Chapter 3 Integration

Chapter 3 Integration
CHAPTER 3
INTEGRATION
NORHUNAINI MOHD SHAIPULLAH
3.1 Integration of Functions
3.1.1 Definition of Integration
The inverse operation to differentiation is known as integration.

dy
If  f (x ) , then  dy   f ( x ) dx
dx
y  F ( x)  c
where f (x ) is called the integrand, F (x ) the anti-derivative and c
the constant.
3.1.2 Basic Rules of Integration
1.  dx  x  c , where c is a constant.
2.  k dx  kx  c , where k and c are constants.
x n 1
3.  x dx  n  1  c where n  1 .
n
4.  k f ( x ) dx  k  f ( x ) dx , where k is a constant.
5.   f ( x)  g ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
1
Example 3.1
Integrate the following with respect to x.

2 5
(a)   9 dx (b) 5x (c) x
4
dx 2
dx
2
(d)  4
dx (e) 7 x 3 dx
3 4x
Solution
(a)
  9 dx  9  x
0
dx
 x 0 1 
 9 c
 0  1 
 9 x  c
(b)
2 2 4
5x dx   x dx
4
5
2  x 4 1 
  c
5  4  1
2x5
 c
25
2
(c)
5
x 2
dx  5  x  2 dx
 x  2 1 
 5 c
  2  1 
 5 x 1  c
5
 c
x
(d)
2 2 1
 dx 
3
 dx
3 4x 4 4x 4
2 1
 
3 2x 2
dx
2 1 2
   x dx
3 2
1  x  2 1 
  c
3   2  1
1  x 1  1
  c c
3 1  3x
3
(e)
1
3 
7 x dx  7  x 2
3
dx
 3 1 
 x2 
 7 c
  1
3
 
2 
 5 
 x2 
 7 c
 5 
 
 2 
5
14 x 2
 c
5
Example 3.2
Integrate the following expressions.
 5 3 2 
(a)   s  5 s  9  ds (b)  2 x  3x 2  2  dx
2
 t 3  5t  1 2r 3  1  9r 3
(c)  t
dt (d)  3r 2
dr
4
Solution
(a)
 5 3 2  3 2

        s ds   9 ds
5
s s 9 dx s ds
5  5
s 5 1 3  s 2 1  9 s 0 1
    c
5  1 5  2  1 0  1
s6 1 3
  s  9s  c
6 5
(b)
 2 x  3x 3  2  dx   2 x 5  3 x 3  4 x 2  6  dx
2
 2  x 5 dx  3 x 3 dx  4  x 2 dx   6 dx
 x6   x4   x3 
 2   3   4   6 x  c
 6   4   3 
x6 3 4 4 3
  x  x  6x  c
3 4 3
5
(c)
 t 3  5t  1 t3 t 1
 t
dt   
t
dt  5 
t
dt  
t
dt
1 1 1
  
  t 3  t 2
dt  5  t  t 2
dt   t 2
dt
5 1 1

   t dt  5  t dt   t
2 2 2
dt
 7   3   1 
t2   2  t2 
    5 t  c
7   3  1 
     
 2   2   2 
2 72 10 32 1
  t  t  2t 2  c
7 3
(d)
2r 3  1  9r 3 2 1 2
 3r 2
dr 
3
 r 3  r  2 dr 
3
 r dr  3 r dr
2 32  2 1

3
 r dr   r  2 dr  3 r dr
3
2  12 1

3
 r dr   r  2 dr  3 r dr
3
 1 
2  r 2  1 r 1
     r2 
   3   c
3  1  3 1  2 
 
 2 
2 2r 1 3 2
   r c
3 3r 2
6
3.1.3 Integration of
  ax  b  n 1
n  1
  
n
ax b dx where
a n  1
applies only when the expression is a linear function.
In general, let f  x   ax  b be a linear function.
 f  x   c
n 1
  f  x  dx 
n
f '  x n  1
where n  1.
 f  x  n 1
 f '  x  f  x  dx  c
n
n 1
Example 3.3
Find the following indefinite integrals.
(a)  5s  3 (b)  11  5 x 

4 -5
ds dx
 3x  7 
1
 2
(c) 3 dx (d)  1  9 x 
6
dx
dt
(e)  (f)  3r  2 
3
dt dr
2t  5
7
Solution
(a)
5s  3 4 1
 5s  3 ds  54  1 c
4

5s  3 5
c
55 

5s  3 5
c
25
(b)
11  5 x  5 1
 11  5 x  dx   5 5  1  c
-5

11  5 x  4
c
 5 4 

11  5 x  4
c
20
1
 c
2011  5 x 
4
8
(c)
3x  7 
1
 1
 3x  7  dx 
1 3

3 c
 1 
3   1
 3 
3x  7 
2
3
 c
2
3 
3
3x  7 
2
3
 c
2
(d)
2
dx  2  1  9 x  dx
6
 1  9 x  6
 1  9 x  6 1 
 2   c
  9   6  1  
 1  9 x  5 
 2   c
 45 
2
 c
451  9 x 
5
9
(e)
dt
   2t  5 
1

 2t  5
2 dt
 2t  5 
1
 1
2
 c
 1 
2   1 
 2 
 2t  5 
1
2
 c
1
 2t  5  c
(f)
3
 3r  2  dr   3r  2  dr
3
2
3r  2 
3
1
2
 c
3 
3  1
2 
3r  2 
5
2
 c
15
2
2
3r  2  2  c
5

15 Chapter 3 Integration
1
0
3.1.4 Integration of Rational Function
1
 dx  ln x  c , where x  0 .
x
In general,
1 1
 ax  b
dx  ln ax  b  c .
a
Also,
f ( x )
 f ( x)
dx  ln f ( x )  c .
Example 3.4
Integrate the following expressions.
5 2
(a)  s ds (b)  3x  2 dx
5 t2
(c)  2  5 x dx (d) t 2
 4t  2
dt
Solution
(a)
5 1
 s ds  5 s ds
 5ln s   c
 5 ln s  c
1
1
2 1
(b)  3 x  2 dx  2  3 x  2 dx
1 1
From  ax  b
dx  ln ax  b  c
a
2 1
 3 x  2 dx  2 3  ln 3 x  2  c
2
 ln 3 x  2  c
3
5
(c)  2  5 x dx
f ' x 
From  f  x  dx  ln f  x   c
f ( x )  2  5 x and f ( x )  5
 f  x   5
5  f ' x 
 2  5x dx   f  x  dx
f ' x 
  dx
f x 
  ln f  x   c
  ln 2  5 x  c
t2
(d) t 2
 4t  2
dt
f ( x )  t 2  4t  2 and f  ( x )  2t  4
f  x   2t  2 
1
f  x   t  2 
2
1
2
t2
1
f ' x 
 t 2  4t  2 dt   f  x  dt
2
1 f ' x 
 
2 f x 
dt
1
 ln f  x   c
2
1
 ln t 2  4t  2  c
2
Example 3.5
Evaluate the following integral.
12 x  8 4 x 3  8x 2  5x  3
(a)  2 x  1 dx (b)  2x  1
dx
Solution
(a) Need to perform long division for the improper rational function
before integrating
6
2 x  1 12 x  8
12 x  6
 14
12 x  8 14
Therefore 6
2x  1 2x  1
1
3
Then,
12 x  8  14 
 2x  1
dx    6 

 dx
2x  1
14
  6 dx   dx
2x  1
1
  6 dx  14  dx
2x  1
1
 6 x  14  ln 2 x  1  c
2
 6 x  7 ln 2 x  1  c
(b) Need to perform long division for the improper rational function
before integrating
2 x 2  3x  1
2 x  1 4 x 3  8 x 2  5 x  3
4x3  2x2
6x 2  5x
6 x 2  3x
2x  3
2x  1
4x 3  8x 2  5x  3
2
Therefore  2 x 2  3x  1 
2x  1 2x  1
1
4
Then,
4x 3  8x 2  5x  3  2 
 2x  1
dx    2 x 2  3 x  1 

 dx
2x  1
 2 
   2 x 2  3x  1   dx
 2x  1
  2 x 2  3 x  1 dx  
2
dx
2x  1
f  x 
 2  x 2 dx  3 x dx   1 dx   dx
f x 
2 3 3 2
 x  x  x  ln f  x   c
3 2
2 3 3 2
 x  x  x  ln 2 x  1  c
3 2
3.1.5 Integration of Exponential Function
1.  e x dx  e x  c
1 axb
2.  e ax b dx 
a
e c
3.  e f ( x ) f ( x) dx  e f ( x )  c
ax
4.  a dx  c
x
ln a
a mx  n
 dx  c
mx  n
5. a
m ln a
a f ( x)
6.  a f ( x)
f ( x ) dx  c
ln a
1
5
Example 3.6
Find the integral of the following functions with respect to x.
4
(a)  e dx (b) e
12 x
3 x2
dx
5e 3 x  2
2
 32 x 3x 
(c)   e  e  dx (d)  e 7 x dx
 
Solution
e 12 x
(a) e dx  c
12 x
12
(b)
4 1
e 3 x2
dx  4 
e 3 x2
dx
 4  e - 3x  2  dx
 e 3 x  2  
 4 c
 3 
4
 c
3e  3 x  2 
1
6
(c)
2
 32 x 3x   3x 9
x 
  e  e  dx    e  2 e 2
 e 6 x  dx
   
9
x
 e 3x
dx  2  e 2
dx   e 6 x dx
 9x 
e 3x  e2  e6x
  2  c
3  9  6
 
 2 
e 3 x 4 92 x e 6 x
  e  c
3 9 6
(d)
5e 3 x  2 e3x 1
 e7x dx  5  e 7 x dx  2  e 7 x dx
e3x 1
 5  7 x dx  2  7 x dx
e e
 5  e 3 x  7 x dx  2  e  7 x dx
5e  4 x 2 e  7 x
  c
4 7
2 5
 7
 4x  c
7e 4e
Example 3.7
Integrate the following functions.
 (4 x  3)e  5 xe
2 x 2  3 x 5
(a) dx (b) 3 x2
dx
1 8x
2 e
x 2
(c) e dx (d) 4 x 2 5
dx
x
1
7
Solution
 (4 x  3)e
2 x 2  3 x 5
(a) dx
f  x   2 x 2  3x  5 and f  x   4 x  3
 ( 4 x  3)e
2 x 2  3 x 5
dx   e f  x  f  x  dx
 e f x  c
 e2x  3 x 5
c
2
(b)  5 xe dx  5 xe
3 x2 3 x2
dx
f  x   3 x 2 and f  x   6 x
1
f  x   x
6
1 
5  xe 3 x dx  5  e f  x   f  x   dx
2
6 
1
 5   e f  x  f  x  dx
6
5 f x
 e c
6
5 3x
 e c
2
6
1
8
1
2
x 2
(c) e dx
x
1
f x   x  2 and f  x  
2 x
1
2 e x 2
dx   e f  x  f  x  dx
x
 e f x  c
e x 2
c
dx   8 x  e  4 x 5  dx
8x
e
2
(d) 4 x 2 5
f  x   4 x 2
 5 and f  x   8 x
 f  x   8 x
 
 8x  e
 4 x 2 5
dx   e f  x   f  x  dx
   e f  x  f  x  dx
 e f  x   c
  e  4 x  5   c
2
Example 3.8
Integrate the following functions.
 10 3
3 5 x
(a) x
dx (b) dx
 11  3e 3 x  dx
(c)  5e (d)
5x
5x
9 e dx x
Solution
1
9
ax
(a) 10 dx  ln a  c
x
where a  10 . Then,
ax
  c
x
10 dx
ln a
10 x
 c
ln 10
a mx n
 3 dx  
3 5 x
(b) dx
m ln a
where a  3 . Then,
a mx  n
3 dx  
35 x
dx
m ln a
3 35 x
 c
 5 ln 3
3 3 5 x
 c
5 ln 3
(c)  5e 9 e dx   a f  x  f  x dx
5x
5x
where a  9 , f x   e 5 x and f  x   5e 5 x . Then,
 5e 9 e dx   a f  x  f  x dx
5x
5x
a f x
 c
ln a
5x
9e
 c
ln 9
2
0
(d)  11  3e 3 x  dx  11x dx    3e 3 x dx

x
where a  11, f  x   3x and f  x   3 . Then,
 11  3e 3 x  dx   11x dx    3e 3 x dx
x
  11x dx   e f  x  f  x  dx
ax
  e f x  c
ln a
11x
  e 3 x  c
ln 11
3.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
1. Formulae of trigonometric function are given as follow;
1
 cos x dx  sin x  c  cos ax dx  a sin ax  c
 sin x dx   cos x  c  sin ax dx   1 cos ax  c
a
 sec x dx  tan x  c
2
1
 sec ax dx  tan ax  c
2
1
 cos (ax  b) dx  a sin(ax  b)  c
1
 sin (ax  b) dx   a cos(ax  b)  c
1
 sec (ax  b) dx  tan (ax  b)  c
2
a
Table 3.1
2
1
2. Integrating  sin ax dx and  cos n ax dx

n
a. If n is even integer, trigonometric identities are used.

b. Integrating  sin ax dx and  cos 2 ax dx , use:
2
1
sin 2 ax  1  cos 2ax  and cos 2 ax  1 1  cos 2ax 
2 2
c. Double angle formula for sine:
sin 2 x  2 sin x cos x
is also useful in solving trigonometric integrals.
Example 3.9
Find the following integrals:
2
(a)  7 sin t dt (b)  3 cos 2t dt
 sin 4t 
(c)  2 sin 4t  cos 3t dt (d)   cos 2t  dt
1  cos3 t  
(e)  cos2 t dt (f)  sin 2t  cos 5t   dt
 4
Solution
(a)
2 2
 7 sin t dt  7  sin t dt
2
  cos t   c
7
2
  cos t  c
7
2
2
(b)
 3 cos 2t dt  3 cos 2t dt
1
 3  sin 2t  c
2
3
 sin 2t  c
2
(c)
 2 sin 4t  cos 3t dt  2  sin 4t dt   cos 3t dt
1
 2  cos 4t   1 sin 3t  c
4 3
1 1
  cos 4t  sin 3t  c
2 3
(d)
 sin 4t   2 sin 2t cos 2t 
  cos 2t  dt    cos 2t
 dt

 2  sin 2t dt
1
 2  cos 2t   c
2
  cos 2t  c
(e)
1  cos 3 t 1 cos 3 t
 cos 2 t dt   cos 2 t dt   cos 2 t dt
  sec 2 t dt   cos t dt
 tan t  sin t  c
2
3
(f)
   
 sin 2t  cos 5t  4  dt   sin 2t dt   cos 5t   dt
 4

1
 cos 2t   1 sin  5t     c
2 5  4
1 1  
  cos 2t  sin  5t    c
2 5  4
Example 3.10
Integrate sin 8 x with respect to x .

2
Solution
1
 sin
2
8 x dx   1  cos 28x  dx
2
1
 1  cos 16 x  dx
2

1
 1 dx   cos 16 x dx
2
1 1 
  x  sin 16 x   c
2 16 
x sin 16 x
  c
2 32
Example 3.11
Integrate cos 4 4 x with respect to x .
2
4
Solution
 cos 4 x dx   cos 4 x  dx
4 2 2
Using Half angle formula, we know that,
1  cos2u 
cos 2 u 
2
Let u  4 x, then 2u=8 x
 cos 4 x dx   cos 4 x  dx
4 2 2
 1  cos 8 x 
2
   dx
 2 

1
1  2 cos 8 x  cos2 8 x  dx
4
1 1  cos16 x 
  1  2 cos 8 x   dx
4 2 
1  2  4 cos 8 x  1  cos16 x 
   dx
4 2 
1
 3  4 cos8 x  cos16 x dx
8

1
8

 3dx  4  cos8 xdx   cos16 xdx 
1 4 1 
  3 x  sin 8 x  sin 8 x   c
8 8 16 
3 1 1
 x  sin 8 x  sin 8 x  c
8 16 128
2
5
3.3 Techniques of Integration
3.3.1 Integration by Substitution
Step 1: Let u = g(x).

du
Step 2:  g ' ( x ) => du  g ' ( x) dx
dx
Step 3: Write the integrand in terms of u.
Step 4: Integrate with respect to u.
Step 5: Replace u = g(x) in the answer.
3.3.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
1. Integrating  sin ax dx and  cosn ax dx .

n
If n is odd integer, the integral is found by substitution.

Use the identity, cos x  1  sin x or sin x  1  cos x ,then apply
2 2 2 2
the substitution method.
2. Integrating  sin n ax cos m ax dx where m and n are integers.

a. If n is odd, use the substitution method u  cos ax
b. If m is odd, use the substitution method u  sin ax
Example 3.12
Find the following integrals.
 10 x 4
(a)  9t 3t  5 dt (b)  7  2 x 
5
2 3
5 3
dx
2
6
Solution
(a)  9t 3t  5 dt
2 3 5
Let u  3t  5 and
3
du
 9t 2
dt
du  9t 2 dt
 9t 3t  5 dt   3t 3  5 9t 2 dt
2 3 5 5
  u 5 du
u6
 c
6

3t 3
 5
c
6
 10 x 4
(b)  7  2 x 5 3 dx
Let u  7  2 x and
5
du
 10x 4
dt
du  10 x 4 dt
 10 x 4 du
 7  2 x  5 3
dx   
u  3
  u  3
 u2 
    c
2
1
 c
27  2 x 5 
2
2
7
Example 3.13
x 1 x ( x  3)
(a) x 2
 2x  3
dx (b)   x  3 2
dx
Solution
x 1
(a) x 2
 2x  3
dx
Let u  x 2  2x  3 and
du
 2x  2
dx
du
 x 1
2
du
x 1 2
 x 2  2 x  3 dx   u
1 du
 
2 u
1
 ln u  c
2
 ln x 2  2 x  3  c
1
2
x ( x  3)
(b)   x  3 2
dx
Let u x3 and

x u 3 du
1
dx
du  dx
2
8
x ( x  3) u  3u  3  3 du
  x  3 2
dx  
u2
u 2  9u  18
 du
u2
9 18
 1   du
u u2
18
 u  ln u  c
u
18
  x  3  ln  x  3  c
 x  3
Example 3.14

ln x 5
e x
   2 xe
 x 2 3
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
x x
Solution
ln x 5
(a)  x
dx
Let u  ln x and
du 1

dx x
1
du  dx
x Chapter 3 Integration
2
9
ln x  5
dx   ln x 
1

5
dx
x x
  u 5  du
u6
 c
6

ln x  6
c
6
x
e
(b)  x
dx
Let u  x and
du 1

dx 2 x
1
2du  dx
x
x
e 1
 dx   e x
dx
x x
  e u 2 du
 2e u  c
 2e x
c
 2 xe
 x 2 3
(c) dx
Let u  x2  3 and
du
 2 x
dx
 du  2 x dx
3
0
 2 xe dx   e  x
 x 2 3 2
3
2 x dx
   e u du
 e u  c
 e  x 3   c
2
Example 3.15
Find  cos 4 x dx .
3
Solution
Let u  sin 4 x and

du
 4cos 4 x 
dx
1
du  cos 4 x dx
4
 cos
3
4 x dx   cos4 x  cos 2 4 x dx
  cos4 x 1  sin 2 4 x dx

1
1  u 2 du
4
1 u3 
 u    c
4 3 
1 sin 3 x 
  sin 4 x  c
4 3 
3
1
Example 3.16
Find the integrals  sin x cos4 x dx .

3
Solution
Let u  cos x and

du
  sin x
dx
 du  sin x dx
 sin x cos x dx   sin x 1  cos x  cos xdx
3 4 2 4
   1  u 2 u 4 du
   u 4  u 7 du
 u5 u7 
   c
 5 7 
cos5 x cos 7 x
  c
5 7
3.3.3 Integration by Parts
1. Steps for solving integration by parts are given as follows;

Step 1: Choose the right function for u and dv.
Step 2: Differentiate u to get du and integrate dv to get v.
Step 3: Use:  u dv  uv   v du and integrate with respect to x.
2. Guidelines to choosing u and dv.

a. u is a function of x which can be easily differentiated.

b. dv is the expression which can be easily integrated.
c.  v du must be easier to integrate than  u dv .
3
2
Example 3.17
Evaluate the following integral
x x 3  1 dx .
5
Solution
Let u  x and
3
du dv  x 2 x 3  1
 3x 2 or du  3x 2 dx
dx Let s  x3  1 and
ds
 3x 2
dx
ds
 x 2 dx
3
 dv   x x 3  1 dx
2
  x 3  1 2  x 2  dx
1
1 12
  s ds
3
2  32 
v  s   c
9 
v   x  12  c
2 3 3
9
x x 3  1 dx   x 3 x 2 x 3  1 dx
5
 uv   v du
2 
 x 3  x 3  12    x 3  12 3 x 2  dx
3
2 3
9  9
3
3
Then solve again  x  1 2 3 x  dx by using substitution.

2 3 3
2
9
Let u  x  1 and du  3 x dx
3 2

2 3
 2 3 x  dx 
2 32
3
9   u du
2
x 1
9
 5 
2  u 2 
c

9 5 
 
 2 
4 3
x  12  c
5

45
Thus,
x x 3  1 dx   x 3 x 2 x 3  1 dx
5
2 3 
 x  x  1    x  1 2 3 x 2  dx
3
3
2
2 3 3
9  9
x x  1 2  x 3  1 2  c
2 3 3 3
4 5

9 45
Example 3.18
Use integration by parts to integrate the following.

(a)  ln  x  1 dx (b)  ln x  1
3
dx
ln x
(c)  x ln 3x dx (d)  x 5 dx Chapter 3 Integration
3
4
Solution
(a) Let u  ln x  1 and

du 1 dv  1

dx x  1
 dv   1 dx
vx
 ln  x  1 dx  uv   v du
 1 
 x ln  x  1   x  dx
 x  1
 1 
Then solve again   x  1  dx by using substitution.
x
Let s  x 1 and
x  s 1 ds
1
dx
ds  dx
 1  s 1
  x  1
x   dx   s ds
1
  1  ds
s
 s  ln s  c
  x  1  ln  x  1  c
Thus,
 1 
 ln  x  1 dx  x ln  x  1   x x  1  dx
 x ln  x  1   x  1  ln  x  1  c
3
5
(b)
Let u  ln x  1 and
3
du 1 dt dv  1
Using    dv   1dx
dx t dx
vx
Let t   x  1
3
dt
 3 x  1
2
dx
du 1
  3 x  1
2
dx  x  1 3
3
du  dx
 x  1
 ln  x  1 dx  uv   v du
3
 3 
 x ln  x  1   x  dx
3
 x  1 
 3 
Then solve again  x x  1  dx by using substitution.
Let s  x 1 and
x  s 1 ds
1
dx
ds  dx
 3  s 1
 x x  1  dx  3 s
ds
1
 3 1  ds
s
 3s  3 ln s  c
 3 x  1  3 ln  x  1  c
3
6
Thus,
 3 
 ln  x  1 dx  x ln  x  1   x  dx
3 3
 x  1
 x ln  x  1  3 x  1  3 ln  x  1  c
3
(c)
Let u  ln 3x and
dv  x
Using
du 1 dt
   dv   xd
dx t dx x2
v
2
Let t  3x
dt
3
dx
du 1
 3
dx 3 x
1
du  dx
x
Then,
 x ln 3x dx  uv   v du
x2 1 1
 ln 3 x   x 2   dx
2 2  x
x 2 ln 3 x 1  x 2 
   c
2 2 
x2
 2 ln 3 x  1  c
4
3
7
(d)
Let u  ln x and
1
du 1 dv 
 x5
dx x  dv   x
5
dx
1
du  dx x 4
x v
4
Then,
ln x
 x5
dx  uv   v du
x  4 ln x 1  4  1 
   x   dx
4 4  x
x  4 ln x 1  x  4 
   c
4 44
1
 4 ln x  1  c
16 x 4
Example 3.19
Use integration by parts to integrate the following.
(a) x (b)  1  4 x e
2
e 5 x dx 3x
dx
3
8
Solution
(a)
Let u  x2 and
du dv  e 5 x
 2x
 dv  e
5x
dx dx
e5x
v
5
x e 5 x dx  uv   v du
2
x 2 5x 2 xe 5 x
 e  dx
5 5
2
Then solve again
5
 xe 5 x dx by using integration by parts.
Let ux and

du
1 dv  e5 x
 dv   e
5x
dx dx
e5x
v
5
xe 5 x dx  uv   v du 
2 2
5
 5
2  xe 5 x 1e 5 x 
   dx   c
5 5 5 
2  xe 5 x e 5 x 
   c
5 5 25 
3
9
Thus,
x e 5 x dx  uv   v du
2
x 2 5x 2 xe 5 x
 e  dx
5 5
x 2 5 x 2  xe 5 x e 5 x 
 e    c
5 5 5 25 

e5x
50 x 2  10 x  2   c
75
(b)
Let u  1 4 x and
du dv  e3 x
 4
 dv  e
3x
dx dx
e3 x
v
3
 1  4 x e dx  uv   v du
3x

1  4 x e 3x

 4e 3 x
dx
3 3

1  4 x e 3x

4  e3x 
 c
3 3 3 

1  4 x e 3x

4e x
c
3 9 Chapter 3 Integration
4
0
Example 3.20
Find
x e
x
(a) 2
sin 2 x dx (b) cos 6 x dx
Solution
(a)
Let u  x2 and
du dv  sin 2 x
 2x
dx  dv   sin 2 x dx
 cos 2 x
v
2
x sin 2 x dx  uv   v du
2
1 1
  x 2 cos 2 x    2 x cos 2 x dx
2 2
1
  x 2 cos 2 x   x cos 2 x dx
2
Then solve again  x cos 2 x dx by using integration by parts.
Let ux and

du dv  cos 2 x
1
dx  dv   cos 2 x dx
1
v  sin 2 x
2
4
1
 x cos 2 x dx  uv   v du
1 1
 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x dx
2 2
1 11 
 x sin 2 x    cos 2 x    c
2 22 
1 1 
  x sin 2 x  cos 2 x 
2 2 
Thus,
x sin 2 x dx  uv   v du
2
1 1
  x 2 cos 2 x    2 x cos 2 x dx
2 2
1
  x 2 cos 2 x   x cos 2 x dx
2
1 1 
   x 2 cos 2 x  x sin 2 x  cos 2 x   c
2 2 
(b)
Let u  ex and
du dv  cos 6 x
 e  x
dx  dv   cos 6 x dx
sin 6 x
v
6
e cos 6 x dx  uv   v du
x
e  x sin 6 x  e  x sin 6 x
  dx
6 6
4
2
 e  x sin 6 x
Then solve again  dx by using integration by parts.
6
Let u  e
x and
du dv  sin 6 x
 e  x
dx  dv   sin 6 x dx
 cos 6 x
v
6
 e sin 6 x
x
1
 6
dx   e  x sin 6 x dx
6

1
uv   v du 
6
1  e  x  cos 6 x   e  x  cos 6 x  
   dx 
6 6 6 
Then,
e cos 6 x dx  uv   v du
x
e  x sin 6 x  e  x sin 6 x
  dx
6 6
e  x sin 6 x 1  e  x  cos 6 x   e  x  cos 6 x  
    dx 
6 6 6 6 
e  x sin 6 x e  x  cos 6 x  e  x cos 6 x
   dx
6 36 36
4
3
e  x cos 6 x
From the equation above, when we solve  dx using integration by
36
parts, we find that calculation will never last and repeats the same pattern.
Thus, we rearrange the equation so that
e  x cos 6 x e  x sin 6 x e  x  cos 6 x 

 e cos 6 x dx   36 dx  6  c
x
36
37  x e  x 6 sin 6 x  cos 6 x 
36
 e cos 6 x dx  36
c
e  x 6 sin 6 x  cos 6 x 
 e cos 6 x dx  c
x
37
3.3.4 Integration by Partial Fractions
Step 1: Convert the function to a proper rational function if it is

an improper fraction.
Step 2: Factorise the denominator.
Step 3: Express the function in partial fraction form.
Step 4: Integrate with respect to x.
Example 3.21
Use partial fractions to find the following integrals.

1 3 x  11
(a) x 2
 3x  4
dx (b) x 2
 x6
dx
x2  4 1
 3x 3  4 x 2  4 x dx 
(c) (d) dx
x x 2  1
2
4
4
Solution
(a) Perform the partial fraction decomposition

1 1

x  3x  4 x  1x  4
2
1 A B
 
x  1x  4 x  1 x  4
A x  4  B x  1

x  1x  4
1  A x  4  B x  1
Substitute x  4, Substitute x  1,

1  5 B 1  5A
1 1
B A
5 5
Hence
dx 1 1
x 2
 3x  4
 
5 x  1 5 x  4
dx

1
ln x  1  ln x  4   c
5
(b) Perform the partial fraction decomposition

3x  11 3x  11

x  x  6 x  3x  2
2
3 x  11 A B
 
x  3x  2 x  3 x  2
A x  2  B x  3

x  3x  2
3x  11  A x  2  B x  3
4
5

 6  11  5B 9  11  5 A
B  1 A4
3x  11 4 1
x 2
 x6
dx   
x3 x2
dx
 4 ln x  3  ln x  2  c
(c) Perform the partial fraction decomposition

x2  4 x2  4

3x 3  4 x 2  4 x xx  23x  2
x2  4 A B C
  
x x  23x  2 x x  2 3x  2
A x  23x  2  B x 3x  2  C  x  x  2

x x  23x  2
x 2  4  A x  23x  2  B x 3x  2  C  x  x  2
Substitute x  2, 2 Substitute x  0,

Substitute x  ,
 2 2
 4  16 B 2
3 0  4  4 A
2 16
1   4 C A  1
B 3 9
2
5
C
2
1 5
x 42
1 2 2
 3x 3  4 x 2  4 x dx   x  x  2  3x  2 dx
1 5
 1 ln x  ln x  2  ln 3x  2  c
2 6
4
6
(d) Perform the partial fraction decomposition

1 A Bx  C Dx  E
  2 
xx  1 x x  1 x 2  1
2 2 2
Ax 2  1  Bx  C  x x 2  1  Cx  D x

2

xx 2  1
2
1  Ax 2  1  Bx  C  x x 2  1  Cx  D x

2
Expand the equation

1  Ax 2  1  Bx  C  x x 2  1  Dx  E x
2
 Ax 4  2 Ax 2  A  Bx 4  Bx 2  Cx 3  Cx  Dx 2  Ex
 Ax 4  Bx 4  Cx 3  2 Ax 2  Bx 2  Dx 2  Cx  Ex  A
Then
1   A  Bx 4  Cx 3  2 A  B  Dx 2  C  E x  A
Compare the coefficients

x4 : A B  0
x3 : C 0
x2 : 2A  B  D  0 A  1, B  1, C  0, D  1, E  0
x1 : C E0
x0 : A 1 Chapter 3 Integration
4
7
1 1 x x
 x x 2
 1
2
dx    
x x 2  1 x 2  1
2
dx
1 1
 ln x  ln x 2  1  c
2 2x 2  1
x 1
 ln  c
x 1
2
2x  1
2
Example 3.22
Use partial fractions to find the following integrals.
x2 x 4  5 x 3  6 x 2  18
(a)  x 2 1 dx (b)  x 3  3x 2
dx
Solution
x2
(a)  x 2 1 dx
Perform long division

1
x  1 x  0
2 2
x2 1
1
x2 1
Therefore 2 1 2
x 1 x 1
x2 1
 x 2  1 dx   1  x 2  1 dx
Perform the partial decomposition

1 1

x 2  1  x  1 x  1
4
8
1 A B
 
x  1x  1 x  1 x  1
A x  1  B x  1

x  1x  1
1  A x  1  B x  1

1  2 B 1  2A
1 1
B A
2 2
1 1
1  x 2
1
dx   1 
x  1x  1
dx
1 1
 1  
2 x  1 2 x  1
1 1
 x  ln x  1  ln x  1  c
2 2
x 4  5 x 3  6 x 2  18
(b)  x 3  3x 2
dx
Perform long division

x2
x 3
 3x 2
 x  5 x  6 x  18
4 3 2
x 4  3x 3
 2x3  6x 2
 2x3  6x 2
 18
x  5 x  6 x  18
4 3 2
18
Therefore  x  2  3 \
x  3x
3 2
x  3x 2
4
9
x 4  5 x 3  6 x 2  18 18
 dx    x  2   3 dx
x  3x
3 2
x  3x 2
Perform the partial decomposition
x 4  5 x 3  6 x 2  18
 x  2  3
18
x  3x
3 2
x  3x 2
18 A B C
  2
x  x  3 x x
2
x3
18 Ax x  3  B x  3  Cx 2

x 2  x  3 x 2  x  3
18  Ax x  3  B x  3  Cx 2
Substitute x  3, Substitute x  0, Substitute x  1,

18  32 C 18  3B 18  2 A  2 B  C
C2 B  6 A  2
x 4  5 x 3  6 x 2  18 2 6 2 
 dx    x  2     2  dx
x  3x
3 2
 x x x  3
   x  2  dx  2
1 1 1
dx  6 2  2 dx
x x x3
2
x 6
  2 x  2 ln x   2 ln x  3  c
2 x
5
0
3.4 Definite Integrals
3.4.1 Definite Integrals
 f  x  dx  F  x 
b
 F b   F a 
b
a
a
where (i)  F  x    f  x  dx
(ii) a is the lower limit of the integral.
(iii) b is the upper limit of the integral.
b
1.  k dx  k b  a 
a
where k is a constant.
  f  x   g  x  dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx .
b b b
2.
a a a
b b
3.  k f  x  dx  k  f  x  dx where k is a constant.
a a
a
4. If f a  exists, then  f  x  dx  0 .
a
c b c
5.  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx , where a  b  c .
a a b
b a
6. If a  b , then  f  x  dx    f  x  dx .
a b
7. If f  x   0 for a  x  b , then  f  x  dx  0 .
a
b b
8. If f  x   g  x  for a  x  b , then  f  x  dx   g  x  dx .
a a
5
1
Example 3.23
Evaluate these definite integrals.
1
1 1
x3
(a)  3  2x  (b) 
5
dx dx
-3 4  x  3 -1 2x  5
2x5  x  3
 e  1e  x  1 dx
1 1
(c) (d) 
x
dx
0 -1 x2
4 0
1
(e) 2 5  3 x dx (f)  5  3 x dx
-3
Solution
(a)
 
5
1 1
1
3  2 x   4  x 3 dx
5
3  2x   
2
dx
-3 4  x  3
3
1
 7 
 3  2 x  4  x  
2
2
  
 7  2   2 1 
 2   3
1
 2 
7
     
2
  
3 2 x 4 x

 7 2 
   3
 1 1   2187 1 
         
 7 2 9    7 2  49  
 312.3311
5
2
1
x
(b) 
-1 2x  5
dx
Let u  2 x  5
x  u  5
1
2
du
2
dx
du
 dx
2
When x=1 When x=-1

1
1 u  5 1 
1
u  5
2 2
u7 u3
5
3
1
x 7
1 u  5 du

-1 2x  5
dx  
3 2 u 2

17 u 5
 
43 u

u
du
7
 3 

1 u 2
5 u
   
4 3 1 
 2 2  3
7
 32 
1  2u 10 u 
 
4 3 1 
 3

1 2
4  3

3
  1
 
7  3 3   10 7  3 
 4
7 5 3 5
 7     3  
6 2 6 2
4 7
 2 3
3
 0.0636
5
4
(c)
 e  1e  1 dx   e 0  e x  e  x  1 dx
1 1
x x
0 0
1
  e x  e  x dx
0
1
 x e x 
 e 
  1  0
 1
 e 1  e 1   e 0  0 
 e 
 e 1  e 1  2
(d)
1
2x5  x  3 1
1 3
-1 x 2
dx  
1
2 x 3   2 dx
x x
1
1 3
  2x3   dx
1 x x2
1
 2x 4 3
  ln x  
 4 x  1
1  1 
   ln 1  3    ln  1  3
2  2 
 6
4
1 f ( x )
(e)  5  3 x dx =  dx  ln f ( x )  c
2 f ( x)
Let f ( x)  5  3x and f  x   3
5
5
4
1 14 3
2 5  3 x dx  3 2 5  3 x dx
4
1 
  ln 5  3 x 
3  2
1  1 
  ln 17    ln 11 
3  3 
1 17
 ln
3 11
(f)  5  3x dx
-3
By definition of absolute values
 5
 5  3x x
3

5  3x  
 5
 5  3 x  x
 3
5

0 3 0
 5  3 x dx    5  3 x dx   5  3 xdx
-3 3 5

3
5

   3 
0
3x 2 3x 2 
   5 x     5 x 
  2   3  2   5
 25  3    25  
       0     
6  2    6 
3

2
5
6
Exercises
1. Integrate the following with respect to x.

7 1
(a)  x  3x  9dx (b) 3 x3  
4 4
dx
x5 6 x
4 x 10  2 x 4  15 x 2
(c)  x  
x 4  x 2 dx (d)  dx
3
x3
2. Integrate
1 1
(a)  2  3 x  2
dx (b)  3x  1
dx
r 2  2r
3. Find  3 dr .
r  3r 2  1
4. Find
 2 x  1e 4
x 2  x 1 2 3 x
(a) dx (b) dx
5. Evaluate the following integral

1  cos3 x
(a)  sin 3t  cos 4t dt (b)  cos2 x dx
6. Solve
sin 7 x
(a)  cos4 x dx (b)  (e
2x
) 5 dx
7. Solve x x  1dx . Chapter 3 Integration
 x
8. Solve  3 x  5 cos 4 dx .
9. Evaluate  sec x dx .
3
10. Evaluate e cos x dx .

x
5
7
11 Evaluate the rational function below using partial fraction.

1 x5  2
(a)  x 2  4 x  3 dx (b)  x 2  1 dx
x2
(c)   x  12  x  1 dx
12 Evaluate these definite integrals.
 
2 2
 x x  1 dx
3 3
(a) x  4 dx (b)
2
1 1
4
1 4
2x 2  x  1
(c) 2 x  3 dx dx (d) 2 x
dx
6 0
3
(e) 2 5 x  4 dx (f)  x  2 dx
4
13 Show that  ln x dx  1 .
1
5
8
Answers
1 5 3 2 12 74 7  4 1 12
1. (a) x  x  9x  c (b) x  x  x c
5 2 7 4 3
4
1 4 3 103 1 8
(c) 2 x  x  3x  x  c
2 3
(d) x  x 2  15 ln x  c
4 10 2
1 2
2  3 x   2  c 3 x  1 2  c
1
2. (a) (b)
6 3
1
3. ln r 3  3r 2  1  c
3
4 23 x
 x 1
c
2
4. (a) ex (b)  c
3 ln 4
1 1
5. (a)  cos 3t  sin 4t  c (b) tan x  sin x  c
3 4
1 3 1
6. (a) 3
  3 cos x  cos3 x  c
3 cos x cos x 3
(b) e   c
1 2x 5
10
2 1 4
x  x  1 2  x 4   x  1 2  c
3 5
7.
3 4 15
x x
8. 43 x  5sin  48 cos  c
4 4
9.
1
sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x   c
2
10. e cos x  e x sin x   c

1 x
2
5
9
 1   1 
11. (a)     
 2 x  3   2 x  1 
x2 x2 1 3
(b)   ln x  1  ln x  1  c
4 2 2 2
1 3 1
(c)   ln x  1  ln x  1  c
2 x  1 2 4
256
12. (a) 58.38 (b)
3
7
(c) ln (d) 12  ln 4
5
3 17
(e) ln (f) 4
5 7
6
0

Chapter 3 Integration

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Chapter 3 Integration

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Chapter 3 Integration

NORHUNAINI MOHD SHAIPULLAH

3.1 Integration of Functions

3.1.1 Definition of Integration

The inverse operation to differentiation is known as integration.

3.1.2 Basic Rules of Integration

2.  k dx  kx  c , where k and c are constants.

Integrate the following with respect to x.

Integrate the following expressions.

applies only when the expression is a linear function.

In general, let f  x   ax  b be a linear function.

Find the following indefinite integrals.

(a)  5s  3 (b)  11  5 x 

3.1.4 Integration of Rational Function

Integrate the following expressions.

Evaluate the following integral.

3.1.5 Integration of Exponential Function

Find the integral of the following functions with respect to x.

Integrate the following functions.

Integrate the following functions.

where a  9 , f x   e 5 x and f  x   5e 5 x . Then,

(d)  11  3e 3 x  dx  11x dx    3e 3 x dx

where a  11, f  x   3x and f  x   3 . Then,

3.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

1. Formulae of trigonometric function are given as follow;

2. Integrating  sin ax dx and  cos n ax dx

a. If n is even integer, trigonometric identities are used.

Find the following integrals:

 2 sin 4t  cos 3t dt  2  sin 4t dt   cos 3t dt

Integrate sin 8 x with respect to x .

Integrate cos 4 4 x with respect to x .

Using Half angle formula, we know that,

3.3 Techniques of Integration

3.3.1 Integration by Substitution

Step 1: Let u = g(x).

3.3.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

1. Integrating  sin ax dx and  cosn ax dx .

If n is odd integer, the integral is found by substitution.

the substitution method.

2. Integrating  sin n ax cos m ax dx where m and n are integers.

Find the following integrals.

Find the following integrals.

Let u x3 and

Find the following integrals.

Let u  sin 4 x and

  cos4 x 1  sin 2 4 x dx

Find the integrals  sin x cos4 x dx .

Let u  cos x and

3.3.3 Integration by Parts

1. Steps for solving integration by parts are given as follows;

2. Guidelines to choosing u and dv.

a. u is a function of x which can be easily differentiated.

Evaluate the following integral

Then solve again  x  1 2 3 x  dx by using substitution.

Use integration by parts to integrate the following.

(a) Let u  ln x  1 and

Use integration by parts to integrate the following.

Let ux and

Then solve again  x cos 2 x dx by using integration by parts.

Let ux and

Thus, we rearrange the equation so that

e  x cos 6 x e  x sin 6 x e  x  cos 6 x 

3.3.4 Integration by Partial Fractions

Step 1: Convert the function to a proper rational function if it is