the magnet because of magnetic force.
8. Describe in brief the working of spring balance.
A. Text book Pg.No. 138
9. What causes nose bleeding at higher altitudes?
A. At higher attitudes, the external pressure is lower than the pressure within our body. As
a result, the blood tends to ooze out by breaking the blood vessels. As the capillaries in
the nose are thin, bleeding generally happens from the nose.

III. Long Answer Questions:

1. Explain the working of a barometer.

A. Text book page no 145 and fig 10.10
2. Explain the working of a manometer.
A. Text book page no 143 and fig 10.9
3. Why do a porter / coolie keep a round cloth on his head before putting luggage?
A. Porters wear turbans when they have to carry heavy loads on their heads, to increase
the area of contact. This reduces the pressure on the head.
4. Describe the different types of non-contact forces.
A. The different types of non-contact forces.
 Gravitational force – TB pg.no 139.
 Magnetic force - TB pg.no 139.
 Electrostatic force - TB pg.no 140.
5. Describe an experiment to prove that liquid exerts pressure.
A. TB pg.no 143. Activity 4
6. An object weighing 500 N is placed on an area of 100 m2. What will be the pressure
exerted by the object on that area.
A. F = 500 N
Area = 100 m2
P =F/A
= 500/100 = 5 Pa
7. In the following figure, find out the resultant force and the direction in which box
will move.
A. 7 N – 2 N = 5N
The box will move towards left.
8. We know that by applying a force, we can move a stationary object. Why are we not
able to move a wall then?
A. Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion. When balanced forces act on an object at
rest, the object will not move. If you push against a wall, the wall pushes back with an
equal but opposite force. Neither you nor the wall will move.

HOTS

1. Deep sea divers wear a special suit to prevent their bodies from getting crushed.
Why?
A. With the increase in depth, the pressure exerted by the liquid also increases. This huge
pressure deep inside the sea might crush the bodies.
2. Activity based question: Stem expels air out. Pouring cold water will make the steam
condense and become water. This reduces air inside the can. Since the pressure of air
inside can becomes lower than air outside, the can’s shape will become distorted.
3. If two objects of larger and smaller mass are thrown from the same height. Which
one will exerts greater force on the ground. Why?
A. When you drop two objects on earth, they do fall together, but that doesn't mean that
they both exert the same force on the earth. The object with the larger mass attracts the
earth more strongly than the one with the smaller mass. Similarly, the earth attracts the
object with the larger mass more strongly than it attracts the one with the smaller mass-
the more massive object weighs more. The reason why they fall together is that while
the more massive object weighs more and is pulled downward harder, it is also more
massive and thus harder to accelerate. A stronger force is needed to accelerate it
downward so that it keeps pace with the smaller mass as the two falls. Its larger weight
perfectly compensates for its larger mass and the two objects fall at the same rate.
Whether on earth or in space, more massive objects exert stronger gravitational forces.
4. A bad posture can result in the pressure in muscles, joints and bones. Explain?
A. In a bad posture the amount of pressure distributed to the body parts are not equal. So
this results in pain due to lack of blood supply to that area.

5. A parachute is useless on moon. Explain?

A. An atmosphere creates drag on a parachute on the moon there is no atmosphere so no
drag. A parachute works by catching air and there is no air on the moon.
6. If several forces act on a body from different directions in which direction will the
body move?
A. The body will not move if equal force is applied from all sides. The
body will move towards higher magnitude if unequal forces are applied.
7. What is the physiological effect of a sudden drop in pressure at high attitudes?
A. High altitude also triggers an increase in our heartbeat, breathing and urination. The
low humidity and low air pressure at high altitudes evaporate moisture from
your skin and lungs at a faster pace.
 10.Friction

II. Short answers questions.

1. Is friction a contact or a non-contact force? Justify your answer.

A. Frictional force is a contact force. Because friction exits due to the relative motion of two
surfaces in contact.
2. How is friction related to smoothness of a surface?

A. Friction depends on the smoothness or roughness of the two surfaces which are in
contact with each other.
a. When the two surfaces are in contact are smooth, then the friction between them will
be small because the interlocking of smooth surfaces is less. As the degree of
roughness of the two surfaces in contact increases, the friction also increases.
b. When the two surfaces in contact are very rough, then the friction between them will
be very large because the interlocking of very rough surface is too much.
3. A ball on smooth surface is rolling faster than a ball on the rough surface. Why?
A. On smooth surface ball is rolling faster because the interlocking would not have taken
place. Whereas on rough surface interlocking takes place and hindered the free motion
of the ball.
4. Friction produces heat. Is this an advantage or a dis advantage? Explain.
A. When two surfaces rub against each other, they generate heat because of friction. This is
unwanted heat. If this unwanted heat produced in machines is increased it causes wear
and tear of machines.
5. Differentiate between static and sliding friction.
Ans: Static friction occurs when two objects are at rest with respect to each other, but
kinetic friction occurs when two are moving with respect to each other. Static
friction varies proportional to the external forces, while the sliding (dynamic) frictional
forces remain constant, independent of velocity and the acceleration (and the resultant
external force).

III. Long answers questions.

1. Show with the help of an activity that a box, on a floor when pushed, will move with
ease than a box has a carpet, underneath it.
2. List some advantages of friction.
A. Text book page no 152 any 5 points.
3. How can you reduce friction?
A. Text book page no 154 (3 points).
4. Why is sliding friction less than the static friction?
A. When something is static, a greater force is required to break the interlocking between
two surfaces. When something is in motion, there is no need to break the interlocking
and a smaller force is required the keep the object in motion. Hence, sliding friction is
less than static friction.
5. How is friction applied in our everyday life?
A. Text book page no 152 any 5 points.
6. Why friction is considered dis advantageous?
A. Text book page no 153 any 5 points.

Answers for HOTS:

1. Shoes has many treads which offer more friction because of more irregularities in the
surface. This gives better grip to sportsmen while running.
2. Treading in tyres increases friction because of more irregularities in the surface. This
gives better grip to tyres.
3. Teflon is the registered trade name of the highly useful plastic material
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). It an excellent material for coating machine parts
which are subjected to heat, wear, and friction, for laboratory equipment which must
resist corrosive chemicals, and as a coating for cookware and utensils.

4. We cannot walk, write and drive, without, friction. In certain cases like the motion of
machines, wear and tear of machines, loss of energy friction is an ‘evil’.
5. Remains unchanged
6. Whenever an object moves through a fluid .It is called fluid friction. When solid bodies
move through liquids and gases, they also experience this opposing force of friction. For
example, a kite flying in the air, an aero plane moving through air and a submarine
moving through water.. Water is much more viscous than air, so there will be much more
frictional force or drag on an object when it moves through water than when it moves
through air.
7. Glass surface is so smooth that it does not provide friction to the tip of the chalk. Hence,
it is difficult to write on a glass surface.
 11. SOUND

II Short Answer Questions:

Q1. How is sound produced?

Answer. Sound is a form of energy. It is produced by a vibrating body e.g. when a tightly
stretched bond is plucked, it vibrates and produced sound. When it stops vibrating, it does not
produced any sound.

Q2. Draw a well labelled diagram of the human ear.

Answer. Refer Figure No. 12.5. Structure of Human ear.

Q3. Describe the characteristics of sound.

A sound can be characterized by the following three quantities:
(i) Pitch.
(ii) Quality.
(iii) Loudness.
PITCH depends on the frequency of vibration. Different sounds of different pitch have
different frequencies, the shrillness of the sound is called its pitch. A high frequency gives rise
to a high pitch note and a low frequency produces a low pitch note.
Pitch of the sound depends on: a) frequency of vibrating body
b) Relative motion between the source of the sound and the receiver of the sound.
LOUDNESS of the sound depends on the amplitude of vibration. The greater the amplitude,
the louder is the sound produced. The unit for measuring loudness is decibel (db).
QUALITY enables us to distinguish between two sounds of the same pitch and loudness
produced by two different sounds is called timbre, or the quality of the sound. This helps us
differentiate between the sounds of musical instruments and between sounds of male and
female.

Q4. Can sound travel through water? Justify your answer.

Answer. Yes, sound waves need to travel through a medium such as a solid, liquid, or gas. The
sound waves move through each of these mediums by vibrating the molecules in the matter.
Experiment: Take a bucket, fill it with water and take a small bell in one hand. Shake the bell
inside the water to produce sound. Make sure that the bell does not touch the body of the
bucket. Place your ear gently on the water surface. You can hear the sound of the bell which
indicates that sound can travel through liquids.

Q5. With the help of a diagram of a pendulum define the following:

Answer. a) Amplitude – The maximum displacement of vibrating object from its mean
position is called the amplitude.
b) Oscillations - A simple pendulum oscillates between two extremes and one complete to and
fro motion is called an oscillation. OR- One oscillation is a complete movement, whether up
and down or side to side over a period of time.
c) Time period - The time taken by a vibrating object to complete one vibration is called its
time-period. Its unit is ‘second’.
d) Frequency: The number of vibrations made per second by a vibrating body is called the
frequency. It is measured in ‘hertz’ (Hz).

Q6. Why do bats use echo?

Answer. Bats use echolocation to navigate and find food in the dark. To echolocate, bats send
out sound waves from their mouth or nose. When the sound waves hit an object they produce
echoes. The echo bounces off the object and returns to the bats ears. Bats listen to the echoes to
figure out where the object is, how big it is, and its shape.

Q7. Why are auditoriums provided with sound absorbing materials?

Answer. The roof and walls of the auditorium are generally covered with sound absorbent
materials to reduce reverberation. These materials reduce the formation of echoes by
absorbing sound waves.

III Long Answer Questions.

Q1. Describe the structure of human ear.

Answer.
The ear are the sense organs which help us in hearing sound.
1) Outer Ear: The outer part of the ear is called Pinna and is attached to a passage called ear
canal.
2) At the end of ear canal a thin, elastic and circular membrane called an eardrum or
tympanum, is stretched tightly.
3) There are three small and delicate bones called hammer, anvil and stirrup in the middle part
of the ear which are linked to one another.
4) One end of hammer touches the eardrum and its other end is connected to second bone
anvil.

5) The other end of anvil is connected to third bone called stirrup. And the free end of stirrup
touches the membrane over the oval window.
6) The inner part of ear has a coiled tube called cochlea. Cochlea is filled with liquid. The
liquid present in cochlea contains nerve cells which are sensitive to sound. The other end of
cochlea is connected to auditory nerve which goes into the brain.

Q2. Show with the help of an activity that sound cannot travel in vacuum whereas it can travel
in water.
Experiment A: Sound cannot travel in vacuum- An electric bell is suspended inside an airtight
glass bell jar connected to a vacuum pump. As the electric bell circuit is completed, the sound
is heard. Now if the air is slowly removed from the bell jar by using a vacuum pump, the
intensity of sound goes on decreasing and finally no sound is heard when all the air is drawn
out. We would be seeing the hammer striking the gong repeatedly. This clearly proves that
sound requires a material for its propagation.
Experiment B: Sound can travel in water - Take a bucket, fill it with water and take a small
bell in one hand. Shake the bell inside the water to produce sound. Make sure that the bell
does not touch the body of the bucket. Place your ear gently on the water surface. You can
hear the sound of the bell which indicates that sound can travel through liquids.

Q3. What are the some ways in which we can control noise pollution?
Answer. Refer page 169 (six points given to reduce sound pollution).

Q4. Why does our voice echo on hills?

Answer. Echoes are reflected off walls or hard surfaces like mountains.
When dealing with audible frequencies, the human ear cannot distinguish an echo from the
original sound if the delay is less than 1/10 of a second.
The velocity of sound is approximately 343 m/s at a normal room temperature of about 20°C,
the reflecting object must be more than 16.2 m from the sound source at this temperature for
an echo to be heard by a person at the source.

Q5. How does sound travel? Refer page 162 figure 12.4.
Answer. Sound travels through a medium in the form of waves. When vibrations take place,
they are transmitted through a medium and form alternate compression and rarefactions.
Compressions are regions in the medium where the particles are closer whereas rarefactions
are regions in the medium where the particles are spread out.
Q6. Differentiate between:
a)
String instruments
Stringed instruments make use of a string
or wire to produce vibrations and sound.
The frequency of sound is varied by
varying the length of the vibrating wire.
In a sitar, the shorter the length of the
wire, the higher the pitch it produces.
Percussion instruments
Percussion instruments make use of
stretched animal hide to produce
vibrations and sound.
The frequency of vibration can be
increased by stretching the hide more.
In a drum the hollow body amplifies the
noise of a stretched membrane being hit.

b) Loudness is the measure of response of a sound to the ear. It depends on amplitude. It is

measured in terms of decibels . Higher the amplitude higher the loudness.

Pitch is the quality of sound which is decided or governed by rate of vibrations. Pitch depends
on frequency. It is measured in hertz. Higher the frequency higher the pitch.

c)
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic is usually applied to sound
which is referred to anything above the
frequencies of audible sound, and
includes anything over 20,000 Hz.
Bats, dolphins produce ultrasonic sound.
Infrasonic range
Infrasonic, is sometimes referred to as
low-frequency sound, this sound is lower
in frequency than 20 Hz (hertz).
Avalanches, meteors, and earthquakes
produce infrasonic sounds.

Q7. What are the main causes of noise pollution?

Answer. Some of the major causes / sources of noise pollution are:
 Traffic noise, is the main cause of sound pollution caused in urban areas. With the ever-
increasing range of on-road vehicles, the noise caused by the exhaust of the autos, the
cars, the trucks, the motorcycles and the buses are that the chief reasons for sound
pollution.
 Aircrafts, because of the low flying military aircrafts which are nowadays seen over the
national parks, wilderness and alternative vacant areas noise has increased. The extent
of sound pollution has drastically multiplied in these antecedently areas.
  Construction, to fulfill the strain of the essential necessity of living, the development of
buildings, highways and town streets causes lots of noise. Air compressors, gas
hammers, bulldozers, dump trucks, loaders and pavement breakers are the main
sources of sound pollution in construction sites.
 Industrial noise, although not a major reason, industrial noise adds to the sound
pollution. Machinery, motors and compressors utilized in the industries produce lots of
noise that adds to the already damaging state of sound pollution.
 House items, things used at home like air conditioners, boilers, generators, and fans
also generate a lot sound than we imagine. But then in such cases one can easily control
these genre of pollutions by reducing the sound making exertions and thus making the
home ambience quite claim and betting for living.
 People, individuals around is additionally yet one more reason for sound pollution. For
they produce at time the commotion and therefore fill the environment with noise.
 Music, another such reason is that the internal noise supply of music. Significant
volumes and beats produce the sound pollution.

HOTS page 172

A. How do tall and thick trees help in minimizing noise pollution?
Answer. Rough bark and thick, fleshy leaves are particularly effective at absorbing sound with
their broad surface area for absorbing sound. Broadleaf evergreens are more effective than
narrow-leaf plants and conifers. Plants that have thick branches at ground level provide
excellent noise reduction.

B. Does noise have high frequency or low frequency? Are the vibrations regular and periodic
in case of noise?
A. Noise is unpleasant/unwanted sound caused by high frequency vibrations.
These vibrations are irregular and non- periodic in case of noise.
Sound is what we hear. Noise is unwanted sound. The difference between sound and noise
depends upon the listener and the circumstances. Rock music can be pleasurable sound to one
person and an annoying noise to another.

C. How does a musical sound differ from a noise?

Answer.
Noise Music
It is the sound that is unpleasant to hear. It is the sound that is pleasant to hear.
Noise is an unwanted sound that is Music is the art of arranging and
usually very loud and meaningless. combining sounds in order to create a
harmonious melody
E.g., Sound produced by vehicles. E.g., Sound coming out of musical
instruments.
D. A gun is fired in the air at a distance of 750m from a person. The person hears the gun
shot after 2.5 secs. Calculate the speed of sound.

Answer. Given Data:

Distance = 750m
Time = 2.5s
Formula, Speed = Distance / Time
= 750m/ 2.5s = 300 m/s.
HOTS
Q. How do dolphins communicate inside water?
Answer. Dolphins communicate using high-pitched clicking sounds and whistles.
Echolocation works by creating high or low-pitched sounds and measuring the time it takes
those sounds to bounce off of nearby objects and back to the host. By using echolocation
dolphins can determine how far an object is, what direction it is traveling etc.

Q. Can sound travel through paper or plastic? Find out.

Answer. Since sound wave is a mechanical wave it needs a medium to travel (a medium which
possess elasticity). In this case a plastic bag serves as that elastic medium hence sound can be
heard from plastic bag.

*********
 12. Chemical Effects of Current

II. Short Answer Questions

1. Define electrolysis.
A. The process by which the electrolytes get dissociated into ions when electric current is
passed through them.
2. Differentiate between electrolyte and non- electrolyte.
Electrolytes Non- electrolyte
 Electrolytes are substance that  Non - Electrolytes are substance
conduct electricity in the molten that do not conduct electricity in
state or dissolved in water. the molten state or dissolved in
water.
 Electrolytes dissolve in water and  Non - electrolytes cannot get
forms ions in solution ionized when dissolved in water.
They have molecules.
 Ionic compounds and some  Compounds with non-polar bonds
compounds with polar bonds can are mostly non electrolytes.
be electrolytes.

3. In which direction does electric current flow?

A. The direction of an electric current by convention is the current in the external circuit is
directed from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery.
But electrons would actually move through the wires in the opposite direction from
negative terminal to positive terminal which is called as electronic current.
4. Why are the containers for storage of food electroplated?
A. Tin is anti-corrosive in nature. So when food is stored in those containers it does not
come in contact with iron and get spoiled.

5. Do liquids conduct electricity? Justify your answer?

A. Liquids are good conductor of electricity, because they contain enough salts which are
dissolved in water by splitting its molecules in ions.
For example
H2O + NaCl --> H2O + (Na+) + (Cl - )
The NaCl molecules react to give ions. This happens because the NaCl is a strong
electrolyte. Solutions of strong electrolytes are good conductors of electricity because
they contain a relatively high concentration of ions.
Pure or distilled water is a bad conductor of electricity.
 6. How do impurities affect electrical conductivity?
A. Pure water does not conduct electricity. By dissolving some salt, such as common salt,
pure water can be made a conductor of electricity.

III. Long Answer Questions

1. Define electroplating. Using silver nitrate as electrolyte demonstrates electroplating.

A. The process of depositing a layer of a desired metal on any other material by means of
electrolysis is called electroplating.
In silver plating, the object to be plated (e.g., a spoon) is made from the cathode of an
electrolytic cell. The anode is a bar of silver metal, and the electrolyte (the liquid in
between the electrodes) is a solution of silver nitrate in water. When a direct current is
passed through the cell, positive silver ions (Ag+) from the silver nitrate migrate to the
negative anode (the spoon), where they are neutralized by electrons and stick to the
spoon as silver metal:
Meanwhile, the silver anode bar gives up electrons to become silver ions:
Thus, the anode bar gradually dissolves to replenish the silver ions in the solution. The
net result is that silver metal has been transferred from the anode to the cathode, in this
case the spoon. This process continues until the desired coating thickness is built up on
the spoon-usually only a few thousandths of an inch-or until the silver bar has
completely dissolved.
In electroplating with silver, silver cyanide is used in the electrolyte rather than other
compounds of silver such as silver nitrate, AgNO3, because the cyanide ion, CN reacts
with silver ion, Ag+, to form the complex ion Ag(CN) -. This limits the supply of free
Ag+ ions in the solution, so they can deposit themselves only very gradually onto the
cathode. This produces shinier and more adherent silver plating. Gold plating is done in
much the same way, using a gold anode and an electrolyte containing gold cyanide,
AuCN.
2. With the help of an experiment, show electrolysis of water.
A. Text book page no 179 Activity 5.
Or
Electrolysis of water Activity based questions.
1. During electrolysis of water,
a) Oxygen gas is deposited at which electrode?
a) Hydrogen gas is deposited at which electrode?
A. Positive terminal or anode
Negative terminal or cathode
2. What happens when electrodes are immersed in water and current is passed through
them?
A. When electrodes are immersed in water and current was passed through water;
bubbles of oxygen and hydrogen are produced. Oxygen bubbles are formed at the
electrode connected to the positive terminal. Hydrogen bubbles are formed at the
electrode connected to the negative terminal.
3. Does vinegar conduct electricity? Will an LED glow when using vinegar as an
electrolyte?
A. Vinegar is a weak acid and it conducts electricity. LED consumes less current so it
glows when vinegar is used as an electrolyte.
4. “All glitters is not gold.” Justify this statement with reference to electroplating.
A. Metals such as gold and silver are electroplated on less expensive metals to give
them a superior look. Imitation jewellery are made by this process to look more
attractive.
5. Show with the help of an activity that distilled water is a poor conductor of
electricity.
A. Text book page no 179 activity 4
6. How can pure water be made to conduct electricity?
A. Pure water can be made to conduct electricity by adding impurities in the form of salts,
acids and bases to pure water.

Answers for HOTS:

1. If a plastic rod is rubbed with wool it gains electrons and becomes negatively charged
body. It develops static electricity. It can neither attract nor repel magnet.
2. They repel each other.
3. Cloth acquires negative charge.
 13. SOME NATURAL PHENOMENA

Page 189:

1. negatively, positively 2.conservation of energy 3.friction, conduction, induction

4. neutral 5.static electricity.

Page 193:

1. true 2.false 3.false 4.false 5.true

Page 196:

1d.Abraham Bennett 2c.magma 3a.lightning conductor 4b.natural electrical discharge

in the clouds 5d.all

2, 5 are true

1 .Lightning is seen first, later thunder can be heard.

3. To charge a glass rod, we rub it with silk cloth.

4. Charging by induction does not require physical contact.

6. The crust is made up of continental and oceanic regions.

7. It is dangerous to swim during lightning.

C. Match the following

1-b; 2-d; 3-e; 4-a

D. Crossword:

1. protons 2.electric current 3.electrons 4.richter scale 5.electroscope 6.static electricity

7.induction 8.crust

II. Short answers:

1. Refer to page 189 for gold leaf electroscope diagram

2. How can you find the nature of charge on a body using an electroscope?
A. The nature of charge on a body can be found out by touching the charged electroscope by
the object whose charge needs to be known. If the gold leaves repel, then the charge of the
object is the same as electroscope.

3. How does richter scale help?

A. Richter scale measures the magnitude of the earthquake.

4. Why is lightning conductor used?

A. Lightning conductor protects the high rise buildings by allowing the lightning discharge
pass to the earth.

5. Write a short note on electric current.

A. The flow of negatively charged free electrons through a conductor constitutes electric
current. Its SI unit is ampere.

6. Refer page 192 for precautions to be taken during lightning.

III. Long answers:

1. Description of working of gold leaf electroscope is given on pages 189 and 190.

2. This answer is covered in description of working of gold leaf electroscope.

3. What are the different methods of charging a body?

A. The three ways of charging a body are

*Charging by induction: This can be done by bringing the object closer to the charged body
without touching it. The body acquires an opposite charge.

*Friction: This can be done by rubbing the two bodies against each other to acquire equal and
opposite charges.

*Conduction: This can be done by touching an already charged body. The object acquires the
same charge as the charged body.

4. What causes earthquakes? How can we protect ourselves from them?

A. The tectonic plates present in the continental crust move apart or towards each other. When
the plates accidentally slip against each other, a lot of heat is released and sends seismic waves
in all directions. The point of origin of seismic waves is called seismic focus and the place
above the point of focus where shock is felt is called epicentre of the earthquake.

We should follow some measures to protect ourselves. They are

*sit under a wooden table or chair.

*Do not use elevators.

*Turnoff gas connection.

*Remain on a ground where buildings are not there.

*Keep the fire extinguishers handy.

*Keep the emergency phone numbers.

5. Describe Benjamin Franklin’s experiment.

A. Benjamin Franklin performed kite and key experiment to show that lightning occurs
because of charges between the clouds.

He made a kite of silk cloth and for the central spar, he used an iron wire. He tied silk thread
to the spar and to the free end, he tied a metal key. He tied insulating material to the key to let
the kite fly on a cloudy day. The kite soared very high. When it started raining, he observed
electric sparks from the key due to flow of electric charges in the sky.

6. Refer to page 193 for answer and diagram of structure of the earth.

HOTS:

1. Can a lightning strike a flying plane? How it might affect the plane? Find out any one
instance from the past when lightning struck.

A. commercial plane crash in the USA is attributed to lightning wayback in 1967 which caused
explosion of fuel tank. These days the planes receive lightning certifications which help the
passengers to fly safely without much damage.

2. What will be the charge of the electroscope when an ebonite rod rubbed with wool touches
the metal disc?

A. An ebonite rod acquires negative charge due to flow of electrons from the wool to the
ebonite rod.
 14. LIGHT

II. Short Answer Questions

1. State the laws of reflection.

A. The two laws of reflection of light are:-
1. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection ( i = r ).
2. If two mirrors are placed at an angle of 120 o. How many images will be formed?
360
A. n = ; n = 3 images
120
3. Describe the nature of the image formed by a plane mirror.
A. The image formed in a plane mirror is-
 Virtual and erect
 Laterally inverted.
 Same size as the object.
 The distance between the object and the mirror is the same as the distance
between the image and the mirror.
4. How is a periscope helpful?
A. Periscope is an instrument that works on the principle of multiple reflections.
This instrument needs two plane mirrors that are placed at an angle of 45 degrees to the
vertical. The image formed by one mirror acts as the object for the other mirror.
 Periscope is used in submarines, that remains under water and periscope stays
on the surface of the water and is used to view objects at higher level.
 It is fixed in army tankers and the people sitting inside the tanker can take a view
of the surroundings.
5. Draw a labeled diagram of the human eye.
A. Text book pg no 206 fig 15.10
6. Define the power of accommodation of the eye.
A. The ability of eye lens to adjust its focal length to see objects at different distances
clearly is called the power of accommodation of the eye.
7. How can the visually impaired people read?
A. The Braille system is a method of writing for the blind.
 It uses six raised dots. The positions of different dots represent the different
letters of the alphabet and numbers.
 Visually challenged people can read them by feeling them with their fingers.
 The method was developed by Louis Braille of Paris.
III. Long Answer Questions

1. Differentiate between regular and irregular reflection.

Regular reflection Irregular reflection


When a parallel beam of light that  When a parallel beam of light that
falls on smooth and well-polished falls on irregular surface, the ray
surface the rays gets reflected in gets scattered in all directions.
only one direction. This This is called irregular or diffused
phenomenon is known as regular reflection
reflection.
 Regular reflection gives a clear  Irregular reflection gives a blurred
image. image.
 Regular reflection obeys the law of  Irregular reflection does not obey
reflection the law of reflection
2. With the help of an activity, demonstrate laws of reflection.
A. Text book page no 200 activity 1.
3. Describe refraction through a glass slab.
A. Text book page no 204activity 3.
4. Describe the structure of the human eye, elaborating the function of each part.
A. Cornea - It is transparent part of eye. It is also known as the window or aperture of the
eye.
Functions – It allows the light to enter in the eye.
Iris - It is a circular diaphragm having a hole in its centre. This hole is called pupil. The
circular diaphragm has muscles and coloured pigments. The colour of an eye depends
upon the colour of these pigments.
Function of iris – it controls the amount of light enlarging the eye through the pupil.
Eye lens - The eye lens is a crystalline double convex lens and made of transparent and
flexible tissues. It is behind the pupil and held by the muscles called ciliary muscles.
Functions - It focuses the images of objects on the retina of the eye.
Retina - It acts as a screen to obtain the image of the object. It contains number of cells
in the form of rods and cones which are sensitive to light. These cells convert light
energy into nerve impulses or signals.
 5. Distinguish between myopia and hypermetropia.
Myopia
 Myopia, also known as short
sightedness or near sightedness, is a
defect in which a human eye can
see nearby objects clearly but
distant objects appear blurred and
unclear.
 The eye ball is too long than
normal.
 The image is obtained in front of
the retina.
 Myopia can be corrected by placing
a suitable concave lens.
6. How can you take care of your eyes?
A. Text book page no 209 (taking care of eyes). (any 6 points)
Hypermetropia.
 Hypermetropia also known as long
sightedness is a defect of vision in
which a human eye cannot see
nearby objects, clearly but can see
distant objects clearly.
 The eye ball is shorter than normal.
 The image is obtained behind the
retina.
 Hypermetropia can be corrected by
placing a suitable convex lens.

HOTS
1. An incident ray on a plane mirror is reflected in a direction such that the angle
between the incident and the reflected ray is 75o. What is the angle of incidence?
What is the angle of reflection?
A. The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection = 37.5o
 LIGHT: Refraction of light

Introduction
The change of direction of light because of change of medium is known as Refraction or
Refraction of Light. The ray of light changes its direction or phenomenon of refraction takes
place because of difference in speed in different media.

The light travels at faster speed in rarer medium and at slower speed in denser medium.
The nature of media is taken as relative. For example air is a rarer medium than water or
glass.

When ray of light enters from a rarer medium into a denser medium, it bends towards
normal at the point of incidence. On the contrary, when ray of light enters into a rarer
medium from a denser medium it bends away from the normal.

Laws of Refraction:

a. The incident ray, refracted ray and normal to the interface of given two
transparent media, all lie in same plane.
b. For a given pair of media of different densities, the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to
the sine of angle of refraction is always a constant

The Second Law of Refraction is also known as Snell’s Law of Refraction.

The constant is called refractive index of the second medium in relation to the first medium.

This law was first stated by a Dutch astronomer, Willebrord Snellius, and is therefore,
known as Snell’s Law.

The value of constant is fixed for a set of two transparent media and depends upon their
nature. It is called refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.
It is represented by the Greek letter µ (mu). It is the ratio of two similar quantities and thus
it has no units.

Refractive index is also defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed
of light in the given medium.
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
µ=
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
Table of Different Values Refractive Index of Different Media

S No. Name of the material medium Refractive index value

1. Diamond 2.42
2. Rock salt 1.54
3. Glass 1.52
4. Water 1.33
5. Ice 1.31
6. Air 1.00

Use of Refractive Index

Actually the refractive index of a medium gives us the information about the capability of that
medium to bend the light rays. For example, from the table it is clear that the value of refractive
index of diamond is more than glass. So, the light rays will bend more on passing from air to
diamond than from air to glass.

EFFECTS OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT

Following are the effects of refraction of light in our daily life.
1. A swimming pool always looks shallower than it really is, because the light coming from
the bottom of the pool bends when it comes out at the surface due to refraction of light.

2. A straight stick which is immersed partly in water always looks to be bent at the surface of
water, because the light coming from the stick bends when it comes out at the surface due
to refraction of light.
3. A coin or stone lying at the bottom of a container filled with water appears to be raised
because of refraction of light.

4. A line or a spot of ink on a paper always appears to be raised when viewed through the glass
slab due to the refraction of light.

5. Optical illusions such as mirage and looming are also produced due to refraction of light.
RULES OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Following are the rules for getting the direction of bending of a ray of light.
Rule 1
When a ray of light travelling obliquely from an optically rarer medium to an optically denser
medium, it bends towards the normal at the separation of the two media. In this case the angle
of refraction will be smaller than the angle of incidence.
Rule 2
When a ray of light travelling obliquely from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer
medium, it bends away from the normal at the separation of the two media. In this case the
angle of refraction will be greater than the angle of incidence.

Rule 3
When a ray of light strikes the surface of separation of the two media at right angle, that is, the
incident ray strikes the surface normally; it travels along the same straight line path, without
any deviation.

Spherical Lens
Lens is an optical device which converges or diverges the rays of light before transmitting.
A lens has similar shape to lentils and genus of lentil is called Lens, thus a lens got its name
after the shape and name of genus of lentils. A lens is made by combining at least one part
of sphere made of transparent material, generally glass.

Spherical Lens: Most of the lenses are made by the combination of parts of transparent
sphere. Concave and Convex lens are most commonly use spherical lens.

Convex lens is the most commonly used lens in our day to day life.

Convex lens:

A lens having two spherical surface bulging outwards is called Convex Lens. It is also
known as biconvex lens because of two spherical surface bulging outwards.

Fig: Spherical Lens

Concave lens:

A lens having two spherical surface bulging inwards is called Concave Lens. It is also
known as biconcave lens because of two spherical surface bulging inwards.
Important terms for spherical lens:

Fig: Convex Lens

The terms related to lens

Aperture – the effective length or width of a lens available for refraction is called its aperture.

Optical centre: The geometrical centre of a lens is called its Optical Centre. It is denoted by
the letter O.
Principal Axis: A line passing through the optical Centre and perpendicular to both the faces
of the lens is called Principal axis.

Centre of curvature: The centre of the imaginary glass sphere of which a lens is a part is
called the centre of curvature of the lens. Since a lens has two surfaces it has two Centre’s of
curvature.

One centre of curvature is usually denoted by C1 and second is denoted by C2.

Principal Focus: On refraction through a lens, rays of light parallel rays of light parallel to the
principal axis converge or appear to diverge from a point on the principal axis. This point is
called Principal Focus and denoted by F.

Similar to centres of curvature; convex and concave lenses have two Foci. These are
represented as F1 and F2.
Principal Focus of convex lens: The focus of a convex lens is a point on its principal axis at
which all parallel rays coming from infinity converge after passing through the lens.
Principal Focus of concave lens: The focus of a concave lens is a point on its principal axis at
which all parallel rays coming from infinity appear to diverge after passing through the lens.
Focal Length: The distance between optical Centre and principal focus is called focal length
of a lens. Focal length of a lens is half of the radius of curvature.

This is the cause that the Centre of curvature is generally denoted by 2F for a lens instead of
C.
Rules for drawing images in concave and convex lens

Convex lens Concave lens

1.Incident ray parallel to principal axis 1.Incident ray parallel to principal axis
A parallel ray converges at focus of a convex A parallel ray diverges from the focus of a
lens concave lens.

2.Incident ray passing through focus 2.Incident ray passing through focus
A ray passing through principal focus A ray passing through the principal focus
emerges parallel to the principal axis after emerges parallel to the principal axis after
refraction from a convex lens. diverging from a concave lens.

3.Incident ray passing through optical
centre
Ray passing through the optical centre of
convex emerges in same direction without
any deviation.
3.Incident ray passing through optical
centre
Ray passing through the optical centre of
concave lens emerges in same direction
without any deviation.

Image Formation by Convex Lens

There are six possible position of object in the case of convex lens:

a. Object at infinity
 b. Object is placed beyond 2F1
c. Object is placed at 2 F1
d. Object is placed between F1 and 2 F1
e. Object is placed at F1
f. Object is placed between O and F1

1.Object is placed at infinity 2.Object is placed beyond 2F1

1.Real and inverted 1.Real and inverted

2.Highly Diminished 2. Diminished
3.At F2 3.Between F2 and 2 F2

3.Object is placed at 2 F1 4. Object is placed between F1 and 2 F2

1.Real and inverted 1.Real and inverted

2.Same size 2.Magnified
3.At 2 F2 3.Beyond 2 F2
5.Object is placed at F1 6.Object is placed between O and F1

1.Real and inverted

2.Highly Magnified 1. Virtual and erect.
3.At Infinity 2.Magnified
3. Image is formed at the same side of
lens.

Image Formation by Concave Lens

There are only two possibilities of position of object in the case of a concave lens:
 Object is placed at infinity
  Object is placed between optical Centre, O and infinity

 Object is placed at infinity  Object is placed between optical

Centre, O and infinity

1. Virtual and erect. 1. Virtual and erect.

2. Highly diminished, 2. Highly diminished,
3.At F1 3.between O and F1

Question and Answers

1. Define refractive index. What is its S.I. unit?

Ans. Refractive index is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the
speed of light in the given medium. It has no units.
2. What is the value of refractive index of diamond? Ans.
2.42
3. What is the refractive index of air, water, glass and ice?
Ans: 1.00, 1.33, 1.52 and 1.31 respectively
4. What is use of refractive index?
Ans: Actually the refractive index of a medium gives us the information about the
capability of that medium to bend the light rays. For example, from the table it is clear
that the value of refractive index of diamond is more than glass. So, the light rays will
bend more on passing from air to diamond than from air to glass.
5. Refractive index of glass is 1.5. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 X 108 m/s, find speed
of light in medium.
A. µ = 1.5
Speed of light in vacuum = 3 X 108 m/s
Speed of light in medium = ?
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
µ=
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
= 3 X 108 / 1.5
= 2 X 108 m/s.
6. Speed of light in glass is 2 X 108 m/s. Find the refractive index of glass.
A. µ = ?
Speed of light in vacuum = 3 X 108 m/s
Speed of light in glass = 2 X 108 m/s
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
µ=
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
 = 3 X 108 / 2 X 108
= 1.5
7. If a ray of light goes from optically rarer medium into optically denser medium, will it
bend towards the normal or away from the normal? Ans: Towards the
normal
8. If a ray of light goes from optically denser medium into optically rarer medium, will it
bend towards the normal or away from the normal? Ans: Away from
the normal.
9. If a ray of light goes from glass into water, will it bend towards the normal or away
from the normal? Ans:
Away from the normal.
10. What is Snell’s law?
Ans: For a given pair of media of different densities, the ratio of sine of angle of
incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is always a constant.

*******