87

ok Equations / Ch. 3
I Problems
uic method for in Appendix E-4.1. Consider also the analysis of resistive ladder es
form. The so(u- rks as described in references in Appendix E-4.2. For specific sugg -
see Huels , reference 7 of Appendix E-I0, for the resistive network
solution is to be man
ated to the solution of simultaneous equations in Chapter 7 and the
rmulation offers
ion of equations for the RLC networkS of Chapter 6. More advanced
he only require-
bilities include the solution of state equations by methods described
ement or several
I ferences given in Appendix E-4.3 and the use of canned programs for
. the state-space
ork analysis as given in Appendix E-8.4.
on by computer
is to be accorn-
inarily simpler to
PROBLEMS

2
What must be the relationship between C. and Cl and C in (a) of
the figure of the networks if (a) and (c) are equivalent? Repeat for the

network shown in (b).

I Book Company,
1
.."
0-
cusses a graphical
ms.
in Linear Circuits ,
(c)
Theory, McGraw- (b)
(a)
1 and 12.
Fig. P3-1.
Viley & Sons, Inc.,
What must be the relationship between Le. and Lt. L2 and M for the
ring Circuit Analy- networkS of (a) and of (b) to be equivalent to that of (c)?
'ork,1971.
Theory: An Intro-

]
M
nnpany, Reading,
•
and Bacon, Inc.,

vetworks for Elect-

(c)
Vinston, Inc., New (b)
(a)
Fig. P3-2.
the State Variable
ark, 1970.
Repeat Prob. 3-2 for the three networks shown in the accompanying
Analysis, Prentice-
is a programmed figure.
of state equations.

~s
(e)
e digital computer . (b)
. described in refer- la)
nethod from refer- Fig. P3-3.
 Ch. 3/ Problems
88 Network Equations / Ch. 3

The series (
3-4. The network of inductors shown in the figure is composed of a J-H
tain to the netwo
inductor on each edge of a cube with the inductors connected to the
specified in the ta
vertices of the cube as shown. Show that, with respect to vertices a
connection of ele
and b, the network is equivalent to that in (b) of the figure when
connection of elet
Leq = i H. Make use of symmetry in working this problem, rather
to zero. For the st
than writing Kirchhoff laws.
mine 'VI in the for
on a cathode ray 0
and so on.

10--1
?L,q
1'~ 2
(a)

(a) (b)
V2
Fig. P3-4. 2

3-5. In the rietworks of Prob. 3-4, each I-H inductor is replaced by a

J-H capacitor, and L,q is replaced by C,q' What must be the value of 2
C eq for the two networks to be equivalent?
3-6. This problem may be solved using the two Kirchhoff laws and voltage-
current relationships for the elements. At time to after the switch K -3
was closed, it is found that t'2 = +5 V. You are required to deter- (c)
mine the value of i2(lo) and di2(tO)/dl.
V2
volts
111 +
'K
111
+ +1
10 v-=- 211
~h
-1

(e)
Fig. P3-6.

3-7. This problem is similar to Prob. 3·6. In the network given in the
figure, it is given that 1'2(10) ~ 2 V, and (dl:2/dt)(to) = -10 V/sec,
where la is the time after the switch K was closed. Determine the value
of C.
",[
 Ch. 3 / Problems 89
rations / Ch. 3

The series of problems described in the following table all per-

;ed of a I-H
tain to the network of (g) of the figure with the network In A and B
ected to the
specified in the table. In A, two entries in the column implies a series
:0 vertices a
connection of elements, while in B, two entries implies a parallel
figure when
connection of elements. In each case, all initial conditions are equal
ilern, rather
to zero. For the specified waveform for V2, you are required to deter-
mine VI in the form of a sketch of the waveform as it might be seen
on a cathode ray oscilloscope. Evaluate significant amplitudes, slopes,
and so on.
 90 Network Equatiolls / c». J
Ch. 3/ Problems

Network of A Network of B Waveforms of V2

3-8. R=2 L =:l- a, b, c, d, e,f •

3-9. C=! L= 1 a, b, e, d, e.f
3-10. C= f, R = 1 L=2 (I, b, c, d, e.f
v(t)
3-11. C=J,R=t L =~, R = J (I, b, c, d, e,f
3-12. R =2 C= 1 b,d,f
3-13. R = 1 R = 2, C = 1 b,d,f
3-14. R = 2 R = I, C = 1 s.a.]
3-15. L=1: R=l,C=! b,d,f
3-16. L= 1,R= 1 R=l,C=! b,d,f

3-17. For each of the four networks shown in the figure, determine the
number of independent loop currents, and the number of independent
(b)
node-to-node voltages that may be used in writing equilibrium equa-
tions using the Kirchhoff laws.

R2

2 3 2
fi0
RI
L
C
v(t)
+
v(t}

R3 C
~
4
(a) (b)

2 3-19. Demonstrate the

so establish a
inductor into an
v(t} +
3 Rr;J
C v(t}
C2
3-20. Demonstrate tha
3-21. Write a set of
appropriate 1
3 3-17.
R3
(c) (d)

Fig. P3-17.
3-23. Write a set 0
3-18. Repeat Prob. 3-17 for each of the four networks shown in the figure network in
on page 91. one controll
equations
Ch. 3 / Problems 91

v{t)

(a)

v{t)

(b) (cl

Fig. P3-18.

3-19. Demonstrate the equivalence of the networks shown in Fig. 3-17 and
so establish a rule for converting a voltage source in series with an
inductor into an equivalent network containing a current source.
3-20. Demonstrate that the two networks shown in Fig. 3-18 are equivalent.
3-21. Write a set of equations using the Kirchhoff voltage law in terms of
appropriate loop-current variables for the four networks of Prob.
3-17.
3-22. Make use of the Kirchhoff voltage law to write equations on the loop
basis for the four networks of Prob. 3-18.
3-23. Write a set of equilibrium equations on the loop basis to describe the
network in the accompanying figure. Note that the network contains
one controlled source. Collect terms in your formulation so that your
equations have the general form of Eqs, (3-47).
 Network Equations I Ch. 3
92

Fig. P-3-23.

3-24. For the coupled network of the figure, write loop equations using the
Kirchhoffvoltage law. In your formulation, use the three loop currents
which are identified.

3-25. The network of the figure is that of Fig. 3-30 but with different loop-
current variables chosen. Using the specified currents, write the Kirch-
hoff voltage law equations for this network.

vlt)

Fig. P3-2S.

3-26. A network with magnetic coupling is shown in the figure. For the
network, M \2 = O. Formulate the loop equations for this network
using the Kirchhoff voltage law.

·YM23
L3 f:\i2)R3

R2
Fig. P3-26.
 ci. 3 I Problems 93

3.27. Write the loop-basis voltage equations for the magnetically coupled
network of Fig. P5- 22 with K closed.
3.28. Write equations using the Kirchhoff current law in terms of node-
to-datum voltage variables for the four networks of Prob. 3-17.
3.29. Making use of the Kirchhoff current law, write equations on the node
basis for the four networks of Prob. 3-18.
3.30. For the given network, write the node-basis equations using the
node-to-datum voltages as variables. Collect terms in your formula-
tion so that the equations have the general form of Eqs. (3-59).

AIIR~~ohm

All C~ ~ farad

Fig. P3·30.

3.31. The network in the figure contains one independent voltage source
and two controlled sources. Using the Kirchhoff current law, write
node-basis equations. Collect terms in the formulation so that the
equations have the general form of Eqs. (3·59).

n, ~i2

"'t_Cl -1--R---L,2 __ f....--=-.l.....-.~--.J R6

Fig. P3-31.

).32. The network of the figure is a model suitable for "rnidband" operation
he of the "cascode-connected" MOS transistor amplifier. Analyze the
rk

Fig. P3-32.
 94 Network Equations / Ch. 3

network on (a) the loop basis, and (b) the node basis. Write the
resulting equations in matrix form, but do not solve them.
3-33. In the network of the figure, each branch contains a 1-n resistor, and
four branches contain a I-V voltage source, Analyze the network on
the loop basis, and organize the resulting equations in the form of a
chart as in Example 11. Do not solve the equations.

2h 2h

Iv
Fig. P3-33.

3-34. Repeat Prob. 3-33 for the network of the accompanying figure. In
2h 2h addition, write equations on the node basis, and arrange the equations
Fig. P3-34 in the form of the chart of Example 13.
3-35. In the network of the figure, R = 2 n and RI' = 1 n. Write equa-
tions on (a) the loop basis, and (b) the node basis, and simplify the
equations to the form of the chart used in Examples 11 and 13.

R R

R R

R R

R R Fig. P3-3S.

3-36. For the network shown in the figure, determine the numerical value
of the bi ~11chcurrent i I. All sources in the network are time invariant.

2fl

H2 2v

Fig. P3·36.
3 ci. 3/ Problems 95

e 3-37. In the network of the figure, all sources are time invariant. Determine
the numerical value of i2•
d
n
a

2v

Fig. P3-37.

3-38. In the given network, all sources are time invariant. Determine the
branch current in the 2-0 resistor.

In
2
ns
Fig. P3-38.
a-
he 3-39. In the network of the figure, all voltage sources and current source
t
are time invariant, and all resistors have the value R = O. Solve
for the four node-to-datum voltages.

All R=~ ohm

Fig. P3-39.

3-40. In the given network, node d is selected as the datum. For the specified
element and source values, determine values for the four node-to-
datum voltages.
96 Network Equations / Ch. 3

Fig. P3-40.

3-41. Evaluate the determinant:

2 -1 0 0
-1 3 -2 0
O. -2 3 -1
0 0 -1 2

3-42. Evaluate the determinant:

1 -2 0 3 4
-1 4 -1 1 0
2 0 1 1 3
4 -2 4 2 -1
3 1 3 -2 1

3-43. Solve the following system of equations for i 1> iz, and i3,
Cramer's rule.
3i 1 - 2i2 + Oi3 = 5
-2il + 9i2 - 4i3 = 0
Oil - 4i2 + 9i3 = 10

3-44. Solve the following system of equations for the three unknowns,
i 1> iz, and i3 by Cramer's rule.
8i1 - 3i2 - 5i3 = 5
-3il + 7i2 - Oi3 = -10
-5il + Oiz + 1113 = -10
 ci. 3 / Problems 97

3-4S. Solve the equations of Prob. 3-43 using the Gauss elimination method.
3-46. Solve the equations of Prob. 3-44 using the Gauss elimination method.
3-47. Determine il, i2, iJ, and i, from the following system of equations.
Si , Si2 - 10iJ + 12i. = S
2il 4i2 + 5iJ + 6i4 = 33
-Sil + 20i2 + 14iJ -- 16i. = 10
:'-il + 7i2 + 2iJ - 10i4 = -15
3-48. Consider the equations
3x - y - 3z = 1
x - 3y + z = I
4x + Oy -- 5z = 1
(a) Is (4, 2, 3) a solution? Is (- I, -1, -I) a solution? (b) Can these
equations be solved by determinants? Why? (c) What can you con-
clude regarding the three lines represented by these equations?
3-49. Find duals for the four networks of Prob. 3-17.
3-S0. Find the dual networks for the four networks given in Prob. 3-IS.
3-S1. Find the dual of the network of Prob. 3-31.
3-S2. If one exists, find a dual of the network of Prob. 3-40.
3-S3. Analyze the network of Prob. 3-17(c) using the state variable formu-
lation.
3-S4. Consider the network shown in Prob. 3-23. Analyze this network
using appropriate state variables.
3-SS. Analyze the network shown in Fig. P3-IS(b) using the state variable
formulation.
3-56. Analyze the network of Prob. 3-30 using state variables.
3-S7. Apply the method of state variables to analyze the network shown
in Fig. P3-31.
3-S8. The element represented in the network is a gyrator which is described
by the equations
'VI = Roi2
sing
V2 = ---Roil
Find the two-element equivalent network shown in (b) of the figure.

rns,

(a)

Fig. P3-SS.
98 Network Equations t Ch. 3
3-59. For the gyrator-RL network of the figure, write the differential equa-
tion relating VI to il• Find a two-element equivalent network, as in
Prob. 3-49, in which neither of the elements is a gyrator.

Fig. P3-59.

3-60. In the network of (a) of the figure, all self inductance values are 1 H,
and mutual inductance values are i H. Find L.q, the equivalent induc-
tance, shown in (b) of the figure.

l~Leq

l'~
(a) (b)

Fig. P3-60.

3-61. It is intended that the two networks of the figure be equivalent with In this chapter
respect to the pair of terminals which are identified. What must be of the simplest
the values for Cl, L2' and L3 ? coefficients whi
written

(a) (b) Fig. P3-61.

In these equati
3-62. It is intended that the two networks of the figure be equivalent with variable, is us
respect to two pairs of terminals, terminal pair I-I' and terminal pair independent ;'a"
2-2'. For this equivalence to exist, what must be the values for Ct. Cz, ing a linear co
and C3? solution of the
vet) is someti
~I
Assume

1$?t?L II
2
sources which'
and currents.
system is alte
or closing of

l'().o I
----.L------;o 2'
obtain equati

Fig. P3-62.
112 First-Order Differential Equations I Ch. 4

Cox, CYRUS W., AND WILLIAM L. REUTER,Circuits, Signals, and Networks, 4-3.
The Macmillan Company, New York, 1969. Chapter 4.
CRUZ, JOSEB., JR., AND M. E. VAN VALKENBURG, Signals in Linear Circuits,
Houghton Miffiin Company, Boston, Mass., 1974. Chapter 5.
HUELSMAN, LAWRENCE P., Basic Circuit Theory with Digital Computations,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1972. Chapter 5.
LEaN, BENJAMIN J., AND PAUL A. WINTZ, Basic Linear Networks Jar Elet-
trical and Electronics Engineers, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New
York, 1970. Chapter 2.

DIGITAL COMPUTER EXERCISES

Exercises relating to the topics of this chapter are concerned with the 4-4.
numerical solution of first-order differential equations in Appendix £-6.1,
and the solution of the RLC series circuit in Appendix E-6.2. In particular,
see Section 5.2 of Huelsman, reference 7 in Appendix E-IO.

PROBLEMS

4-1. In the network of the figure, the switch K is moved from position I
to position 2 at I = 0, a steady-state current having previously been
established in the RL circuit. Find the particular solution for the
current i(/).
4-5.

Fig. P4-t.

4-2. The switch K is moved from position a to b at I ~ U, having been in

position a for a long time before I ~--O. Capacitor C2 is unchargedat
t --- O. (a) Find the particular solution for i(t) for t > O. (b) Find ti't
particular solution for 1'2(t) for t > O.
4-6.

Fig. P4·2.
 I Ch. 4 ci. 4 I Problems 113

elworks, 4·3. In the network given, the initial voltage on C. is V, and on C2 is 1'2
such that 1",(0) ~c V, and 1"2(0) = If~. At 1= 0, the switch K is closed.
(a) Find i(1) for all t imc. (b) Find 1',(/) for I " O. (c) Find I'~(/) for
iuuits,
I> O. (d) From your results on (b) and (c). show that I',('Y.) "',(cy l.
5.
(e) For the following values of the ctcrncnts, R 0, \ n, Cl ~c \ F,
C2 = ~F, 1'1 -- 2 V, I': I V, sketch i(1) and
~c I'"" amI idcntify the
lime com,lam of each,

Fig. P4·3.

4·4. In the network of the figure, the switch K is in position a for a long
period of time. At I = 0, the switch is moved from a to b (by a "make-
before-break" mechanism), Find 1'2(1) using the numerical values
given in the nctw ark. Assume that the initial current in the 2-1 i
inductor is zero.

K
IQ

+
~

FiJ,:. P4·4.
-1 Iv I_h-L ~ _L __ ~

4·5. The network of the figure reaches a steady state with the switch K
open, At I = 0, switch K is closed. Find i(/) for the numerical values
given, sketch the current waveform, and indicate the value of the lime
constant,

30 C! 20n
.J:
t-een in
20V1-~' '7)
10 v-=-
ged at
md the Fig. P4·5. -L
4-6. The network of Prob, 4-5 reaches a steady state in position 2 and 'I'

I = ° the switch is moved to position 1, Find i(/) for the numerical

values given for the element, sketch the waveform, and show the valt.e
of the time constant.

4·7. In the given network, t', ~ e : for 12:0 and is zero for all I <0
If the capacitor is initially unchargcd, find t'2(1), Let R ,~-' 10,
R2 -, 20, and C = -to' F, and for these values sketch "2(t) identifying
the value of the ti.nc constant on the sketch.
 114

Fig. P4-7.

4-8. In the network shown in the figure, switch K is closed at I =

necting a Source e-t to the RC network. At t = 0, it is observ
the capacitor voltage has the value re(O) = 0.5 V. For the e
values given, determine t'2(t).

Fig. P4-8.

4-9. In the network shown, Vo = 3 V, RI == 10 n, Rz =c 5 n, and

± H. The network attains a steady state, and at t = 0 switch
closed. Find V.(I) for t ~ O.

Fig. P4-9.

4-10. The network of the figure consists of a current source of val

(a constant), two resistors, and a capacitor. At I.' 0, the swit
is opened. For the element values given on the figure, determine
for t ~ O.

1 !!

Fig. P4-10.

4-11. We wish to multiply the differential equation

di -;- P(I)i == Q(I)

dt

by an "integrating factor" R such that the left-hand side of the eq

uon equals the derivative d(Ri)/df. (a) Show that the required i
'nsl Ch. 4

c« 4 / Problems
115

grating factor is R eS "", (b) Using this integrating factor, find the
solution to the differential equation that corresponds to Eq. (4-30).
4-12. In the network shown in the accompanying figure, the switch K is
closed at I 0, a steady-state having previously been attained. Solve
= 0 con-
for the current in the circuit as a function of time.
rved that
element

+
V-=-

Fig. P4-I2.

4-13. In the network shown, the voltage source follows the law L-(/) o.~
andL =
Ve 'at, where (I, is a constant. The switch is closed at I '= O. (a) Solve
'tch K is
for the current assuming that (I, oF R/L. (b) Solve for the current when
(J,' R/L.

K
vlt)
L -lH

Fig. P4-13.

4-14. In the network: shown in Fig. P4-13, V(/) = 0 for I < 0, and vet) = t
for I ~ O. Show that i(/) "', I .- I .,- e-t for 12: 0, and sketch this
waveform,

4-15. In the network shown, the switch is closed at I = 0 connecting a

voltage Source r(t) - V sin WI to a series RL circuit. For this system,
solve for the response i(t).

Fig. P4-15.

4-16. Consider the differential equation

.u -;-: at .
dl = Jr (t )
k

where a is real and positive. Find the general solution of this equatio..
if all J~ ~ 0 for I < 0 and for I 2. 0 have the following values:
(a)!1 kIt
(e)!s = sin- i
(b)J~' te=>
(f) !6 cc cos- I
(c) Ji sin Wol (fJ,)f~ " I sin '21
(d) f~ cos Wot
(h) J8= e- sin 2t
c~
t
116 First-Order Differential Equations I Ch. 4

4-17. In the network (If the figure, the switch K is open and the network
reaches a steady state. At I = 0, switch K is closed. Find the current
in the inductor for I :> 0, sketch this current, and identify the time
constant.

10 n
10 n

+
-=- 5v 2H

Fig. P4-17.

4-18. Repeat Prob. 4-13, determining the voltage at node a, v.(I) for I > O.
4-19. The network of the figure is in a steady state with the switch K open.
At I = 0, the switch is closed. Find the current in the capacitor for
I > 0, sketch this waveform, and determine the time constant.

Fig. P4-19.

4-20. In the network shown, the switch K is closed at 1 = O. The current

waveform is observed with a cathode ray oscilloscope. The initial value
of the current is measured to be 0.01 amp. The transient appears to
disappear in 0.1 sec. Find (a) the value of R, (b) the value of C, and
(c) the equation of i(t).

Fig. P4-20.

4-21. The circuit shown in the accompanying figure consists of a resistor

and a relay with inductance L. The relay is adjusted so that it is
actuated when the current through the coil is 0.008 amp. The switch
K is closed at 1 -~ 0, and it is observed that the relay is actuated when
I = 0.1 sec. Find: (a) the indu.:tance L of the coil, (b) the equation of

i(1) with all terms evaluated.

 Ch..4 / Problems 117

~ 10,0000

100V~ ~

Fig. P4-21.

4-22. A switch is closed at ( = 0, connecting a battery of voltage V with

a series RC circuit. (a) Determine the ratio of energy delivered to the
capacitor to the total energy supplied by the source as a function of
time. (b) Show that this ratio approaches 0.50 as 1 -, 00.
4-23. Consider the exponentially decreasing function i ~~
Ke=u? where T
is the time constant. Let the tangent drawn from the curve at t = (1
intersect the line i = 0 at 12' Show that for any such point, i(lI),
(2 - 11 = T.

current
'tialvalue
pears to
ofC, and

of a resistor
so that it is
. Theswitch
uatedwhen
equation of
132 Initial Conditions in Networks / Ch. 5 ci. 5/ Proble

5-7. In the
PROBLEMS solve r,
and C

5-1. In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0 with the
capacitor uncharged. Find values for i, di/dt and d+iidt? at t = 0+,
for element values as follows: V = 100 V, R = 1000 n, and C =
l.uF.

5-8. The ru
Solve
and L
Fig. PS-I.

5-2. In the given network, K is closed at t = 0 with zero current in the

inductor. Find the values of i, di/dt, and d+iidt? at t = 0+ if R =
10 n, L = 1 H, and V = 100 Y.

5-9. In the
switch
given,

Fig. PS-2.

5-3. In the network of the figure, K is changed from position a to b at

t = O. Solve for i, di/dt, and d+ildt? at t = 0+ if R = 1000 n, L =
1 H, C = 0.1 .uF, and V = 100 Y.

Fig. PS-3.

5-4. For the network and the conditions stated in Prob. 4-3, determine the 5-10. In tH
values of dvJ!dt and dVz/df at f = 0+. state

5-5. For the network described in Prob. 4-7, determine values of dZvz/dtZ
and d3vz/dt3 at t = 0+.
5-6. The network shown in the accompanying figure is in the steady state
with the switch K closed. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Determine
the voltage across the switch, VK, and dVK/dt at t = 0+.

Fig. P5-6.
h.5 cs. 5 / Problems 133

5-7. In the given network, the switch K is opened at t = O. At t = 0+,

solve for the values of v, dcldt, and d+rl dt? if I ~" I 0 amp, R == lOOOn,
and C ~= IILF.
v
the
It,

Fig. PS-7.

5-8. The network shown in the figure has the switch K opened at t = O.
Solve for 1', doldt, and d+oldt» at t = 0+ if 1= 1 amp, R = 100 n,
and L = 1 H.
v

the

Fig. P5-S.

5-9. In the network shown in the figure, a steady state is reached with the
switch K open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. For the element values
given, determine the value of v.(O-) and v.(O+).

10 ~!

at
10 I! 20 ~!

+
5 V-=-

Fig. P5-9.

the 5-10. In the accompanying figure is shown a network in which a steady

state is reached with switch K open. At t = 0, the switch is closed.

lOQ

ate lOH 20Q

ine vb

"-1 Ton J"

Fig. PS-lOo
 134
Initial Conditions in Networks / Ch.. 5 I Problems

For the element values given, determine the values of v.(O-) an

v.(O+).

5-11. In the network of Fig. P5-9, determine iL(O +) and i ( (0) for the cor
ditions stated in Prob. 5-9. L

5-12. In the network given in Fig. P5-1O, determine Vb(O+) and Vb(oo) fo
the conditions stated in Prob. 5-10.

5-13. In the accompanying network, the switch K is closed at t = 0 wit!

zero capacitor voltage and zero inductor Current. Solve for (a) t'_IS.
!,~ the given m
and V2 at t = 0+, (b) VI and V2 at t = 00, (c) dVI/dt and dV2/dt a
t = 0+, (d) d2V2/dt2 at t = 0+. rh; switch K
R2' I Mr!,
t . , 0·; .

Fig. PS-l3. S-19. In the circui

connecting a
5-14. The network of Prob. 5-13 reaches a steady state with the switch K (a) dil/cll and
closed. At a new reference time, t = 0, the switch K is opened. Solve
for the quantities specified in the four parts of Prob. 5-13.

5-15. The switch K in the network of the figure is closed at t = 0 connecting

the
2 2battery to an unenergized network. (a) Determine i, dildt, and
d i/dt at t = 0+. (b) Determine 1'1, do-Jdt, and d2Vl/d/2 at t = 0+.

5-20. In the net

open with
and C I
integrodifli
Fig. PS-IS. closed. (b)

5-16. The network of Prob. 5-15 reaches a steady state under the conditions
specified in that problem. At a new reference time, t = 0, the switch
K is Opencd. Solve for the quantities specified in Prob. 5-15 at t = 0+.
5-17. In the network shown in the accompanying figure, the switch K is
changed from a to b at I = 0 (a steady state having been established
at position a). Show that at f = 0-1 ,

V
 13S
ks / Ch. 5
a: 5 / Problems

0-) and

: the con-

Fig. PS-17.
=0 with
'or (a) t'l 5-18. "~ the given network, the capacitor Cl is charged to voltage Vo and
dvz/dt at rh, switch K is c'osed at T ,,0. When RI ·2 Mn, Vo 1000 y,
2 2
Rz I Mn, c, 10 J1F, and c, - 20 J1F, solve for d iz/dT at
t .·0; .

Fig. PS-IS.

~-19. in the circuit shown in the figure, the switch K IS closed at t ~. 0

connecting a voltage, Vo sin WT, to the parallel RL-RC circuit. Find
(a) dil/df and (b) diz/df at T 0 i .
switch K
'led. Solve

onnecting
difdT, and
t T = O-l .

Fig. PS-i9.

5-20. In the network shown, a steady state is reached with the switch K
open with V . lOO Y, RI" 10 n, Rz ·20 n, RJ --= 20 n, L I H,
and C I J1F. At time f 0, the switch is closed. (a) Write the
integrodifTerential equations for the network after the switch is
closed. (b) What is the voltage Vu across C before the switch is

:onditions
the switch
III = 0+.
witch K i,
stablished
c
Fi~. PS-20.
_-L----T
136 Initial Conditions ill Networks i Ch. 5
Ch. 5 / Problems

closed? What is its polarity? (c) Solve for the initial value of i, ami 5-24. The given netv
i2Ct ~= 0+). (J) Solve for the values of di.ldt and di-f dt at I '" 0+. I' 0, the swin
(c) What is the value of di-fdt at t ~= co? V sin (I/./MC
5-21. The network shown in the figure has two independent node pairs.
If the switch K is opened at t = 0, find the following quam ities at /,.(0+) = 0,

t = 0+: (a) VI, (b) V2, (c) do-f dt, (d) dV2/dt.

5-25. In the network

Fig. PS-2I.
network has at
5-22. In the network shown in the figure, the switch K is closed at the an expression f
instant t = 0, connecting an unenergized system to a voltage source. parameters are
Let M 12 = O. Show that if v(O) = V, then: what is the val
dVK/dt (O+)?
di
dt1 (0 -t-. )

(L1 + L3 + 2M13)(L2 + L3 + 2M23) - (L3 + M13 + M23)2

di2(0+ )
dt

5-26. In the network

• connecting the
age Va at t = O·

Fig. PS-22.

5-23. For the network of the figure, show that if K is closed at t = 0,

2
d i1(0+) = _1- (-1 [v(O) _ dV(O)-J_ d v(0)}
2
F
dt2 R1lR1C R1C dt dt2
5-27. In the network
I = 0-, all cap
node-to-datum
and dc d dt at t
V3 and dV3/dl at

fig. PS-D.
 · Ch. 5
ci. 5 !Problems 137

it and 5-24. The given network consists of two coupled coils and a capacitor. At
~ 0+. t : 0, the switch K is closed connecting a generator of voltage, r(f) ~o

V sin (If"'; MC). Show that

pairs.
ties at /,.(0+) = 0, (;;/(0+) = (V/L)"'; M/C, and (/2V·(O+) = 0
df2

~ a

K
~ L 1-~L +
+ Viii C v.

Fig. P5-24.

5-25. In the network of the figure, the switch K is opened at t = 0 after the
network has attained a steady state with the switch closed. (a) Find
at the an expression for the voltage across the switch at f = 0+. (b) If the
source. parameters are adjusted such that i(O+) = I and dildt (0 +) ~, - I,
what is the value of the derivative of the voltage across the switch.
dVK/dt (O+)?

Fig. P5-2S.

5-26. In the network shown in the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0

connecting the battery with an unenergized system. (a) Find the volt-
age v. at t = 0+. (b) Find the voltage across capacitor Cl at t = CD.

,0,
r
-=-V

Fig. PS-26.

5-27. In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at t ,-c O. At

te-c,0 -, all capacitor voltages and inductor currents are zero. Three
node-to-datum voltages are identified as '1.'1,1'2, and 1'3. (a) Find VI
and dvr/df at t = 0+. (b) Find 1'2 and de2/df at t = 0+. (c) Find
V3 and dVl/df at t = 0-1·.
138 Initial Conditions ill Networks I Ch. 5

vitl +

Fig. PS-27.

5-28. In the network of the figure, a steady state is reached, and at t = 0,

the switch K is opened. (a) Find the voltage across the switch, 1"K at
t ~= 0+. (b) Find dVK/dt at t = 0+.

The differential
eq uations of the
we will continue
Fig. PS-28. restrictions as to
The mathematic
5-29. In the network of the accompanying figure, a steady state is reached under the head in
with the switch K closed and with i 10' a constant.
O~ At t = 0, the classical met
switch K is opened. Find: (a) t'2(0-), (b) t'2(0+), and (c) (dt"2/dl) differential equat
(0+). conceptual adva
transformation is
which are ordin
more easily deve
+ be reserved for t
c L

6-1. SECOND·O
EXCITATIO
Fig. PS-29.
A second-o
stant coefficients

The solution of
the solution itsel
 Ch. 6 / Problems
163
Continued / Ch. 6

current will be sustained indefinitely. However, if there is resistance

otherwise this
present, the current through the resistor will cause energy to be dissi-
. the derivative
pated, and the total energy will decrease with each cycle. Eventually
all the energy will be dissipated and the current will be reduced to zero.
(6-137) If a scheme can be devised to supply the energy that is lost in each
cycle, the oscillations can be sustained. This is accomplished in the
electronic oscillator to produce audio frequency or radio frequency
sinusoidal signals.
(6-138)

ise is
FURTHER READING
(6-139)

ne appearance BALABANIAN,NORMAN,Fundamentals of Circuit Theory, Allyn and Bacon,

Inc., Boston, 1961. Chapter 3.
: Rcn and the CHIRLlAN,
PAUL~t, Basic Network Theory, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
or the current New York, 1969. Chapter 4.
:ten CLEMENT,PRESTONR., AND WALTER C. JOHNSON, Electrical Engineering
(6-140) Science, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1960. Chapter 7.

idition of the CLOSE,CHARLESM., The Analysis of Linear Circuits, Harcourt, Brace &
World, Inc., New York, 1966. Chapter 4.
HUELSMAN,LAWRENCEP., Basic Circuit Theory with Digital Computations,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1972. Chapter 6.
r)] (6-141 ) SKILLlNG,
HVGH H., Electrical Engineering Circuits, 2nd ed., John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York, 1965. Chapter 2.

(6-142) WYLlE,CLARENCER., JR., Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 3rd ed.,

McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1966. Chapters 2,3, and 5.

(6-143) DIGITAL COMPUTER EXERCISES

e is shown in
References that are useful in designing exercises to go with the topics
ng factor and
of this chapter are cited in Appendix £-6.3 and are concerned with the
I envelope or
numerical solution of higher-order differential equations. In particular, the
ermines how suggestions contained in Chapters 5, 6, and 7 of Huelsman, reference 7,
es zero, the Appendix E-10, are recommended.
IS result.

.ult may be
1 the electric
PROBLEMS
rage element
tored in the
rergy, When 6-1. Show that i = ke=> and i = ke= are solutions of the differential
equation
) the electric
2
s as long as di
dt»
+ 3 dtdi + 2'I = 0
e oscillatory
 164
Differential Equations, Continued / Ch,
Ch. 6 / Problems
6-2. Show that i = ke= and i = kte= an: solutions of the differenti
equation subject to the initial conditions
di
2
+ 2 dt'
di -I- . = 0 d+ildt? = --I at t = 0.+.
dt? I
6-11. The response of a network is fr
6-3. Find the general solution of each of the following equations: i= Kite:'
dZ'
(a) -.-! + d'
3 -.: + 2i = 0 (e) d Z'
--.! d' -~ 6i
-i- _l.. = 0 where (J., is real and positive. i
dt2 dt df2 dt'
maximum value.
(b) d2i + 5 dtdi + 6'I - 0 d2' di
6-12. In a certain network, it is found
dtZ - (0 df~ -T' d: +- 2i = 0
sion
(c) ;t21 + 7 :: + 12; = 0 ( ) dl;
g d{2'
-L 2 di .: '= 0
dt r I
Show that i(t) reaches a maxi
(d) d2i
df2
+ 5 dtdi + 4'I = 0 (h) d2i -L 4 di -"4' -- 0. 1
d{2' dt r 1- t =--
1X1-
6-4. Find the general solution of each of the following homogeneo
differential equations: 6-13. The graph shows a damped si
form
d2L' dv Ke-at si
(a) dt2 + 2 dt + 20 = 0. (d) 2 dt
d 21)
Z + 8 dt
d,; , 16. -
-;- t--
0
From the graph, determine n
(b) d2V +: ? dv
dt2 - dt
+ 4 v = 0.
d-» ; do
(c) dtZ -r- 4dt + 2v = 0 (f) d 0
2
+ 3 do + 5v - 0.
dt 2 dt -
6-5. Find particular solutions for the differential equations of Prob. 6-)
subject to the initial conditions:

i(O+) = I, di
dt (0+) = 0.

6-6. Find particular solutions for the differential equations of Prob, 6.)
subject to the initial conditions:

i(o'+) = 2, di (0 +-) co .; I
dt
6-7. Find particular solutions to the differential equations of Prob. 6-4
subject to the initial conditions:

r(O+) 0= I, ~~ (0 +-) ,-- I Fig.

6-8. Find particular solutions to the differential equations given in Prm 6-14. Repeat Prob. 6-13 for the wa
6-4, given the initial conditions:

('(0.+) ~, 2, dO(o'_r)
clt
= I

6-9. Solve the differential equation '"

a.
E
'"
3~
i
dt
J'

J
I- 8 --=:
d"
dt ?
-j-
di
10 -.: ., 3i
dt
= 0.

6-10. Solve the differential equation

J
d ; -;- 9 d~; -:- 13 dr
2c1tJ d; __ 6,' == 0.
dt2
Fig.
Continued I Ch. 6
Ch.6 I Problems 165

the differential
subject to the initial conditions i(O+) = 0, dildt = 1 vt t = 0+, and
d2i/dt2 = ·-1 at t = 0+.
6-11.The response of a network is found to be
uations: f::::: 0
where (I, is real and positive. Find the time at which i(t) attains a
=0
maximum value.
6-12. In a certain network, it is found that the current is given by the expres-
=0
sion

, =0
Show that i(t) reaches a maximum value at time

li =0 t = 1 In (l,lK1
(1,1 - (1,2 (l,2Kz

g homogeneous 6-13. The graph shows a damped sinusoidal waveform having the general
form
Ke:= sin(eui -;- ifJ)
16v = 0
From the graph, determine numerical values for K, (1, co, and ifJ.

Iv = 0 -,
'.
5v =0
lOS of Prob. 6-3

lOS of Prob. 6-3

ms of Prob. 6-4

Fig. P6-13.

6-14. Repeat Prob. 6-13 for the waveform of the accompanying figure.
IS given in Prob.
,
+1
/" r-.
'"
a.
E
o V -, 1/
'"
I"", <; /
-1
-H-- V
o 2 3 4 5
t, msec

Fig. P6-14.
 166
Differential Equations,

6-15. In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed and

is reached in the network. At f = 0, the switch is 0
expression for the current in the inductor, i (t).
2

~
-=- 100 v

Fig. P6-15.
6·16. The capacitor of the figure has an initial voltage vc(o-)
at the same time the current in the induct or is zero. At
switch K is closed. Determine an expression for the vel

Fig. P6-16.
6-17. The voltage SOurce in the network of the figure is descri
equation, VI = 2 cos 2t fer t ~ 0 and is a short circuit p'
time. Determine V2(t). Repeat if '1.·1 = KIt for t ~ 0 and s
t < O.

Fig. P6-17.
6-18. Solve the following nonhomogeneous differential equationsI
( ) d2i
a dt2 + 2 dtdi + i = 1

(b) g:.! + 3 dtdi + 2i = St

dt?
2

(c) ;t ; + 3:: + 2i = 10 sin lOt

(d) d2q
dt2
+ Sdq
dt
+ 6q = te=

(e) ;t2~ + 5;~+ 6v = e=» + Se-3r

6-19. Solve the differential equations given in Prob.
following initial conditions:

x(O+) = 1 dx
and dr(O+) = -1

where x is the general dependent variable.

 167

is closed and a steady sta Find the particular solutions to the differential equations of Prob,
switch is opened. Find u
6-18for the following initial conditions:
'2(t).
dx
x(O+) = 2 and dt(O+) = -1

where x is the dependent variable in each case.

~ll. Solvethe differential equation

dJ'
+ 9 ddt~' +
2 di r
2dt~ 13 d; + 6i = Kote- sin t
P6-15.
which is valid for t ~ 0, if i(O+) = 1, di/dl(O +) = -1, and d+il
'oIt~ge vC<O-) = VI> and dl'(O"t') = O.
tor IS zero. At t = 0, the ~ll. A special generator has a voltage variation given by the equation
n for the voltage V2(t). t,l) 1 V, where t is the time in seconds and 1 ~ O. This generator
is
connected to an RL series circuit, where R = 2 nand L = I H, at
urne 1 = 0 by the closing of a switch, Find the equation for the current
as a function of time i(t).
6-13. A bolt of lightning having a waveform which is approximated as
'6-16. 1'(1) =
te-r strikes a transmission line having resistance R = 0.1 n
and inductance L = 0,1 H (the line-to-line capacitance is assumed vlt) ~

igure is described by the negligible). An equivalent network is shown in the accompanying

~hort circuit prior to that diagram. What is the form of the current as a function of time?
:or t ~ 0 and VI = 0 for (Thiscurrent will be in amperes per unit volt of the lightning; likewise Fig. P6-23.
the time base is normalized.)
6-24.In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at 1 = 0 with the
capacitor initially unenergized. For the numerical values given, find
i(I).

i-17.

itial equations for t ~ O.

Fig. P6-24.

6-25. In the network shown in the accompanying figure, a steady state is

reached with the switch K open. At r = 0, the switch is closed. For
the element values given, determine the current, i(t) for 1 ~ 0,
R-103 (l

r::\,5IlF
ilt))

ob. 6-18 subject to the Fig. P6-2S.

6-26. In the network shown in Fig. P6-2S, a steady state is reached with the
-1 switch K open. At t = 0, the value of the x resistor R is changed to
the critical value, Ra defined by Eq, (6-88). For the element values
given, determine the current i(t) for 1 2 O.
 Differential Equations, Continued I Ch. 6 Ch.,6 I Problem!
168
6-33. A switch
6-27. Consider the network shown in Fig. P6-24. The capacitor has an
series RI
initial voltage, Vc = 10 V. At I = O. the switch K is closed. Determine
of time i:
i(t) for I :2: O.
6-28. The network of the figure is operating in the steady state with the w
switch K open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. Find an expression for
(b) Find
the Voltage, v(l) for t :2: O.
tion of t
steady-si
+
as 1-"
in the st

10 sin wt t c u( t) 6-34. In the s

frequent
K
(1) CO =
(2) CO =
Fig. P6-28. These f
experim
6-29. Consider a series RLC network which is excited by a voltage source. when th
(a) Determine the characteristic equation corresponding to the differ- steady-s
ential equation for i(t). (b) Suppose that Land C are fixed in value the rna:
but that R varies from 0 to 00. What will be the locus of the roots of is, whic
the characteristic equation? (c) Plot the roots of the characteristic greater'
equation in the s plane if L = 1 H, C = 1 J.l.F, and R has the following
values: 500 n. 1000 n, 3000 n, 5000 n.
6-30. Consider the RLC network of Prob. 6-16. Repeat Prob. 6-29, except
that in this case the study will concern the characteristic equation
corresponding to the differential equation for V2(t). Compare results
with those obtained in Prob. 6-29.
6-31. Analyze the network given in the figure on the loop basis, and deter-
mine the characteristic equation for the currents in the network as
a function of Kt. Find the value(s) of Kt for which the roots of the
characteristic equation are on the imaginary axis of the s plane. Find
the range of values of Kt for which the roots of the characteristic
equation have positive real parts.

Fig. P6-31.

6-32. Show that Eq. (6-121) can be written in the form

i = Ke-'W"'cos(con~i + 1/»
Give the values for K and I/> in terms of K, and K6 of Eq. (6-121).
· Continued / Ch. 6 o. 6/ Problems 169

:apacitor has an 6-33.A switch is closed at t = 0 connecting a battery of voltage V with a

osed. Determine series RL circuit. (a) Show that the energy in the resistor as a function
of time is
y state with the
WR =
V2(
R t 2L c: R'L
+R t -
L
2Re- 2R'L
t, -
3L).
2R JOU
Ies
n expression for
(b) Find an expression for the energy in the magnetic field as a func-
-0 tion of time. (c) Sketch WR and WL as a function of time. Show the
+ steady-state asymptotes, that is, the values that WR and WL approach
as I -4 eo. (d) Find the total energy supplied by the voltage source
in the steady state.
)(t)
6-34.In the series RLC circuit shown in the accompanying diagram, the
frequency of the driving force voltage is
(I) W = eo, (the undarnped natural frequency)
(2) W = Wn~ (the natural frequency)
These frequencies are applied in two separate experiments. In each
voltage SOurce. experiment we measure (a) the peak value of the transient current
ig to the differ- when the switch is closed at I = 0, and (b) the maximum value of the
fixed in value steady-state current. (a) In which case (that is, which frequency) is
of the roots of the maximum value of the transient greater? (b) In which case (that
characteristic is, which frequency) is the maximum value of the steady-state current
) the following greater?

). 6-29, except
istic equation
rnpare results ~
100 sin wt ~
!It,) lJ1F

Fig. P6-34.
.is, and deter-
e network as
: roots of the
s plane. Find
charactensnc

~q. (6-121).
i Network Theorems / CIr.9
". 9/ Problems 271

FURTHER READING

CHoo.IAN,
PAULM., Basic Network Theory, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 1969. Chapter 5.
DfsoER, CHARLES A., AND ERNESTS. KUH, Basic Circuit Theory, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, New York, 1969. Chapters 16 and 17.
Kuo, FRANKLlNF., Network Analysis and Synthesis, 2nd ed., John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York, 1966. Chapter 7.
(b)

: 6 for which the DIGITAL COMPUTER EXERCISES

The topics of this chapter are not directly related to the use of the
digitalcomputer, since new concepts and theorems are stressed. Use the
timeavailable for computer exercises in completing more of those suggested
rolled source which at the end of Chapter 3.

(9-94)
PROBLEMS
find the impedance
ng a voltage source
9-1. In the network of (a) of the accompanying figure, '1:1 = Voe-Zt
rrent I(s) under the
cos t u(t), and for the network of (b), i, = loe-t sin 31 u(t). The imped-
zero, meaning that ance of the passive network N is found to be -"
Z(s) = (s + 2Xs + 3) N
'k(S) (9-95) (s + IXs + 4) VI

(a) With N connected to the voltage source as in (a) of the figure,

equired impedance
what will be the complex frequencies in the current i, (t)? (a)
(b) With N connected to the current source as in (b) of the figure,
(9-96) what will be the complex frequencies in the voltage VI(t)?
9·2. Repeat Prob. 9-1 if +
2s' + 3s + 5s + Ss +
3 2 1 VI N
Z(s) = (S2 + IX2sz + 2s + 4)
(9-97)
Solve part (b) only.
(b)
9·3. Consider the two series circuits shown in the accompanying figure.
Given that VI(t) = sin 103t, vz(t) = e-IOOOtfor t > 0, and C = I j.l.F. Fig. P9-1.
(9-98)

rk is constructed R L'

C C
seful artifice that
he operation of ~ ~
Ig the amount of (b)
(a)
rnplish this.
Fig. 1'9-3.
 Impedance Functions and Network Theorems / Ch. 9 Ch. 9 / Problems

(a) Show that it is possible to have ;1(t) = ;z(t) for all t > Q. (b) 9-8. For the RC
Determine the required values of Rand L for (a) to hold. (c) Discuss ance, Z(s), i
the physical meaning of this problem in terms of the complex fre- p(s) andq(s
quencies of the two series circuits. of Prob. 9-1
9-4. In the network of the figure, the switch is opened at t = 0, a steady 9-9. Repeat Pro
state having previously been established. With the switch open, draw
the transform network for analysis on the loop basis, representing all
elements and all initial conditions.

rr-
0::-
V -
9-10. Repeat Pr
figure.

Fig. P9-4.

9-5. This problem is similar to Prob. 9-4, except that the transform net-
work required should be prepared for analysis on the (a) loop basis,
and (b) node basis. In this network, initial currents and voltages are
a consequence of active elements removed at t = O.

9-11. Repeat P
this case
9-12. Two blac
known th
Fig. P9-S. contains
the input
9-6. In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0 and at (b) Inves
t = 0 - the indicated voItages are on the two capacitors. Repeat Prob. network.
9-4 for this network. conditio!

r- r :

o I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
Fig. P9-6. I
1
0>---+-1-
9-7. Determine the transform impedances for the two networks shown in L.

the accompanying figure.

9-13. Repeat

z~g'1~\ I panying

5Slepian,
6Macklel
Fig. P9-7. September, 191
seorems I CIr. 9 a. 9/ Problems 273

all t> Q. (b) f.I. For the RC network shown in the figure, find the transform imped-
2F 2F
d. (c) Discuss ance, Z(s), in the form of a quotient of polynomials, p(s)/q(s). Factor
complex fre- pes) and q(s) so that Z(s) may be written in the form of the impedance
ofProb.9-1.

= 0, a steady ,.9. Repeat Prob. 9-8 for the LC network of the accompanying figure. z~
~ open, draw
iresenting all Fig. P9-S.

Fig. P9-9.

,.10. Repeat Prob. 9-8 for the RC network shown in the accompanying
figure,

nsform net-
loop basis,
/oltages are
Fig. P9-10.

9-11.Repeat Prob. ~-8 for the RLC network of the figure, except that in
O-------r------,
this case determine yes) rather than Z(s).
9-12.Two black boxes with two terminals each are externally identical. It is
known that one box contains the network shown as (a) and the other
contains the network shown as (b) with R = ..; L/e. (a) Show that
z-
the input impedance, Zin(S) = Vin(s)/Iin(s) = R for both networks.' IH
~ 0 and at (b) Investigate the possibility of distinguishing the purely resistive
peat Prob. network. Any external measurements may be made, initial and final
conditions may be examined, etc. Fig. P9-11.

r-----------, .------------,
I
I

R L :

R :R- VCfT
I
I

CRI
I
I
I
L J L J

shown in
(a) (b)

Fig. P9-12.

9-13.Repeat Prob. 9-12 by comparing the network shown in the accom-

panying figures to that given in (a) of the figure for Prob. 9-12.

~Slepian,J., letter in Elec. Engrg., 68,377; April, 1949.

6Macklem, F. S., "Or. Slepian's black box problem," Proc. IEEE, 51,1269;
September,1963.
 Ch. 9 / Problems
274 Impedance Functions and Network Theorems / Ch. 9

r----------,
I

R=
,fF.c
R c

Fig. P9·13.
9·18. The accom
9·14. The network shown in Fig. P9-4 is operated with switch K closed sources in
until a steady-state condition is reached. Then at t = 0 the switch K network, fi
is opened. Starting with the transform network found in Prob. 9-4, expression
determine the voltage across the switch, Vk(t), for t :2: O.
9·15. If the capacitors are uncharged and the inductor current zero at
t = 0-, in the given network, show that the transform of the gen-
erator current is
IO(s2 + s + 1)
ll(s) = (S2 + lXs2 + 2s + 2)

IH 9·19. Th1netwo
current so
IF 10 determine

Fig. P9·1S.

9·16. Repeat Prob. 9-15 for the network given to show that the generator
current is given by the transform
I s _ s(s + 2X5s + 6)
l( ) - (S2 + 4s + 13XlOs2 + 18s + 4)

9·20. The ne
1n this netw
RL•
Fig P9·16.

9·17. For the network of the figure, show that the equivalent Thevenin
network is represented by

Vs = --tV (1 + a + b - ab)

and
3-b
z, =-2-
 275
Theorems / cs. 9

1n

Fig. P9-17.

9-18.The accompanying network consists of resistors and controlled

switch K closed sources in addition to the independent voltage source v,. For this
- 0 the switch K network, find the Thevenin equivalent network by determining an
d in Prob. 9-4, expression for the voltage V8 and the Thevenin equivalent resistance.
~ O.

current zero at
orm of the gen-

fig. P9-1S.

9-19.ThJnetwork of the figure contains three resistors and one controlled

curfent source in addition to independent sources. For this network,
determine the Thevenin equivalent network at terminals I-I',

It the generator

Fig. P9-19.

9·20. The network shown is a simple representation of a transistor. For

this network, determine the Thevenin equivalent network for the load
RL•

rlent Thevenin

Fig. P9·20.
276 Impedance Functions and Network Theorems I Ch. 9

9-21. The network in the figure contains a resistor and a capacitor in addi-
tion to various sources. With respect to the load consisting of RL in
series with L, determine the Thevenin equivalent network.

+
111 IJ••

Fig. 1'9-21.

9-22. Using the network of Prob. 9-18, determine the Norton equivalent
network.
9-23. For the network used in Prob. 9-19, determine the Norton equivalent
network.
9-24. Determine the Norton equivalent network for the network given in
Prob.9-20.
9-25. Determine the Norton equivalent network for the system described in
Prob.9-21.
9-26. In the given network, the switch is in position a until a steady state is.
reached. At t = 0, the switch is moved to position b. Under that
condition, determine the transform of the voltage across the 0.5-F
capacitor using (a) Thevenin's theorem, and (o) Norton's theorem.

9-30. Using
alent
Fig. 1'9-26. ditions.

9-27. In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at 1 = 0, a steady

state having previously existed. Find the current in the resistor R3
using (a) Thevenin's theorem, and (b) Norton's theorem.

9-31. The
10 n
values
dete
equiva
Fig.P9-17.
 eorems / cs. 9 Ch.9 I Problems 277

lcitor in addi- J.28.Thenetwork shown in the figure is a low-pass filter. The input voltage
sting of RL in VI(t) is a unit step function, and the input and load resistors have the
~rk. value R = ...;LIe. By using Thevenin's theorem, show that the trans-
form of the output voltage is

R ~Itl

n equivalent
Fig. P9-28.
n equivalent
9·29.In the network shown in the accompanying sketch, the elements are
>rk given in chosen such that L = eRr and RI = Rz. If v\(t) is a voltage pulse of
I-V amplitude and T-sec duration, show that vz(t) is also a pulse, and
find its amplitude and time duration.
described in

JaOY state is, +

Under that
the O.S-F
s theorem.

Fig. P9-29.

9-30.Using either Thevenin's or Norton's theorem, determine an equiv-

alent network for the terminals a-b in the figure for zero initial con-
ditions.
I, a steady
:sistor RJ

Fig. P9-JO.

9-31. The network given contains a controlled source. For the element
values given, with v\(t) = u(t), and for zero initial conditions: (a)
determine the equivalent Thevenin network at a-a', (b) Determine the
equivalent Thevenin network at bob'.
 Impedanc« Functions and Network Theorems I Ch. 9

Fig. P9-3I.

9-32. For the given network, determine the equivalent Thevenin network
to compute the transform of the current in RL•

Fig. P9-31.
In this char
9-33. Assuming zero initial voltage on the capacitor, determine 1 he equiv- admittance
alent Norton network for the resistor Rx. extended. F
different par
+ - mathematic,
functions arl

10·1. TERMI]

Consid
elements. T(
Fig. P9-33.
represented I
fastened to a
access, the en
are required
necting some
ments. The IT
the terminal!
another pair
name terminc

I Terminal
This results in:
this chapter.
tnd Zeros / Ch. 10 o, /0 I Problems 317

i). The stability whichis a quad, indicating that pes) has two zeros in the right half-
planefrom the quad. Dividing Eq. (10-123) into Eq. (10-121) gives
the factor 2S2 s + +
1 which may be analyzed by the quadratic
formula.
aial or an odd
e even polyno-
S" +
ja)(s - ja) FURTHER READING
other possibiI-
lay be reached DESOER,CHARLESA., AND ERNESTS. KUH, Basic Circuit Theory, McGraw-
D-31 which are Hill Book Company, New York, 1969. Chapter 15.
KARNI, SHLOMO,Intermediate Network Analysis, AlIyn and Bacon, Inc.,
Boston, 1971. Chapter 6.
;b)
LATHI, B.P., Signals, Systems, and Communication, John Wiley & Sons,
(10-120) Inc., New York, 1965. Chapter 7.
MELSA, JAMESL., AND DONALD G. SCHULTZ, Linear Control Systems,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1969. Chapter 6.
) if b > a. In PERKINS, WILLIAMR., AND Joss B. CRUZ, JR., Engineering of Dynamic Sys-
on applies for tems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1969. Chapter 8.

DIGITAL COMPUTER EXERCISES

Two topics of this chapter which lend themselves to computer solu-

tionare the determination of the roots of a polynomial and the determina-
tion of the locus of roots. The sections of Appendix E devoted to these
topicsare E-l and E-9.5. In particular, see Huelsman, reference 7, Appendix
E-IO, and his discussions of root-locus plots in Section 10.3, and Me-
Cracken, reference 12, Case Studies 21 and 23.
.rrzeros, sym-
vith respect to
irm a quad of PROBLEMS

10-1. For the network shown in the accompanying figure, determine

Z12 = V2(s)jII(s).

5 (l0-121)

Fig_ PlO-I.
(10-122)
10-2. Consider the RC two-port network shown in the accompanying
figure. For this network show that
:) is
G - r S2 + (R1C1 + R2C2)SjRIR2CIC2 + 1jR R2C C2 1 1 ]
(10-123) 12 - l..$2 + (R1C1 + R C2 + R2C2)SjRtR2CIC2 + 1jR R2C C2
1 1 1
 318 Network Functions; Poles and Zeros I Ch. 10 a.. 10 I Problems

10-7. For the net'

specified, dr

Fig. PlO-I.

10-3. (a) For the given network, show that with port 2 open, the input
impedance at port 1 is 1 n. (b) Find the voltage-ratio transfer func-
tion, G12 for the two-port network.
10-8. Fur the RI

1
+ 10 ~------r---------~2
+

10

10
2F

10-'). For the g

~------------------------~~--------~2
Fig. PI0-3.
and dete

10-4. For the resistive two-port network of the figure, determine the
numerical value for (a) G12, (b) Z12, (c) Y12, and (d) tX12•

U!

10-10. For the

Fig. PI0-4.
1n transfer
10-5. The resistive bridged-T, two-port network shown in the figure is to
Fig. PIO-5. be analyzed to determine (a) G\2, (b) Z12, (c) Y12, and (d) tX12•
10-6. The given network contains resistors and controlled sources. For
this network, compute G12 = Vz/V!.

v,u::Jln
I
~ 1n 2V;

10-11. Foreal
a volta
V. at I
Fig. PI0-6.
~eros/ cs. 10 u: 10 I Problems 319

10-7. For the network of the accompanying figure and the element values
specified, determine IX 12 = 12//1,

In

\' the input

lnsfer func- Fig. PIO-7.

10·8. Fur the RC two-port network shown in the figure, show that

G -- i- 1/R1R2CIC2 ]
12 - LS2 + (RICI + RIC2 + R2C2)S/RIR2CIC2 + 1/R1R2CIC2
02
~
+

Fig. PlO-So o

10·). For the given network, show that

2 K(s + 1)
YI2 = (s + 2)(s + 4)
and determine the value and sign of K.
ine the

Fig. PIO·9.

10·10. For the network shown in the figure, show that the voltage-ratio
transfer function is
re is to (S2 + 1)2
1%12. G 12 = 5s4 + 5s2 +
s. For I H I H

+ +

~T_l _ ______lll~2
Fig. r-io-io.
10-11. For each of the networks shown in the accompanying figure, connect
a voltage source VI to port I and designate polarity references for
V2 at port 2. For each network, determine G 12 = V2/ VI'
320 Network Functions; Poles and Zeros / Ch. 10 Ch. 10/ Problems

R
Z(s)

(a)

1n 2
10-17. A system has a
which may be a
system to a step
of K, as a funcii
if 2
done by the

.l0-18.
(g)

Fig. PlO-H.

10-12. For the network given in Fig. PlO-ll(a), terminate port 2 in a I-Q 10-19. A system has
resistor and connect a voltage source at port I. Let 11 be the current s = -3, and
in the voltage source and 12 be the current in the I-n load. Assign One term of
reference directions for each. For this network, compute G12 = K3e-r sin (t +
V21V1 and 0(12 = 12112, of a between

10-13. Repeat Prob. 10-12 for the network of Fig. PIO-ll(b).

10-14. Repeat Prob. 10-12 for the network of Fig. PlO-Il(g).

10-15. For the network of Fig. PlO-II(g), connect a current source 11 at

port I and a I-n resistor at port 2. Assign reference directions for
all voltages and currents. For this network, compute Z12 = V21I1
and 0(12 = 121/1,

10-16. The network shown in (a) of the figure is known as a shunt peaking
network. Show that the impedance has the form

Z(s) = K(s - ZI)

(s - Pl)(S - P2)

and determine ZI, p i, and P2 in terms of R, L, and C. If the poles and

zeros of Z(s) have the locations shown in (b) of the figure with Z(jO)
= I, find the values for R, L, and C.
id Zeros / Ch. 10 Ch. JOI Problems 321

s plane jw

JTITrr--
2 I 1.5
(J

ZlsI c -3 I

L vrrr I
I
2 I
I

*-- --
(c) Ibl

Fig. PIO-16.

10·17.A system has a transfer function with a pole at s = - 3 and a zero

which may be adjusted in position at s = -a_The response of this
system to a step input has a term of the form K,e:», Plot the value
of K( as a function of a for values of a between 0 and 5. This may be
done by the graphical procedure of Section 10-7.
10-18.A system has a transfer function with poles at s = -1 ± j 1 and a
zero which may be adjusted in position at s = -a. The response of
this system to a step input has a term of the form K2e-r sin (t + rjJ).
Plot the value of K2 as a function of a for values of a between 0 and
5. This may be done graphically.
rrt 2 in a I-Q
10·19.A system has a transfer function with poles at s = -1 ± j 1and at
re the current
s = - 3, and a zero which may be adjusted in position at s = - a.
load. Assign
One term of the response of this system to a step input is of the form
npute G12 =
K3e-r sin Ct + rjJ). Plot the value of K3 as a function of a for values
of a between 0 and 5.

jw

x j1
source I( at
-a
lirections for
-4 -3 -2 -1 (J
Z12 = V2/1(
x j1

hunt peaking Fig. PIO-19.

10·20. Apply the Routh-Hurwitz criterion to the following equations and

determine: (a) the number of roots with positive real parts, (b) the
number of roots with zero real parts, and (c) the number of roots
with negative real parts.
he poles and
(a) 4s3 + 7s2 + 7s + 2 = 0
'e with ZUO)
(b) S3 + 3s2 + 4s + 1 = 0
Cc) 5s3 + S2 + 6s + 2 = 0
(d) SS + 2S4 + 2s3 + 4S2 + l l s + 10 = 0
322 Network Functions; Poles and Zeros / Ch. 10

10-21. Given the equation

S3 + 5s2 + Ks + 1 =0 10-28. For the
Dete .
(a) For what range of values of K will the roots of the equation have
negative real parts? (b) Determine the value of K such that the real the syst
part vanishes. equation

10-22. Repeat Prob. 10-20 for the equations: 10-29. The am

(a) 5s4 + 6s3 + 4S2 + 2s + 3 = 0 analyzed.
(b) S4 + 3s3 + 2S2 + s + 1 = 0 for the
(c) 2S4 + 3s3 + 6s2 + 7s + 2 = 0 istic eq
(d) 3s6 + S5 + 19s4 + 6s3 + 81s2 + 25s + 25 = 0 without
and K?
10-23. Repeat the tests of Prob. 10-20 for the following equations:
amplifier
(a) 720s5 + 144s4 + 214s3 + 38s2 + 10s + 1 = 0
(b) 25s5 + 105s4 + 120s3 + 120s2 + 20s + 1 = 0
(c) S5 + 5.5s4 + 14.5s3 + 8s2 - 19s - 10 = 0
(d) S5 - S4 - 2s3 +2S2 - 8s + 8 = 0
(e) S6 + 1 =0
10-24. For the following polynomials, (I) determine the number of zeros in
the right half of the s plane, (2) determine the number of zeros on
the imaginary axis of the s plane. Show method.
(a) 2s6 + 2s5 + 3s4 + 2s3 + 4S2 + 3s +
2 = PI(S)
(b) S6 + 2s5 + 6s4 + 1Os3 + l1s2 + 12s + 6 = P2(S) 10-30. The ne
(c) 2s6 + 2s5 + 4S4 + 3s3 + 5s2 +
4s + 1 = P3(S) oscil/at
gmRL~
10-25. For the following polynomial, determine the number of zeros in the
= 29 is
right half of the s plane, the left half of the s plane, and on the
imaginary axis (the boundary) of the s plane:
(a) PI(S) = 2s7 + 2s6 + 15s5 + 17s4 + 44s3 + 36s2 + 24s + 9
(b) S6 + 3s5 + 4S4 + 6s3 + 13s2 + 27s + 18 = P2(S)
(c) S8 + 3s7 + 5s6 + 9s5 + 17s4 + 33s3 +
31s2 + 27s + 18
= P3(S).

10-26. Consider the equation

aos4 + als3 + a2s2 + a3s + a4 = 0
Use the Routh-Hurwitz criterion to determine a set of conditions
necessary in order that all roots of the equation have negative real
parts. Assume that all coefficients in the equation are positive.
10-27. For the network of the figure, let RI = R2 = 1 n,
Cl = 1 F and
C2 = 2 F. For what values of k will the network be stable? In other
words, for what values of k will the roots of the characteristic equa-
tion have real parts in the left half of the s plane?

Fig. PI0-27.
tnd Zeros / cs. 10
Cl. 10 I Problems 323

11-28. For the network of Prob. 10-27, let k = 2, Cl = 1 F and Rz = 1 n.

e equation have Determine the relationship that must exist between RI and Cz for
eh that the real the system to oscillate, that is, for the roots of the characteristic
equation to be conjugate and have zero real parts.

10-29. The amplifier-network shown in the accompanying figure is to be

analyzed. (a) What must be the relationship between RI, Rz, and K
for the system to be stable (real parts of the roots of the character-
istic equation are zero or negative)? (b) For the system to oscillate
without damping, what must be the relationship between RI> Rz,
itions- and K? What will be the frequency of oscillation? Assume that the
amplifier has infinite input impedance and zero output impedance.

er of zeros in Amplifier
+
cJ
gain -K V2
. of zeros on
Fig. PIO-29.

10-30. The network of the accompanying figure represents a phase-shift

oscillator. (a) Show that the condition necessary for oscillation is
zeros in the gmRL ~ 29. (b) Show that the frequency of oscillation when gmRL
and on the = 29 is Wo = 1/../6 RC.

24s +9
+
+ 18
Vg

Fig. PIO-30.

10·31. Show that with Z.Zb = Rij in the bridged-T network of the accom-
:onditions
panying figure,
tative real
tive, Vz 1
VI = 1 + Z./Ro
·1 F and
'In other
and the input impedance at port 1 is Zin = Ro.
:tic equa-

Fig. PIO-31.

10-32. An active network is described by the characteristic equation

S2 + (3 + 6K )s +- 6K
I 2 =0
324 Network Functions; Poles and Zeros / Ch. 10

It is required that the network be stable and that no component of

its response decay more rapidly than Kte-31• Show that these condi-
tions are satisfied if K2 > 0, I Kt I < i, and K2 > 3Kt. Crosshatch
the area of permitted values of Kt and K2 in the Kt-K2 plane.

10-33. Values for the elements of the Routh array can also be expressed in
terms of second-order determinants multiplied by - 1. Thus the for-
mulas shown in Fig. 10-30 become

a5 \
b5
Using the indexing scheme suggested on page 312, give a general
formula for the elements of the Routh array.

We next turn 0
is useful in de
to describe an
tions are like I
restrictions im
open or be sho

In the I
identified+tw
and currents
box enclosing
voltages and
important ina
transformq
and V2 and 11
the four vari
of them dele
specified, then
four variabl
depending on
variables. In
in Table 11-1.
 342 Two-Port Parameters ( Ch. I

DIGITAL COMPUTER EXERCISES

In connection with the matrix multiplication of the ABeD parameter

matrices for networks connected in cascade, see the exercises in references
cited in Appendix E-3.1. The determination of the other parameters involves
ordinary network analysis with the special condition that the one pair 01
network terminals be either open or shorted. These topics are considered in
references cited in Appendix E-8.

PROBLEMS

In the problems to follow, all element values are in ohms, farads, or

henrys.
11-1. Find the y and z parameters for the two simple networks shown in
the figure if they exist.
11-2. For the two networks shown in the figure, find the z and y param-
1~2 eter's if they exist.
11-3. Find the y and z parameters for the resistive network of the accom-
1'0>__------02' panying figure.
la) 11-8. The
and
det
1~2
~ I1

1'~2' 1"0 --' -'-_~ 2' Fig. Pll·3.

(bl

Fig. PIl-l. 11-4. The network of the figure contains a current-controlled current
source. For this network, find the y and z parameters.

Fig. Pll·4.
(a) 11-9. Find
11-5. Find the y and z parameters for the resistive network containing a 11-10. The
l:n controlled source as shown in the accompanying figure.

(b)
Ideal
[ +

Fig. Pll·S.
Fig. Pll-2.
 343

The accompanying figure shows a resistive network containing a

SES singlecontrolled source. For this network, find the y and z param-
eters.
e ABeD parameter
ercises in referel1Cel
parameters involveI
that the one pair 01
cs are considered iD :, ~
2Q IQ

~
Fig. Pl1-6.

11·7. Thenetwork of the figure contains both a dependent current source

and a dependent voltage source. For the element values given, deter-
ohms, farads, or minethe y and z parameters.

etworks shown in

e z and y param-

k of the accom-
Fig. PH-7.

11·8. The accompanying network contains a voltage-controlled source

and a current-controlled source. For the element values specified,
determine the y and z parameters.

rolled current
).

+ + f--,-----jf---,-----o2
+
1 \1
2\l \.j
1'0-----'-------'---02'

Fig. PH-9.
Fig. PH·S.

11·9. Find the y and z parameters for the RC ladder network of the figure.
containing a ~F
11·10. The network of the figure is a bridged- T RC network. For the values
given, find the y and z parameters.
~~
Il-Il, Determine the ABCD (transmission) parameters for the network of 1~02
Prob. 11-10. 1F
n·12. The accompanying figure shows a network with passive elements
and two ideal transformers having I: I turns-ratios. For the element
1'0 T 2 02'

values specified, determine the z parameters. Fig. PH-lOo

 344 Two-Port Parameters / Ch. 11

r-----<> 2

1'0-------'-------" '------02'
f\fv--+~\.f\fv~-~2
Fig. PH-12.

11-13. The network of the figure represents a certain transistor over a given
1'0-------'-------02'
range of frequencies, For this network, determine (a) the h param-
Fig. PH-13. eters, and (b) the g parameters. Check your results using Table 11-2.
11-14. The network of the figure represents the transistor of Prob. 11-13
over a different range of frequencies. For this network, determine (a)
the h parameters, and (b) the g parameters.
11
11-15. Show
o--'----AJV''v--+--il-----'---<>2
- that the standard T section representation of a two-port net-
work may be expressed in terms of the h parameters by the equations
shown in the accompanying figure.
1'0-----'-------02'

Fig. Pll·14.

1'0------'----------<>2'

Fig. PH-IS.

11·16. The network of the figure may be considered as a two-port network

embedded in another resistive network. The resistive network is

1/2
f!

2
+ +
la 2f! V; N ~ If!

J' 2'

Fig. Pll-16.
Parameters / c« 11 Ch.lJ / Problems 345

described by the following short-circuit admittances: YII = Y22 =

2 U, Y21 = 2 U, and Y12 = 1 U. If la is a constant equal to 1 amp,
find the voltages and the two ports of the network N, VI and V2•
11·17.The network shown in the figure consists of a resistive T-and a resis-
tive It-network connected in parallel. For the element values given,
determine the Y parameters.

1/2 I! 1n
02'

2n
10-- 2
stor over a given
(a) the h param-
ising Table 11-2.
2
. of Prob. 11-13
'k, determine (a)

Fig. PH-17.
a two-port net-
'y the equations 11·18.The resistive network shown in the figure is to be analyzed to deter-
mine the Y parameters.

In 2n In

I'o------~L...---'------'-.--'-- .<J2'

Fig. PH-IS.

11-19.The accompanying figure shows two two-port networks connected

in parallel. One two-port contains only a gyrator, and the other is a
resistive network containing a single controlled source. For this net-
-port network work, determine the Y parameters.
e network is
K

1n

Fig. PH-19.
346 Two-Port Parameters / Ch. 11

11-20. In the network of Fig. 11-16, let Z. = s/2, Zb = 2/s, and Ro = I.

For these specific element values, determine the y parameters.
11-21. The network of the figure is of the type used for the so-called "notch
filter." For the element values that are given, determine the y param-
eters.

2F 2F

IF III

1'0---------'.--...L.-------o2'

Fig. Pll-21.

11-22. Let the element values for the network shown in Fig. 11-15 be as
follows: Cl = C2 = 1 F, RI = 1 Q, R. = Rb = 2 Q, C. = t F.
Using these values, determine the y parameters.
11-23. The figure shows two networks as (a) and (b). It is asserted that one is
the equivalent of the other. Is this assertion correct? Show reasoning.
If it is, might one network have an advantage over the other as far as
the calculation of network parameters is concerned?

+
--
II

C3
-- 12

+
V;
~

Cl C2

lal

II C3 12

: E fk~ IR' +~
It

~R' Ib,

Fig. Pll-23.

11-24. Two two-port networks are said to be equivalent if they have

identical y or z parameters (or other of the characterizing param-
eters). In this problem, we wish to study the conditions under
 eters / cs. J J
347
and Ra = 1.
meters. which the z-network of (c), is equivalent to the T-network of Cb).
Show that the two networks are equivalent if
called "notch
they param- Z2 Z3 d Y =Zt
Ya = D' Yb = 75' an C D
where

(a)
f---,.----o2

1"C>---'-----'---o2'
1:!L:2
r
(b)
2'

Fig. Pll-24.

11·25. Derive equations similar to those given in Prob. 11-24 expressing

1-15 be a5 ZI> Z2, and Z3 in terms of Yr, Yb, and Ye' This result and that given
c, = i-F. in Prob. 11-24 are used in obtaining a T-7t transformation.
11·26. Apply the T-7t transformation of Prob. 11-24 or 11-25 to the network
that one is of the figure to obtain an equivalent (a) T-network, (b) zr-network.
easoning.
er as far as

1 !! 211
1F

r----o
+
Fig. Pll-26. 1'0>------L-----_02'
l~y~2 2F

11·27. Apply the T-n transformation to obtain an equivalent (a) T-network

l'o~---- I 02'

and (b) zr-network for the capacitive network given in the figure. Fig, Pll-27.
11·28. Apply the T-7t transformation as many times as is necessary to the
inductive ladder network shown in the accompanying figure in order
to determine the numerical values for the equivalent (a) T-network,
(b) z-network.

--0

Fig. Pll·28.
13JI2
1'0
1H

~
1H 2 H

2'

11·29. The network given in the figure is known as a lattice network; this
, have lattice is symmetrical in the sense that two arms of the lattice have
X1ram- impedance Z, and two have impedance Zb' For this network, (a)
under determine the z parameters, and (b) express Z; and Z; in terms of z
parameters. Fig. Pll-29.
348 Two-Port Parameters / Ch. If

ll-30. In this problem, we consider two-port networks having a sym-

metry property illustrated in (a) of the figure: If the network is
divided at the dashed line, the two half networks have mirror sym-
metry with respect to the dashed line. The two half networks are
connected by any number of wires as shown, and we will consider
only the cases in which these wires do not cross. If a network meeting
these specifications is bisected at the dashed line, then with the con-
necting wires open, the input impedance at either port is Z 1/20c as
shown in (b). Similarly, with the connecting wires shorted, the imped-
ance at either port is ZI/2,c as shown in (c). A theorem due to Bart-
lett states that these impedances are related to those given for the
arms of the lattice in Prob. 11-29 by the equations

This is known as Bartlett's bisection theorem, and permits an equiva-

lent lattice network to be found for any symmetrical network. Prove
the theorem.

- 11 I
----
12

~,
I
~N
r---L--l I

(a)
!N

I ~,
11-35. Th
z

:,0,-1 ~N
~----~
:,,,-1 ~N

r----~
(b) (c)

Fig. Pll-30.
11-36. Th
11-31. Apply the theorem of Prob. 11-30 to the network given in Prob. ha
10-2 with the terminating resistor at port 2 removed, and so obtain
a lattice equivalent network.
11-32. Apply the theorem of Prob. 11-30 to the network of Prob. 10-31
with the terminating resistor Ro removed to find the lattice equiva-
lent of the given network.
11-33. (a) Show that the network of the accompanying figure satisfies the
requirements described in Prob. 11-30. (b) Find the lattice equivalent
of the network. 11-37. T
ZL
tters / Ch. J I
349
'ng a sym, Cl
network is
nirror syrn-
:tworks are
ill consider 0--L-fV\/v--,--JV\/V __ ~2

Irk meeting
h the con-
~ ZI/20c as
heimped-
he to Bart- Fig. Pll-33. 1'0------------'--- --<: 2'
en for the
U·34, Find the lattice equivalent
of the network of the accompanying
figure making use of the results of Prob. 11-30.

n equiva-
rk. Prove

12

~ +
~~~/\/\~-+-J\AJ\'~~2
V2
r--o Fig. Pll-34. 1'0-- _____T_ 3 F
_
02
,

JI·JS, The network N in the accompanying figure may be described by the

z parameters. Show that with port 2 open,

----

Fig. Pll-3S.

JI·36. The network N in the figure is terminated at port 2 with a network

Prob. having impedance ZL = Jf YL. Show that
obtain

10-31
uiva-

es the
valent Fig. PII-36.

1l·37. The network N of the figure is terminated at port 2 in impedance

ZL = J/ r L· Show that the transfer impedance for the combination is

Z - Z21ZL
12 - Z22 +ZL
350 Two-Port Parameters / Ch. //

Fig. Pll-37.

11-38. The figure shows two two-port networks connected in cascade. The
two networks are distinguished by the subscripts a and b. Show that
the combined network may be described by the equations

and
_ -Y12aY12b
Y 12 -
Y11b + Y22a

for the transfer functions.

Fig. Pll-3S.

Stated in
function
when s=
In
generated
swinging
these dev'
voltage is
366 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis I Ch. 12 Ch. 12 I Problems

FURTHER READING 12-3. Starting \\

similar to
BALABANIAN,NORMAN, Fundamentals of Circuit Theory, Allyn and Bacon,
Inc., Boston, 1961. Chapter 4.
12-4. Given the
CHIRLIAN, PAUL M., Basic Network Theory, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
sin
New York, 1969. Chapter 6.
determin
CLOSE, CHARLES M., The Analysis nf Linear Circuits, Harcourt Brace Jovan-
ovich, Inc., New York, 1966. Chapter 5. 12-5. Show tha
HUANG, THOMASS., AND RONALD R. PARKER, Network Theory: An Intro-
ductory Course, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Mass.,
1971. Chapter 10. In other
arbitrar
LEO"'",.BENJAMINJ., AND PAUL A. WINTZ, Basic Linear Networks for Elec-
a sinuso
trical and Electronics Engineers, Halt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New
York, 1970. Chapter 4. • 12-6. Using t
in term
MANNING, LAURENCEA., Electrical Circuits, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 1965. Chapter 6. 12-7. Using
WING, OMAR, Circuit Theory with Computer Methods, Holt, Rinehart & equati
Winston, Inc., New York, 1972. See Chapter 7. in Cha
di
(a) lit

DIGITAL COMPUTER EXERCISES (b) di

dt

This chapter is devoted to a discussion of networks operating in the Cc) ;'

sinusoidal steady state. Analysis of large systems in this condition is straight- (d) d
1

forward but tedious if done with pencil and paper, and the computer can
be used to advantage. See the references cited in Appendix E-8.3 for sug-
gested exercises. In particular, see Chapters 9 and 10 of Huelsman, reference
7 in Appendix £-10, and Chapters 3 and 11 of Ley, reference I1 in Appendix 12-8. Repe
E-I0. onl
(a)

PROBLEMS
(b)

12·1. Let v(t) = VI cos Wit for Eq, (12-1) and carry out the derivation (c)
leading to a result similar to Eq, (12-9).
12-2. For the sinusoidal waveform of the figure, write an equation for vet) 12-9. Thl
using numerical values for the magnitude, phase, and frequency. o~
del
I I 12-10. In
f-+lO l-
,v(t) is
v
J I 12

0 0.1 02 12-11. F
N
I
1\ •j t',~f- I-

f- I I 12-12. 11
f--lO
I I Fig. Pl1-2. f
 lysis / cs. 11

Starting with the rotating phasors, e->', show by a construction

similar to that illustrated in Figs. 12-4 and 12-5 that
and Bacon, sin? WI + cos- WI = I

Given the equation

Company,
sin 377t + 3ft sin (377t + ~) = A cos (377t + e)
race Jovan- determine A and e.
12·5. Show (ha t
An Intro-
ing, Mass.,
i:
k"1
Aksin (WIt + CPk) = Csin(wlt + e)
In other words, show that the sum of any number of sinusoids of
for Elec- arbitrary amplitude and phase angle but all of the same frequency is
Inc., New a sinusoid of the same frequency.
12.6. Using the equation of Prob. 12-5 with 1/ = 2, determine C and e
~ompany, in terms of AI, A2, CPI,and CP2'
12·7. Using the method of Section 12-3, solve the following differential
nehart & equations for the steady-state solution (called the particular integral
in Chapter 6):
di + 2'I . 2
Ca ) dt = Sin t

Cb) :;. + i = cos 3t

Ig in the (c) :: + 3i = cos (21 + 45°)

straight-
ter can (d) ~:; + 2 :~ -I- i = 5 sin (2t -I- 30°)
Cor sug- d2i. .
:ference (e) dt2 -I- 1 = 2 Sin t
!)pendix
12·8. Repeat Prob. 12-7 for the following differential equations, solving
only for the steady-state solution:
d+! di Fig. P12-9.
(a) dt~ + 2 d; + 2i = 3 cos (I + 30°)
dt i
(b) dl~ + 4i = 3 cos (21 + 45°)
Ivation (c) :: -I- 2i = sin 2t + cos t

or vet) 12.9. The network of the figure has a sinusoidal voltage source and is
ncy, operating in the steady state. Use the method of Section 12-3 to
Fig. P12-10.
determine the steady-state current i(t) if VI = 2 cos 2t.
12.10. In the network of the figure, i, = 3 cos (t + 45°) and the network +
is operating in the steady state, Make use of the method of Section
L'd
12-3 to determine the node-to-datum voltage VI(t). VI
12.11. For the given network, find v.(t) in the steady state if VI = 2 sin 2t.
Make use of the method of Section 12-3.
Fig. PI2-lI.
12.12. In the resistive network shown in the figure, VI = 2 sin (2t -I- 45°)
for all t. (a) Determine i.Ct). (b) Determine ib(t).
368 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis I Ch. 12

Fig. P12-12.

12-13. The network shown in the accompanying figure is operating in the

steady state with sinusoidal voltage sources, If t'l ,= 2 cos 21 and
V2 = 2 sin 21, determine the voltage v.Ct).

~F

'---_~_.L-13 Fig. P12-13.

12-14. The inductively coupled network of the figure is operating in the

sinusoidal steady state with 1'1(1) = 2 cos I, Jf LI ~-,L: - I H,
*
M = H, and C = 1 F, determine the voltage dO,

Va c
Fig. P12-I4.

12-15. The network of the figure is operating in the sinusoidal steady state,
In the network, it is determined that 1'. ,= 10 sin (10001 -- 60) and
t'b = 5 sin (10001 - 45°), The magnitude of the impedance of the
capacitor is 10 Q. Determine the impedance. at the input terminals
of the network N.

Fig. Pl2-IS.

12-16. In the network shown, 1'1 10 sin 106t and i,

c- 10 Cl)S JO"t. and
the network is operating in the steady state, For the ,'kment values
given, determine the node-ta-datum voltage /'/t),
 Ch.12 I Problems 369
talvsis / ci. Il

ating in the Fig. P12-16.

2 cos 21 and
12·17. For the hridged-Tnetwork of the accompanying figure, t'l =·2 cos t
and the system is in the steady state, For this network, (a) determine
i.Ct), and (b) determine ib(t),

+
t'l

ting in the Fig. P12-17.

Lz - 1 H,
12·111.The network of the figure is operating in the steady state with
1'1 . 2 sin 21 and K I ,= -~, Under these conditions, determine i2Ct).
The following series of problems are intended to give practice
In constructing phasor diagrams. The network shown in the figure
for Prob. 12-19 is assumed to be operating in the sinusoidal steady
state, In the element values given in the table, a double entry in
column 1 implies a series connection, in column 2 a parallel connec-
tion, For each problem, (a) determine VICt), (b) Draw a complete
phasor diagram showing all voltagcs and all currents, as well as all
ady state, relationships between the voltages and the currents,
60') and
cc of the
rerlllinals

If!

Fig. P12-18.

cz= V", sin (wt+CP)

16/. and
I values

Fig. P\2-19.
370 SinusoidalSteady-State Analysis / Ch. 12

Network 1 Network 2 Vm eo ifJ

12-19. R = 1 C=2 2 1 -30°

12-20. R =2 C=1 10 2 45°
12-21. R = 20 C=! 1 0.1 0°
12-22. R =2 L=2 100 1 30°
12-23. L=1 R=1 10 ! 0°
12-24. C=2 R =2 3 1 45°
12-25. L=3 C=1 10 ! -45°
12-26. C=1 L=! 1 2 0°
12-27. R = I, C = 1 L=2 2 1 30°
12-28. R = I, L = 2 C=! 2 1 45°
12-29. L=I,C=2 R = 1 10 ! 0°
12-30. R = I, C = 1 R = I, L = 2 10 1 90°
12-31. R = 3, L = 2 R=I,C=! 1 ! 0°
12-32. L = I, C = 2 R = I, C = 1 100 1 -90°
12-33. L = I, C = 2 R = I, L = 2 1 1 0°

12-34. The network of the figure is operating in the sinusoidal steady

state and it is known that V3 = 2 sin 21. For the element values given,
determine Vz/V 1 = AeJ~.

Fig. P12-34.

12-35. The network of the figure is adjusted so that RL = Re = ..;LIe.

(a) Draw a complete phasor diagram showing all voltages and cur-
rents (and their relationships to each \other) for the condition
\ lL \ = \le \. (b) Let the frequency for the condition of part (a) be Wt.
Draw a phasor diagram for a frequency W2 > Wt. (c) Repeat part
(b) for a frequency W3 < Wt.

Fig. PI2-3S.
 Ch.12 / Problems
Analysis / cs. 12 371

12·36.The network of the figure is adjusted so that RI Cl = R2C2 = T.

co Let the phase angle of '1:2 with respect to VI be cp. (a) Show how cp
varies with T. (b) For a fixed T, show how cp varies with CD. (c) For
! -30 0 a fixed T, show how the maximum amplitude of V2 is related to the
2 45 0 maximum amplitude of VI as a function of CD.
0.1 00
! 30 0

! 00
1 450 +
"2
! -45 0

2 00
1 30 0

1 Fig. P12-36.
45 0

! 00
1 900
! 00
1 -90 0

1 00

soidal steady
values given,

c = -.!L/C.
es and Cur-
: condition
t (a) be CDJ•
.epeat part
-:
Frequency Response Plots I Ch. 13 ["11. 13/
408

13-7.

PROBLEMS

13-8.
13-1. Sketch the (a) magnitude, (b) phase, (c) real part, and (d) imaginary
part variation of the following network functions with ro for both
ro> 0 and ro < 0;
(a) 1 + j2ro
1
(b) 1 _ j2ro

( )
(1 - 2roZ) jro +
c +
1 j2ro
2H 13-2. Consider the RLC one-port network shown in the figure. For this
111 network, determine the driving-point functions Z(jro) and Y(jro).
For each of these functions, plot the magnitude, phase, real part, and
imaginary part as a function of frequency for ro > 0 and ro < O.
Fig. Pl3-1. 13-3. For the two-port network of the figure, determine the voltage-ratio
transfer function, Gll(jro) = VZ(jro)/V1(jro). Plot the variation of
this function with ro for the two methods employed in Fig. 13-7.

13-5

13-4. The two-port network of the figure shows an RL network. Repeat

the plots specified in Prob. 13-3.

Fig. P13-4. 13·

13-5. Repeat Prob. 13-3 for the RC two-port network shown in the
accompanying figure.

0 'VV'v 0
+
+ RI

VI

-0
lR'
T e
V2

-0
Fig. Pl3-5.

13-6. Show that the locus plot of Eq. (13-15) shown in Fig. 13-7 is a 1
semicircle centered at Gll(jro) = 0.5 + jO for the frequency range
0< ro < co.
s / Ch./J 409

Consider the locus plot required in Prob. 13-5. Show that this locus
is a circle for the frequency range, - 00 < Cl) < 00. Determine the
center of the circle and its radius.
Jl.8. Consider the RLC series circuit shown in the fipure. (a) Suppose that
aginary
this network is connected to a sinusoidal voltage source. Plot the
for both
variation of the current magnitude and phase with frequency. (b)
Suppose that the same network is connected to a current source of a
sinusoidal waveform. Plot the variation of the voltage across the
three elements using the same coordinates as in part (a). Element
values are in ohms, farads, and henrys.

+
or this
Y(jw).
f7)
,and +
<0.
VI il t V2

-ratio
on of ~F ~F
-7.
(a) (b)

Fig. P13-S.

13·9. The figure shows a network which functions as a low-pass filter. For
this network, determine the transfer function V2/11 and plot the
magnitude and phase as a function of frequency for this ratio.

Fig. P13-9.

13-10. The network shown in the accompanying figure serves a similar

function to that considered in Prob. 13-9, namely, it is a low-pass
e
filter. For this network, determine the transfer function V2/11 and
plot the magnitude and phase as a function of frequency.

Fig. PI3-10.

13-11. A network is analyzed and it is found that the transfer function is

V2 I
v;- = S3 + 2S2 + 2s + 1
 410 Frequency Response Plots I c« 13 cs.

For this function, plot the magnitude and phase as a function of

)J
1F

2\1

Fig. Pl3-12.
~H
frequency for the range 0 < Cl) < 4.
13-12. For the RLC network shown in the figure, plot (a) the locus of the
impedance function, and (b) the locus of the admittance function.
13-13. Plot (a) the admittance locus, and (b) the impedance
RLC network shown in the figure.
locus for the
13-1

13-14. The four-element network shown in the figure is to be analyzed to

determine (a) the locus of the impedance of the network, and (t)
the locus of the admittance function for the network.
13-15. For the network of the figure, plot (a) the locus of the impedance
IF
function, and (b) the locus of the admittance function.

Fig. Pl3-l3. 1\1

2F I~
Fig. Pl3-15.

13-16. The RL network shown in (a) of the figure has element values such
~F that the phase of the voltage measured with respect to the current is

Fig. Pl3-14.

(a)

13
+0'
r-.r-. f Phase of voltage with respect.
to current in series RL circuit
+30'
------ I---- l---
V

+60'
I--

-
+90'
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Frequency in cycles/sec
(b)

Fig. Pl3-16.
 / ci. 1J (1.13/ Problem s 411

et ion of that shown in (b) of the figure. From this information, determine the
pole and zero locations for Y(s).
s of the The figure shows the variation
1),17. of the magnitude of the current with
nction. w for an RLC series network with an applied sinusoidal voltage of
for the constant magnitude. From the figure, determine the locations of the
poles and zeros of the admittance of the network.

zed to
d (t)
r----,.----, +j5

dance
1.00
I
Frequency response of _ 1 pole
I----t-"*----j +j4
/ / RLC series circuit

0.80
/
\ ~.
1----+-----1 +)3

III 0.60
I \ <, 1----t----1 +j2

ch
t is 0.40 I ~
<, ----1---- -- +jl
/
0.20
/ 1 zero
1----: :---+---:- ----jOj)0

~
/ 2 1

o 10 20 30 40 50 60 '-------- -jl

Frequency in cycles/sec.

Fig. P13-17.
------ =j?

13-18. The pole-zero configuration shown in the figure represents the

admittance function for the series RLC circuit. From the pole-zero
configuration, determine: (a) the undamped natural frequency Wn, t------ ------ - j3

(b) the damping ratio (, (c) the circuit Q, (d) the bandwidth (to the
half-power points), (e) the actual frequency of oscillation of the
1 pole
transient response, (f) the damping factor of the transient response, -- ------ -- ...•--- - j4
(g) the frequency of resonance, (h) the parameter values (in terms of
L if the values cannot otherwise be uniquely determined). (i) Sketch
the magnitude of the admittance I Y(jw) I as a function offrequency. '-- __ -1- __ --' - j5
(j) If the frequency scale is magnified by a factor of 1000, how do the
values of the parameters, R, L, and C change? Fig. P13-JS.

13-19. The figure shows two configurations of poles and zeros for a certain
transfer function. Use a graphical procedure to determine the varia-
lion of the magnitude of the network function for the two configura-
t ions. Superimpose the two plots on the same system of coordinates.
 Ch. I
412 Freouency Response Plots / Ch. J3

13-
-0.5+j2.0x jca -0.5+j2x jw

-0.5+j 1.5 x
(Scale factor -1)

-0.5+j1x
(Scale factor - 1)

3 zeros 3 zeros
<T <T

-0.5-jl x

-0.5 - j 1.5 x

-O.5-j2 x -O.5-j2x 13-

(a) (b)

Fig. P13-19.

13-20. Show that the bandwidth B varies inversely with the circuit Q for
a series RLC circuit.
13-

13-21. Show that for an RLC series network the product of I Y Imax and the
bandwidth B equals I/L, where L is the inductance ..

jw 13-22. The two poles and zero shown in the s plane of the accompanying
sketch are for the transfer function of a two-terminal-pair network,
13-
G(s) = V2(s)/ VI (s). The zero is on the real axis at a position to cor-
respond with the same real part of the poles. The poles have positions
corresponding to ( = O.707«() ~ 45°); eo, is the distance from the
origin to the pole as shown. In this problem, we will investigate the
effect of the finite zero by computations with and without the zero.
(a) The bandwidth of the system is modified from the definition
given in the chapter as the range of frequencies from ()) = 0 to the
half-power point. Compute the bandwidth of the system with the
pole-zero configuration shown above; compute the bandwidth with
the zero removed. In which case is the bandwidth greater and by
Fig. P13·22. what factor? A graphical construction is suggested.
13-23. The Q of a series RLC network at resonance is 10 The maximum
amplitude of the current at resonance is I amp when the maximum
amplitude of the applied voltage is 10 V. If L = 0.1 H, find the value
of C in microfarads.
13-24. A coil under test may be represented by the model of L in series with
R. The coil is connected in series with a calibrated capacitor. A sine
wave generator of 10 V maximum amplitude and frequency (l) =-
1000 radians/sec is connected to the coil. The capacitor is varied and
it is found that the current is a maximum when C = lOO J.l.F. Also,
when C = 12.5 J.l.F, the current is 0.707 of the maximum value.
Find the Q of the coil at ()) = 1000 radians/sec,
·/ c». 11 413

1),25. The network of the figure is found to have the driving-point imped-
ance
106(s + I)
Z(s) = (s -+- I + jlOOXs + I - jlOO)
From this information, determine the values of R J, Rz, L, and C.

Fig. P13-25.

1J·26.For the following network function, plot the straight-line asymptotic

magnitude response and the phase response. Use 4- or 5-cycle semilog
paper.
100
for
G(s) = s(l + O.OlsXI + O.OOIs)
]3·27.Given the network function,

the G(s) = (1 + O.IsXI + O.Ols)

(l + sXI + O.OOls)
Plot the straight-line asymptotic magnitude response and the phase
response. Use 4- or 5-cycle semilog paper.
13-28.Plot the straight-line asymptotic magnitude response and phase angle
for the network function
S2
G(s) = 100(1 + 0.17sXI + 0.53s)
Use 3- or 4-cycle semilog paper.

e 13-29.(a) Plot the straight-line asymptotic magnitude response, and (b)

e determine the actual (or true) response for the network function
h G( ) = 1000(1 + 0.25sXI + O.ls)
y s (1 + s)( I + 0.025s)
(c)On the same coordinate system, plot the phase response. Use 4-
or 5-cycle semilog paper for the plotting.
13-30. Repeat Prob. 13-29 for the following network functions:

(a) G(s) = 50~~1-~ °o~~~~~

1000s
(b) G(s) = (I + O.OlsXI + 0.0025s)
~(l + O.Ols)
(c) G(s) = 180(1 + 0.05sXl + O.ools)

13-31. (a) Plot the straight-line asymptotic magnitude response, and

(b) determine the actual (or true) response curve for the network
 Frequency Response Plots I Ch. JJ G.
414

function
(l + 0.2s)
G(s) = 120s(S2 + 2s + 10)
(c) On the same coordinate system, plot the phase response. Use 3-
or 4-cyc1e semilog paper.
13-32. Repeat Prob. 13-31 for the fo\1owing network functions:
s
(a) G(s) = 1000(1 + O.OOlsXI+ 4 x to-5s + 10 8S2)
lOOs
(b) G(s) = (I + s + 0.Ss2XI + O.4s + 0.2s2)
13-33. We are required to construct a network function G(s) satisfying the
fo\1owing specifications: The asymptotic curve should have a low-
frequency response of 0 db/octave slope, and the high-frequency
response has a slope of - 24 db/octave. The break frequency between
these two slopes is at (J) = 1 radian/sec. At no frequency should the
difference between the asymptotic and the true response exceed ± 1
db.
13-34. The figure shows two straight-line segments having slopes of ±n6
db/octave. The low-and high-frequency asymptotes extend indefi-
nitely, and the network function the response represents has first-order
factors only. Find G(s) and evaluate the constant multiplier of the
function.

Fig. PI3-36. M
db

:1~ J2F IFJ~2 ..,(Iog scale)

Fig. PI3-37.
Fig. Pl3-34.

+ 13-35. Repeat Prob. 13-34 if the response is changed only by the high-
frequency asymptote having a slope of -18 db/octave.
13-36. For the two-port network shown in the figure, determine V1/VI and
plot the magnitude response (Bode plot) showing both asymptotic
and true curves.
Fig. PI3-38.
13-37. Prepare a Bode plot for the network function V1/VI for the network
shown in the accompanying figure.
13-38. Prepare a Bode plot for the voltage-ratio transfer function GIl =
V1/VI for the two-port network shown in the figure.
13-39. The figure shows an RLC network. For this two-port network, plot
the transfer function GIl = V2/V\ showing both the asymptotic and
Fig. PI3-39. true curves.
 415

· Consider the following transfer functions:

s-1
(a) G(s)H(s) = K s + I

(b) G(s)H(s) = Ks _
s + 1
1

K
(c) G(s)H(s) = s( I + 0.05s)
For each of these functions: (a) plot GUw)H(jw) in the complex
CH plane from w = 0 to w = 00 with K = 1. (b) Determine the
range of values of K that will result in a stable system by means of
the Nyquist criterion.
13-41. For the locus plot shown in Fig. 13-45, sketch the corresponding
Bode plots for the magnitude and phase, making some assumption
as to the frequency scale. Estimate the gain and phase margins and
indicate these on the Bode plots.
13042. Repeat Prob. 13-41 for the locus plot shown in Fig. 13-48.
13·43. Starting with the locus plot shown in the figure for Prob. 13-4;.
sketch the corresponding magnitude and phase plots using Bode
coordinates. Make an assumption about the frequency scale along
the locus. Indicate on the figure the gain and phase margins.
13·44. The Nyquist plot of the figure is made for a system for which P == O.
Analyze the system by applying the Nyquist criterion, indicating
whether the system is stable, conditional\y stable, or unstable.

j ImCH

Re CH

0+
Fig. P13-44.

13-45. The locus plot is made for a system for which P = O. It is given that
A = -0.75, B = -1.3, and C = -2. Assuming that the plot is

jlmCH

Fig. Pl3-45.
416 Frequency Response Plots / Ch. 13 Ch.

made for a gain K, what is the range of values of gain for which the 13-~
system will be (a) stable, and (b) unstable.
13-46. Repeat Prob. 13-45 if P= 1.
13-47. The figure shows a locus plot made for a system for which P = O.
Is the system stable? Determine your answer to this question by
applying the Nyquist criterion. Repeat if P = I, P = 2.

jlmGH

Re GH 13

Fig. Pl3-47.

13-48.' The locus plot shown in the figure is made for a system with P = 2,
two poles with positive real parts. Apply the Nyquist criterion to
this system to determine the stability of the system.

j Im G(jwl H(jw)

Fig. PI3-48.

13-49. The locus plot of G(jw)H(jw) shown in the figure is made for a sys-
tem with P = O.For this system, apply the Nyquist criterion to study
the stability of the system.
j lm Gfjw) H(jw)

GH plane

Re GfjuJ I H(juJ)

Fig. PI3-49.
ponse Plots / Ch. J3 417
Ch. 13 / Problems

gain for which the 13·50. The accompanying figure shows a plot of the locus of G(jw)H(jw)
from w = 0 to o: = DJ. From this plot determine everything you can
about G(s)H(s) as a quotient of polynomials in s.
for which P = o.
this question by j Im GH
t>=2.

w=o"
Re GH

Fig. P13-S0.

13-51. The figure shows the feedback system for which the Nyquist criterion
has been developed. For this problem, let H = 1, and

G(s) _ K
- (s - aXs 2Xs + + 3)
Make use of the Nyquist criterion to study this system for stability
for the case a = 1.

ern withP = 2
ist criterion t;

Fig. P13-SI.

13-52. Repeat Prob. 13-S1 if a = 2.

13-53. Repeat Prob. 13-S1 if a = 4.
13-54. A system is described by the transfer functions which relate to the
system of Fig. P13-S1.
IOS
G(s) = (s + 2Xs + IOXs + 20)
iade for a sys-
and H = 1. Make use of the Nyquist criterion TO determine if this
:rion to study
system is stable.
13-55. Repeat Prob. 13-S4 for the given G(s), but for a new feedback transfer
function

H(s) = s t020

This causes cancellation in the product H(s)G(s) and is a form of

compensation of a system to improve stability. Comment on the
effectiveness of this compensation function.
 Frequency Response Plots I Ch. J 3
4111

~3-S6. The figure shows a model of a feedback amplifier. For this system,
identify G(s) and H(s) as in Fig. P13-51 and express each as a quo-
tient of polynomials in s. Is this system capable of oscillation? Make
use of the Nyquist criterion in answering this question and in a gen-
eral study of the system stability.

Fig. Pl3-56.