STATISTICS FORMULAS

fi fi
 relative frequency : f i 
r
, f i (%) 
r
 100 ,  f i r  1 and f r
(%)  100
 fi  fi i

 arith. mean : x  x i
, i  1,  , n , x  x1  x 2    x n , x 
x f i i

f
i
n i

 weighted mean : x   xi f i or x 
r
  x f % / 100
i i
r

xh 
n
xh 
f i

harmonic mean: 1 1

 x ungroped data, x f i
- frequency distribution.
i i
n n
 geom. mean: x g  n x1  x 2    x n  n  xi ungrouped, x g   f
i 1
ii
x
i 1
i
fii
frequency distribution

x 2
x  f 2

 quadratic mean: xq  i
ungrouped, xq 
i i
 x 2
 f i r frequency distributions
f
i
n i

1 1  f Mo  f Mo1
 the mode : Mo  x0  k 
1   2  2  f Mo  f Mo1
f 1 Meclass 1

 the median : Meloc 

n
, n 100 or Meloc 
n 1
, n 100 and
i

2
 f i
2 2 Me  x0  k  i 1

f Me
xmax  xmin
 absolute range : Ax  Rx  xmax  xmin , relative range : Ax %  Rx %  100
x
 individual deviations : d i  xi  x ;  x  x  0 i

 mean absolute deviation (MAD): MAD 

 x  x - ungrouped, MAD   x  x  f
i i i
frequency
n f i

MAD % 
 x x  f i i
r
(%)
  xi  x  f i r
100
n

 variance: d i
2

 x  x
2
x 2
- ungrouped data,
  2 i 1

i

i
 x2
n n n
n

d 2
 fi
 x  x  x  x

i 2 2
 fi  fi r %
  2 i 1
   xi  x   f i
i 2 i
r
 frequency distribution.
f
n

i
f i 100
i 1

 x  x
2
f i r (%)
 2 (%)     xi  x   f i r
i

f i
r

d  x  x
2 2
 standard deviation:    2 or   i

i
for ungrouped data,
n n
d  f  x  x
2
2
 fi
 i i

i
for grouped data.
f i f i

 x  x 2
f i r (%)
 (%)   x  x
i 2
 i fir
100
 MAD  x  Mo
 coefficient of variation: v  or c.v.  ; coefficient of skewness 
x x 

 overall error  y j  y0 ; y0  overall mean 

 yj fj
; y j  y 0  y j  yi  yi  y 0
f j

 y  y 
2
fj 2
rule of variances :  0   y / x   ; overall variance :  0  ; 0   y/x 
2 2 2 2 j 0 2 2

f j
 02

  yi  y0  2
fi
 partial variance (variance within the group) :  y2 / x 
f i

 f
2

variance among groups (between groups) :  

2 i i

f i

 2
y/ x 2
coefficients : ratio of determination : R  ; ratio of non-determination : K  2
2 2

 0
2
0
R 2  K 2  1; R 2 %  K 2 %  100%
 absolute change (fix base) :   ycurrent  y past ; chain base absolute change :  i / i 1  yi  y i 1 ;
n n n

 mean absolute change :  

  i / i1   i / i 1  i / i 1
;
i 0
 i 0
 i 0

nb. of periods  1 n n 1
y n  yinitial ( reference )
 i / i 1   n / referenceperiod  y n  y 0 ;  
nb. of periods  1
yi yi y
 fix base index: I  y  ; chain base index : I i ;
reference yinitial yi 1
yn
 average index : I  nb. of periods 1
 I i / i 1  nb. of periods 1 ; rate of change = Index -1 ; R (%)  I (%)  100
yinitial
;
 fixed base rate: Ri / initial period  I i / initial period  1 ; chain base rate : Ri / i 1  I i / i 1  1 ; average rate of change :
R  I 1;
 i / initial yi  yinitial yinitial yinitial
Ai / initial period    
 absolute value of 1% from the rate of change (A) Ri / initial yi 1.00 100 ;
1
yinitial
 i / i 1 yi  yi 1 yi 1 y
Ai / i 1 
   i 1
 chain base : Ri / i 1 yi 1.00 100% ;
1
yi 1
 forecasting methods (FM) based on average absolute range : ŷi  yinitial  t i   ;
FM based on average index : yˆ i  yinitial  T i ;
t

 Linear function : ŷi  a  b  t i  na   yi and b t i   yi t i ; -even nb. of time periods : yˆ i  a  2bt i ;

v
Price index = 
1
I p
 v0r 
 1 ; inflation rate = price index-1;
 I v p 1

2
 
    xi  x s  2  f i  
zs 

 n
 sampling error : = z ; s   ; sample size : n   ; finite population corection = 1   ;
n  n 1   s 
 N
   z 
 n 
  100   
; standard error of regression: S e   i
y 2  a  y i  b  xi y i
 confidence class :   p  z  ;
n n2
 confidence interval : y  b0  b1 x ; y  S ef  t
individual indexes: i  y1 / y0  individual index of the complex variable; i  x1 / x0  individual index of
y x

the qualitative variable; i  f1 / f 0  individual index of the quantitative factor
f

 aggregate indexes: I 
y  y homogeneous population, I   x f - heterogeneous pop.
1 y 1 1

y 0 x f 0 0

 Laspeyeres method: I 
 x f (quantitative factor), I   x f (qualitative factor)
f 0 1 x 1 0

x f 0 0 x f 0 0

 Paasche system: I 
f  x f (quantitative factor), I   x f (qualitative factor)
1 1 x 1 1

x f 1 0 x f 0 0

y x f x f x f
 y  x f  x f  x f  I  I
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 y( x) y( f )

  
L P
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
;

 x f x f

1 1
I
0 1
I
y ( x) y( f )

x f x f
P L
0 1 0 0

y0  y1 ; I x   y1
I L   i x  y0r   i x  0 ; I L   i  y0   i  y ; I P 
x y f f r f f

 0 ;
P
1 1
 y0 if 1
 y  i x  y1
 IVS = IFS + ISV (index with variable structure = index with fixed struct. + index of the struct. variation);
 x1 f1  x0 f1  x1 f1  x1 f1  x0 f 1  x0 f 0  x0 f1 
r r r
x1 f1
IFS  :   ; ISV  :  ; IVS  ;
 f 1  f 1  x 0 f 1  x0 f 1 r  f 1  f 0  x0 f 0 r  0 0
x f
r


p
index of the average price with a variable structure : I  1 
p pq :p q  pq ; 1 1 0 0
r
1 1

p0 q q  p q 1 0 0 0
r

 index of the average productivity with a var. struc.: I

W

w1

W L : W L   Q   Q ;
1 1 0 0 1 0

w0 L L L L1 0 1 0

 index of the average salary with a var.struct: I

S

S1

 S L :  S L ;SxL= salary expenses (overall salary);
1 1 0 0

S0 L L 1 0

 x  x1  x0 
pq p q
1 1 0 0
; p  p1  p ; x ( x) 
x f  x f   p q   p q ; 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

q q f f q q
0
1 0 1 1 1 1

 x ( f r )   x0 f1r   x0 f 0r   p0 q1r   p0 q0r ; x x ( x)  x ( f r ); p  p ( p)  p (q r );