ABC Reporting

Topic: Typhoon/Flood

Members of the group: (E17 & E18)

Leader: Sunga, Marites M.

Secretary: Santacera, Ceshire
Members:
Castro, Nygel King Mapula, Clyde
Hilvano, Charls Andrew Santos, Jullan
Quiambao, Moris Santos, Krsitine
Ramos, Christy Suzara, Lara Elise
Ravena, Tarra Sy, Sabrina Mae
Ruzol, Rose Vallarta, Jude Albert
Siasoco, Karlin Villegas, Laurence Rovi
Sta. Cruz, Gracey Zaguirre, Maria Liezel
Ugarte, Jeric
Urbano, Vanessa
Vales, Krizsha

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I. Typhoon

A. Definition of terms
a. Typhoon
It is a disturbed state of the atmosphere, most often characterized by a low
pressure centre and several thunderstorms, which eventually produce strong winds
and heavy rains
It occurs when wind blows at a speed of fifty kilometers or more an hour
The centre of the storm is a calm, cloudless area called the eye, where there is
no rain, and the winds are fairly light.

b. ITCZ
It is very warm along and around the equator, a region we call the tropics since
the sun shines so directly there throughout the year. As you know, when air is
heated, it expands becoming less dense and more buoyant, that is, it becomes very
light and wants to float. Since pressure in the atmosphere decreases as you go up,
the rising warm bubble of air expands adiabatically, doing work to push away
surrounding air and therefore cooling as it rises and leaving a void of low pressure
behind. As the rising air cools, the water vapor in it also cools and then condenses
into cloud droplets, which eventually collide with one another, coalescing to form
bigger and bigger droplets until the droplets get so big that they fall out of the cloud
as rain. Since it is always so warm in the tropics, this kind of rising motion that forms
rain is going on all the time, supplying water to the rainforests. When the rising air
 hits the top of the troposphere, it spreads out, going north and south. As it travels
poleward, it radiates energy.

c. Eye of the storm

A typhoon usually has a relatively large storm area, with storm radius ranging
from 100 km to 300 or 400 km. As for the typhoon's internal structure, from
observations done by early-day weather reconnaissance aircraft penetrating the
typhoon from different direction at various heights, we roughly know that a typhoon
to be a huge cloud of big radius with height reaching 18,000 meters as has once
been observed. The center of these huge cloud columns is an area without or with
only thin clouds, and without or with little wind and rain. This area is the so-called
"eye of the typhoon".
This is a circular area of very low pressure. It may vary from a few miles to
about 25 miles in diameter which is calmed and with no rain. It is also roughly
circular area of comparatively light winds and fair weather located at the center of a
severe tropical cyclone. As the center of the hurricane approaches an area, the wind
first blows violently in one direction. Then, there is a stillness and clear skies as the
eye passes. A wind blowing in the opposite direction soon follows the calm as the
other side of the low passes.
d. Windstorm
A windstorm is just a storm with high winds or violent gusts but little or no
rain.

Other terms:

Weather the specific conditions of the atmosphere at a particular

place and time. It is measured in terms of such
parameters as wind, temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, cloudiness and precipitation. In
most places, weather can change from hour to hour and
season to season.
Climate the average weather and its long term variability over a
particular place and time (say a month, a season, a
year or several years).
Climate Variability refers to the fluctuations / variations of climate observed
since the instrumental period (i.e., 1860 to present).
These fluctuations are due to natural causes and to
human activities.
Season a division of the year according to some regularly
recurent phenomena, usually astronomical or climatic.
In the tropics, precipitation is the primary factor; thus,
nearly all regions have their rainy season and dry
season.
Normal the average value of a meteorological element over any
(climatological normal) fixed period of years that is recognized as standard for
a country and element concerned; usually a 30-year
 period as recommended by the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO).
Anomaly the deviation of (usually) temperature or precipitation
(departure from normal) from the normal values in a given region over a
specified period.
NE Monsoon locally known as "Amihan". It affects the eastern
portions of the country from October up to late March,
starts over Siberia as a cold, dry air mass but gathers
moisture as it travels across the Pacific Ocean before
reaching the eastern sections of the Philippines is
characterized by widespread cloudiness with rains and
showers. The North Pacific Trades gradually replaces
the NE Monsoon in March, appears in all seasons and
blows dominantly from March to April, giving strong
convective activity.
SW Monsoon locally known as "Habagat", it affects the country from
July to September, is very warm and humid, occurs
when warm moist air flows over the country from the
southwest direction, is characterized by heavy rainfall
that may last for a week. It brings the rainy season to
the western portion of the country.

B. Development of a typhoon
Factors:
− 6 main requirements for typhoon formation:
a) sufficiently warm sea/ocean surface temperatures (26.5°C / 79.7°F)
b) atmospheric instability
c) high humidity in the lower to middle troposphere levels (above latitude 30 is
cooler)
d) enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center (below latitude 10 has a
weak Coriolis force)
e) pre-existing low level focus/disturbance, &
f) low/weak vertical wind shear (change in wind velocity over height; >10 m/s / 20
knots / 22 mph)
(doesn’t guarantee that a typhoon will form if all 6 conditions are fulfilled)

Notes on typhoon formation:

− warm waters (surface temperature of either equal or above 26.5°C) are needed to
maintain the warm core that fuels tropical systems.
− minimum distance of 500 km (300 mi) from the equator is normally needed for
tropical cyclogenesis.
− Coriolis force imparts rotation on the flow and arises as winds begin to flow in toward
the lower pressure created by the pre-existing disturbance.
− the existence of a significant Coriolis force allows the developing vortex to achieve
gradient wind balance (found in mature tropical cyclones; allows latent heat to
 concentrate near the storm core (resulting in the maintenance/intensification of the
vortex, leading into the formation of the "eye")).
− can form from either intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a tropical wave, a broad
surface front, or an outflow boundary.
− low level feature with sufficient vorticity & convergence is required to begin typhoon
formation.
− the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and
a surface low.
− low/weak vertical wind shear (>10 m/s / 20 knots / 22 mph) between the surface and
the tropopause is required for typhoon formation.
(strong wind shear can “blow” the typhoon apart; displaces the mid-level warm core
from the surface circulation and dries out the mid-levels of the troposphere, halting
development.)
(moderate wind shear can lead to the initial development of the convective complex
and surface low similar to the mid-latitudes (it must relax to allow typhoon formation
to continue).)

Formation:
− still the topic of extensive research, and is still not fully understood.
− typhoon’s primary energy source is the release of the condensation heat from
condensed water vapor at high altitudes.
− can be visualized as a giant vertical heat engine supported by mechanics driven by
physical forces (such as the roatation & gravity) of the Earth.
− while an initial warm core system (such as an organized thunderstorm complex) is
necessary for the formation of a tropical cyclone, a large flux of energy is needed to
lower atmospheric pressure more than a few millibars (0.10 inch of Hg).
− inflow of warmth and moisture from the underlying ocean surface is critical for
typhoon strengthening.
− condensation leads to higher wind speeds (as a tiny fraction of the released energy
is converted into mechanical energy); the faster winds and lower pressure
associated with them in turn cause increased surface evaporation and thus even
more condensation.
− much of the released energy drives updrafts that increase the height of the storm
clouds, speeding up condensation.
− this positive feedback loop continues for as long as conditions are favorable for
typhoon formation: factors such as a continued lack of equilibrium in air mass
distribution would also give supporting energy to the cyclone.
− the rotation of the Earth causes the system to spin (Coriolis effect; depends on
which hemisphere: north counter-clockwise, south clockwise), giving it a cyclonic
characteristic and affecting the trajectory of the storm.
− deep convection is a driving force.
− to continue to drive its "heat engine", a tropical cyclone must remain over warm
water, which provides the needed atmospheric moisture to keep the positive
feedback loop running. (when a tropical cyclone passes over land, it is cut off from
its heat source and its strength diminishes rapidly).
Simplified version:
1) thunderstorms begin to increase.
2) thunderstorms release large amounts of latent heat due to condensation in the mid
to upper troposphere.
3) warming results in increased pressure aloft.
4) increased pressure results in divergence of the air aloft.
5) total weight of column of air decreased (results in sea level pressure falling).
6) low level winds converge and spin faster around the low pressure center (result of
the need to conserve angular momentum).
7) (as the winds converge towards the center), they pick up warm water vapor from
the ocean, with the air rising as it releases more vapor and latent heat.
8) the center grows warmer which results in more divergence aloft.
9) air at the outer edges is dragged upward and outward by the surrounding air, with it
(the air above) sinking into the eye.

Pics:
C. Differentiation of a typhoon from other terminologies in climatology
a. Tropical depression
It is an organized system of clouds and thunderstorms with a surface circulation
of less than 39 mph.
It doesn't have an 'eye' or the spiral shape, which characterizes powerful storms;
it is indeed a low pressure area and hence is referred to as a depression.
This depression mostly forms in the tropical regions

How it is formed?
1. a low pressure zone is formed in the tropical areas, 5° and 20° north and
south of the equator
2. eventually forms a tropical wave of low pressure
3. disturbance in the warm ocean waters, along with a light wind at the upper
level, provides ideal weather condition for the formation of storms
4. the intensity of the tropical wave may either increase or decrease (If the
intensity increases, it goes on to become an organized area, characterized by
heavy showers and thunderstorms)
5. organized area, marked by cyclonic winds blowing clockwise in northern
hemisphere and anti-clockwise in southern hemisphere
6. Equatorial areas, 5° north and south of the equator, do not facilitate formation
of storms due to the lack of rotary motion of wind in this area

b. Tropical storm
It is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with surface circulation
between 39 mph and 73 mph
It is when the system reaches to this intensity; it is given an alphabetical name by
the authorities
The 'eye' is not present; the spiral cyclonic shape starts to develop in this stage

How it is formed?
 1. starts as a tropical depression eventually takes the form of a severe cyclone
which can create havoc on the planet

Linear Systems Description Associated Period

Weather
Intertropical Result of the northern Widespread Migratory, depending
Convergence Zone hemisphere and cloudiness, on the time of the
(ITCZ) southern hemisphere occasional thunder- year
tradewind storms,
convergence precipitation,
moderate to strong
surface winds
Tail-end of Cold Front boundary of 2 Rainfall and Northern portion of
Front air masses, found in cloudiness over the country during
mid-latitudes affected areas the Northern
Hemisphere winter
season
Easterly Waves Wavelike cloudiness and More frequent during
perturbations precipitation in the transition period
embedded in the eastern coastal
easterly current portions

Tropical Cyclone Intensity / Category

Intensity / Category Maximum Winds

Tropical Depression Between 35 KPH and 64 KPH near the center
Tropical Storm Between 65 KPH and 118 KPH near the center
Typhoon 119 to 200 KPH near the center
Super Typhoon Maximum winds greater than 200 KPH

D. Naming of Typhoons
A storm is named when it reaches tropical storm strength with winds of 39 mph,
and becomes a hurricane or typhoon when its wind speed reaches 74 mph.
Tornadoes come and go so quickly - usually in minutes - that forecasters don't
have time to name them. Extratropical storms don't bring the concentrated violence
of hurricanes, although a few can leave major damage, especilly blizzards.

Back in the old days

Before they started naming storms, hurricane forecasters had to refer to storms
by saying something like, "the storm 500 miles east-southeast of Miami." But six hours
later the storm's position would change.
When more than one storm was going on at the same time, making it clear which
storm was being described made the job even harder.
 Before official names began, some forecasters informally named storms without
making the names public. This made it easier for the forecasters to follow storms, but it
didn't help make clear to the public which storm was which.

Organized naming began in 1950

Forecasters formally begin naming Atlantic Basin in 1950, using names from the
international phonetic alphabet of the time: Able, Baker, Charlie, and so on. They
started using female, English-language names in 1953, and switched to alternating
male and female names in 1979. They also began using French and Spanish male and
female names at this time.
A sidelight: The first three male names used -- Bob, David and Frederick -- have
all been retired because they did tremendous damage. Frederick and David were retired
because of the damage they did in 1979. Bob was retired after Hurricane Bob hit New
England in 1991.

How today's names are selected

The World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) Regional Association IV
Hurricane Committee selects the names for Atlantic Basin and central and eastern
Pacific storms.
For the Atlantic Basin and the eastern Pacific, six lists of names are used, with
each list used again - minus any retired names - six years after it was last used. The
WMO's regional committee selects the names to replaces those that are retired. Each
year the names start with the "A" storm on that year's list, no matter how many names
were used the previous year.
Hawaiian names are used for central Pacific storms. Here, a revolving list of four
sets of names is used and each storm that forms gets the next available name on the
list, regardless of the year.
Similar WMO regional committees are involved in selecting names for other parts of the
world, but not all nations involved go along with these names.
While most naming systems use common first names, in various languages, nations
around the western Pacific began using an entirely new system for naming typhoons in
2000. Each of the 14 nations that typhoons affect submitted a list of names for a total of
141 names. The names include animals, flowers, astrological signs and a few personal
names.

By PAGASA
GETTING ITS NAME from the Laos word for "elephant," Typhoon Xangsane
(PAGASA name "Milenyo") caused great devastation in Metro Manila and across
several parts of Luzon in 2006. The names Xangsane and Milenyo have since been
retired from use by meteorologists. Photo from Weather Underground.
If you follow weather reports closely, you’ll know PAGASA has really bantot
names for typhoons.
Around the world, typhoons, cyclones and hurricanes–all the same thing except
different in socio-geographical occurrence–are given names. Curious, I did some
research. Here’s what I got from the US National Weather Service:
 Experience shows that the use of short, distintive given names in written as well
as spoken communications is quicker and less subject to error than the older more
cumbersome latitude-longitute identification methods. These advantages are specially
important in exchanging detailed storm information between hundres widely scattered
stations, coastal bases, and ships at sea.
Basically, a typhoon name has better recall than typhoon coordinates. If you
were on a ship in the middle of a storm and you needed to get the hell out of a
typhoon’s path, then you would just radio the coast guard asking “Where’s Typhoon
Ondoy?” rather than something like “Where’s Typhoon 240 deg N, 42 deg E?” It’s just
easier to track a typhoon this way, not to mention less cumbersome to say.
The World Meteorological Organization sets strict procedures for naming
storms.There is a strict procedure to determine a list of tropical cyclone names in an
ocean basin(s) by the Tropical Cyclone Regional Body responsible for that basin(s) at
its annual/biennial meeting. There are five tropical cyclone regional bodies, i.e.
ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones, RA I
Tropical Cyclone Committee, RA IV Hurricane Committee, and RA V Tropical Cyclone
Committee. For instance, Hurricane Committee determines a pre-designated list of
hurricane names for six years separately at its annual session. The pre-designated list
of hurricane names are proposed by its members that include National Meteorological
and Hydrological Services in the North/Central America and the Caribbean. Naming
procedures in other regions are almost the same as in the Caribbean. In general,
tropical cyclones are named according to the rules at a regional level.
Basically, storms are named depending on their region of occurrence. If the
storm affects the Western Atlantic, then a certain list compiled by meteorologists in the
USA, Central America and the Caribbean is used. When a storm occurs in the Western
North Pacific and South China Sea–the region where the Philippines is located–names
from a different list are used.
The Japan Meteorological Agency monitors typhoons in the Western North
Pacific and the South China Sea. It labels typhoons by picking a name from this list
produced by meteorologists around the world and tagging the storm with a 4-digit code
(not shown). Unlike other lists, this list is not recycled when meteorologists reach the
end of the list. Ondoy and Pepeng, internationally known as Ketsana and Parma in this
list, are under column IV. From the World Meteorological Organization.
If you look at that list carefully, you must have noticed Ondoy and Pepeng aren’t
anywhere on the list. That’s because PAGASA deviates from international naming
standards. While we knew the last two typhoons as Ondoy and Pepeng, everyone else
in the world knew them as Ketsana and Parma, respectively.
PAGASA deviates from international typhoon naming standards because it wants
to promote better storm recall among Filipinos by using Filipino names. As bad-ass as
Parma and Ketsana sound, Filipinos would gravitate towards Pepeng and Ondoy more
because it sounds familiar.
There is some danger in deviating international naming standards–people
actually get confused with the names. If you don’t live in the Philippines, you would
probably think the PAGASA-named storm was different from the internationally named
storm. In fact, this is what some folks abroad thought. While Filipinos kept bouncing
Ondoy’s name back and forth cyberspace, international news agencies reported
Parma’s name to worried folks abroad.
Despite the cause for confusion, PAGASA insists on maintaining its own typhoon
name lists. It’s been argued by the World Meteorological Organization that storm
naming “facilitates tropical cyclone/hurricane disaster risk awareness, preparedness,
management and reduction”.
Personally, typhoon names assigned by PAGASA also seem to illicit a non-
serious response from Filipinos. Despite the destructive power of the storm, people
joked about how “Pepeng” grew so large that PAGASA decided to rename it “malaking
Pepeng.” Also, I can’t imagine a storm named Chedeng, Butchoy, Bebeng, Dodong,
Yayang, Yoyong, Yoyoy or even Zosimo! Even cuter would be Waldo–”Coast Guard,
where’s WALDO?!” Of course, the winner would be Typhoon ZIGZAG! Can you say
TYPHOON NAME FAIL?

PAGASA makes really amusing typhoon names. (I hope they make a Typhoon
Bruhilda). From PAGASA.
But I must agree with PAGASA. Using Filipino names does give the typhoons
more recall than the international names. Apart from the names providing some kind of
private entertainment for me, I imagine Filipinos find these names a lot easier to
communicate than an obscure typhoon name from China or Japan.
 In the aftermath of Ondoy and Pepeng, it’s questionable whether the localized
typhoon names actually promote disaster awareness and response in the Philippines. It
certainly doesn’t seem like it. With Luzon left in tatters after Ondoy and Pepeng, it
seems the name did little to prepare anyone for the ensuing chaos and destruction that
were mostly aggravated by an inefficient government, poor urban planning and
worsening effects of climate change.
There’s no doubt meteorologists will agree that the names Ondoy/Parma deserve to
be retired from the lists as it is honored tradition to retire the names of only the most
devastating typhoons encountered by man.

E. Reasons for giving a Signal number 1, 2 and 3

Philippine Storm Warning Signals
Wind Speed and Time
Signal No. Impact of Winds
of Occurrence
1 30-60 kph within the next Twigs and branches may
36 hours be broken; some banana
plants may be tilted;
houses of very light
material
may be unroofed;
flowering rice crop may
be
damaged; in general,
very little or no damage
may
be experienced by the
community.
2 60-100 kph within the 24 Some coconut trees may
hours be tilted and broken; few
big trees may be
uprooted and many
banana plants
may be downed; rice and
corn may be adversely
damaged; many nipa and
cogon houses may be
partially or totally
unroofed and old
galvanized iron
roofings may be peeled
off; in general, winds may
bring light to moderate
 damage to the
community.
3 100-185 kph within the Many coconut trees may
next 18 hours be broken or destroyed;
almost all banana plants
may be downed while
many trees may be
uprooted; rice and corn
crops
may suffer heavy losses;
majority of nipa and
cogon houses may be
unroofed or destroyed
and
there may be
considerable damage to
structures
of light to medium
construction; widespread
disruption of electrical
power and
communication
services may also occur;
in general, moderate to
heavy damage may be
expected, practically in
the
Agricultural and industrial
sectors.
4 Greater than 185 kph Coconut, rice and corn
within plantations may suffer
the next 12 hours extensive damage and
many large trees may be
uprooted; most residential
and institutional
buildings of mixed
construction may also be
severely damaged;
electrical power
distribution and
communication services
may be disrupted; in
general, damage to
affected communities can
be very heavy.
 F. Predicting the coming of a typhoon/tropical depression
a. Scientific prediction
Weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate or prediction of future weather
condition as defined by PAGASA. In forecasting the weather, a Meteorologist must at
least know something about the existing weather condition over a large area before he
can make a reliable forecast. The accuracy of his forecast depends largely upon his
knowledge of the prevailing weather conditions over a very wide area. The forecast
decision is based on various forecasting tools. The basic tool of a weather forecaster is
the WEATHER MAP. The weather map depicts the distribution patterns of atmospheric
pressure, wind, temperature and humidity at the different levels of the atmosphere.
There are two types of the basic weather map namely, the surface map and the upper-
air maps. There are five standard levels of the upper-air maps that are constructed
twice daily at twelve-hourly interval. The surface maps are made four times daily at six-
hourly intervals. On the surface maps, the distribution patterns of rain or other forms of
precipitation and cloudiness can also be delineated.
PAGASA made a brief discussion on how they make a weather forecast and is
divided in 5 steps:
1st Step: Observation
• Surface observations are made at least every three hours over land and sea.
Land-based weather stations around the world and automatic stations observe
the atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, temperature of the air,
humidity, clouds, precipitation and visibility using standard weather instruments
such as the barometer, wind vane, anemometer, thermometer, psychrometer or
hygrometer and raingauge. In addition to these, coastal weather stations,
weather ships and ocean data buoy observe the state of the sea by observing
the height and period of wave.
• Upper air stations around the world also make observations at least every twelve
hours. The pressure, temperature, dew point temperature, wind direction and
speed are observed at selected levels in the atmosphere using radiosondes
which record these data by tracking helium-filled balloons attached to
transmitters. Another apparatus, the theodolite, is used in observing wind
direction and speed also at selected levels. In addition to these, commercial air
planes observe the weather along their routes at specified times.
• Meteorological satellites, geostationary and polar orbiting, take pictures of the
cloud imagery of the atmosphere. These satellites take picture of the earth's
cloud formations every hour and continuously, respectively.
• Weather radars are also used to observe the cloud coverage within the range of
the radar.
• A vast array of weather data are fed to the computer which analyzes them as
programmed and makes a time integration of physical equations. This is called
numerical weather prediction.

2nd Step: Collection And Transmission Of Weather Data

Weather observations which are condensed into coded figures, symbols and
numerals are transmitted via radiophone, teletype, facsimile machine or telephone to
designated collection centers for further transmission to the central forecasting station at
WFFC. Weather satellite pictures are transmitted to ground receiving stations while
radar observations are transmitted to forecasting centers through a local communication
system.

3rd Step: Plotting Of Weather Data

Upon receipt of the coded messages, they are decoded and each set of
observations is plotted in symbols or numbers on weather charts over the respective
areas or regions. Observations made over land and sea is plotted on the surface or
mean sea level charts which are prepared four times a day. Radiosonde, theodolite,
aircraft and satellite wind observations are plotted on upper level charts which are
prepared twice daily.

4th Step: Analysis Of Weather Maps, Satellite And Radar Imageries And Other
Data Current weather maps are analyzed as follows:
• SURFACE (MSL) CHART: The data plotted on this weather map are analyzed
isobarically. This means the same atmospheric pressure at different places are
inter-connected with a line taking into consideration the direction of the wind.
Through this analysis, weather systems or the so-called centers of action such as
high and low pressure areas, tropical cyclones, cold and warm fronts,
intertropical convergence zone, can be located and delineated.
• UPPER AIR CHARTS: The data plotted on this weather map are analyzed using
streamline analysis. Lines are drawn to illustrate the flow of the wind. With this
kind of analysis, anticyclones or high pressure areas and cyclones or low
pressure areas can be delineated.
• NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODEL OUTPUT: The computer-plotted
weather maps are analyzed manually so that weather systems like cyclones and
anticyclones, troughs, etc. are located.
• MONITOR WEATHER CHARTS: Plotted data on the cross-section, rainfall and
24-hour pressure change charts are analyzed to determine the movement of
wind waves, rainfall distribution and the behavior of the atmospheric pressure.

Compare the current weather maps with the previous 24 - 72 hour weather maps
level by level to determine the development and movement of weather systems that
may affect the forecast area.
Examine the latest weather satellite picture, noting the cloud formations in
relation to the weather systems on the current weather maps.
Compare the latest weather satellite picture with the previous satellite pictures (up to 48
hours) noting the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the
country.
Examine the latest computer output of the numerical weather prediction model
noting the 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour objective forecast of the weather systems that
may affect the forecast area.
Analyze the latest radar reports and other minor forecasting tools.

5th Step: Formulation Of The Forecast

 After the analysis of all available meteorological information/data has been
completed, the preparation of forecasts follows. The first and one of the preliminary
steps is the determination as accurately as the data permit, of the location 24 hours
hence of the different weather systems and the existing weather over a particular
region. In many cases a fairly satisfactory estimate of the direction and rate of
movement may be made by simply measuring the movement during the last 12 or 24
hours and then extrapolating, or extending, this movement into the future and hence
what weather will be experienced in different areas in the immediate future.

These are some of the different instruments that are used to predict a weather:
1. Thermograph - A thermograph is an instrument that records air temperature
continuously on graphing paper. It usually consists of a cylinder made to revolve
once each week by means of clockworks inside. A sheet of graph paper is
fastened on the outside. A pen-point that rests on the paper traces the
temperature curve, according to the expansion and contraction of a sensitive
metallic coil or strip corresponding to the reading of a thermometer.
2. Barograph - A barograph is a recording barometer. The pen point that traces the
pressure curve on the paper is made to move up or down by means of a series of
levers attached to aneroid cells (metallic boxes) in tandem. The use of aneroid
cells in tandem provide a more pronounced response to changes in atmospheric
pressure than would be indicated by a single aneroid cell of the same size.
3. Anemometer - An anemometer measures the wind speed and is made of
propeller cups which are rotated by the motion of the wind. The essential parts of
the cup anemometer are the cup wheel, a vertical shaft, the necessary
mechanism for counting the revolution of the shaft or indicating its instantaneous
speed of rotation.
4. Hygrothermograph - The hygrothermograph records both relative humidity and
temperature on graph paper in the same manner as the thermograph and
barograph do.
5. Weather Surveillance Radar - A Weather Surveillance Radar is of the long
range type which detects and tracks typhoons and cloud masses at distance of
400 kilometers or less. This radar has a rotating antenna disk preferably mounted
on top of a building free from any physical obstruction. Radio energy emitted by
the transmitter and focused by the antenna shoots outward through the
atmosphere in a narrow beam. The cloud mass, whether it is part of a typhoon or
not, reflects a small fraction of the energy back to the antenna. This reflected
energy is amplified and displayed visually on a radar scope. The distance or slant
range of the target from the radar is determined through the elapsed time the
signal is transmitted and then received as an echo. Its direction is determined by
the direction at which the focused beam is pointing at the instant the echo is
received. The radar is a useful tool in tracking and monitoring tropical cyclones.
6. Weather Satellites.

b. Non scientific prediction

1. Check the clouds. If you see a cloud that is present is getting thicker and
blacker. Clouds that are racing across the sky begin to get fuller, blacker or fill in
 from cumulus, to stratocumulus, or cumulus clouds begin to grow taller and
blacker at the base. Clouds are moving in all directions. This indicates extreme
instability. If it is a hot day and the clouds begin to grow in early to mid-afternoon,
there is a good chance of rain and possibly thunder, later that evening.
Stratocumulus clouds begin to merge into more of a stratus formation, expect
persistent rain within twelve hours. If cumulus clouds do not develop until into the
afternoon, or simply hang around in the sky without much development, expect
continued fair weather. If the halo surrounding the moon, or sun begins to shrink,
then it is a good sign that the cloud is thickening. Precipitation should be
expected within twelve hours. If altocumulus clouds are whipping around the sky,
normally from west to northwest, it is a fair assumption that there will be a hard
and heavy rain or hail storm very soon.

2. Look for patterns of animal behavior. A rule of thumb is, if the birds are flying
low, it means their ears are hurting from the forming air pressure at high
altitudes, thus the formation of a storm. Ants tend to build their hills to a greater
steepness. Cats lick behind their ears just before rain. Cows either stay close to
each other or lie down before bad weather. Amphibians and insects get excited
when the pressure drops, so they tend to become a bit noisier.

3. Plants. Unless it rained the night before, checking the grass for
dew is also a way to tell if there's going to be rains that day. If the grass is dry, it
may mean a rainy day. Scarlet pimpernel also known as "poor man's
weatherglass", "shepherd's weatherglass" and "shepherd's clock" related to the
fact that the flowers close when bad weather is approaching.

Study of typhoon prediction using a numerical model (1st laboratory )

Numerical simulation of a typhoon

Using a numerical model, the research department challenge clarification of
generation, development, decay, and translation of typhoons for the purpose of
improvement of typhoon forecasting. Elaborated numerical model expressed every
cloud in the atmosphere enables to simulate a realistic typhoon shown in the figure.
This study is not only helped to understand complicate mechanism of the typhoon but
also leads to improve numerical prediction such as track, intensity, heavy rainfall, and
gust.

Typhoon-ocean interaction
Strong wind by a typhoon stirs and cools underlying sea water at the upper layer.
Sea surface cooling is helped to decrease evaporation, which is a egergy source of
typhoons, because evaporation suppresses from the ocean to the atmosphere. This is
the reason why sea surface cooling should be accurately predicted in the typhoon
intensity prediction. The research department developed a mixed-layer ocean model to
predict sea surface cooling by typhoons. The research department further develops a
typhoon-ocean coupled model to improve the intensity prediction.
Development of storm surge model including the effect of ocean waves.
Typhoon research department challenged studies of disasters concerning
typhoons. The team has developed a storm surge model for three years during 1993-
1995. This model has been operationally run in Japan Meteorological Agency. However,
it is necessary to install the effect of ocean waves to the storm surge model for the
purpose of improvement of storm surge prediction at the coastal ocean like isolated
islands and peninsulas.
　 A renewal 3-dimensional storm surge model incorporated of the effect of ocean
waves has been developed. Using the model, numerical simulation of storm surge was
conducted.

Study of structual change of typhoons using remote sensing data. (2nd

laboratory)

Utilization of satellite data to typhoon prediction

Because observation is insufficient to grasp a typhoon and its environment and to
predict the typhoon, Remote sensing data, meteorological satellite data, is absolutely
imperative. The research department has studied a methodology of structure of
typhoons and environmental atmospheric and oceanic conditions, which contributes to
the improvement of typhoon prediction.

Microwave scatterometer of QuikSCAT, which is on board low orbital satellite,

can provide information of the sea surface wind very precisely although we can get the
data only twice a day. To utilize less QuikSCAT data more efficient, the department has
challenged new progressive method in retrieving the sea surface wind from another
satellite observation.

The research team has developed a new algorithm in which sea surface wind is
estimated from vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature obtained from Advanced
Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on meteorological satellite of NOAA. >From the
validation in the case of Hurricane Floyd, estimated wind distribution by the algorithm
using AMSU data is almost comparable to the wind distribution by QuikSCAT.

G. Effect of typhoon to the country and people

II. Government
a. Instruction of the government regarding a coming typhoon
(pdf file)
b. Way of giving information to the public
What is a weather forecast?
A weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate of future weather condition.
Weather condition is the state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of
the most significant weather variables. The significant weather variables being forecast
differ from place to place. In the Philippines, the weather parameters with significant
variation and therefore of interest to the users of the forecast are cloudiness, rainfall and
wind.
How is a weather forecast made?
In forecasting the weather, a Meteorologist must at least know something about
the existing weather condition over a large area before he can make a reliable forecast.
The accuracy of his forecast depends largely upon his knowledge of the prevailing
weather conditions over a very wide area. The forecast decision is based on various
forecasting tools. The basic tool of a weather forecaster is the WEATHER MAP. The
weather map depicts the distribution patterns of atmospheric pressure, wind,
temperature and humidity at the different levels of the atmosphere. There are two types
of the basic weather map namely, the surface map and the upper-air maps. There are
five standard levels of the upper-air maps that are constructed twice daily at twelve-
hourly interval. The surface maps are made four times daily at six-hourly intervals. On
the surface maps, the distribution patterns of rain or other forms of precipitation and
cloudiness can also be delineated.
1st Step: Observation
2nd Step: Collection And Transmission Of Weather Data
3rd Step: Plotting Of Weather Data
4th Step: Analysis Of Weather Maps, Satellite And Radar Imageries And Other Data
Current weather maps
5th Step: Formulation Of The Forecast
How is the weather forecast disseminated?
The forecasts are then aired in various radio stations by telephone or sent by telefax
machines a few minutes after completion and are immediately sent to the weather
stations nationwide. Copies are also furnished to different media outlets without delay.
Forecasting Methods
Over the years forecast methods have moved from simple subjective deductions
based on observations of specific parameters such as cloud types and motions, sea
swells, and pressure, to more sophisticated techniques which use complex computer
models of the atmosphere. Until recently predictions were centered around the motion
of the cyclone, but both motion and intensity are now being routinely predicted.
A tropical cyclone forecast involves the prediction of several interrelated features,
including the track, winds, rainfall, storm surge and, of course, the areas threatened. In
practice, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) in Miami, which is responsible for tropical
cyclone forecasting in this area, will normally issues a forecast every 6 hours for period
extending out to 72 hours. The official forecast is based on the guidance obtained from
a variety of subjective and objective models. The forecaster assesses the output form
various models and based on present and historical performance of the models, as well
as personal experience, arrives at the official forecast.

Track Forecasts
The simplest method used to forecast the track of tropical cyclones is to
extrapolate the motion of the tropical cyclone during some past period, say 12 to 24
hours, for the next 12 to 24 hours. Another method uses historical data to determine the
average direction and speed of motion of similar tropical cyclones passing close to the
given location. Another technique employs current and forecast atmospheric variables
in a set of statistical equations to predict the motion. The final set of track forecast
techniques make use of computer models of the atmosphere to predict the motion of the
cyclone from an observed initial state of the atmosphere.

Intensity Forecasts
While numerous objective guidance models are available for predicting tropical
cyclone tracks, there are only a few models in operation to predict intensity. The primary
models are statistical in nature and combine several parameters into an equation to
determine intensity changes for periods out to 72 hours. Improvements in regional and
global computer models of the atmosphere now make it possible for these to be used to
predict tropical cyclone intensity. Characteristics of the cloud patterns associated with
tropical cyclones as seen in satellite imagery is also used to predict tropical cyclone
intensity change.
c. Management of the government during a typhoon
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA), being mindful of the increasing destruction and death in the
Philippines due to natural hazards, recommended that a Quick Response Team (QRT)
be organized dealing mainly with tropical cyclone and other meteorological related
disasters.

The comprehensive typhoon damage assessment is one of the front-liner works

of PAGASA under the flagship project of Natural Disaster Reduction Branch (NDRB).
PAGASA formed a mission-oriented team, the Special Tropical Weather Disturbance
Reconnaissance, Information Dissemination and Damage Evaluation (STRIDE) Team,
with a vision of providing the decision-and policy-makers a real time information in the
implementation of mitigation strategies to limit the damages caused by typhoons on
infrastructure, agriculture, forestry, loss of human life.

STRIDE is mandated:

• to conduct on-the-spot investigation of the characteristic of the land falling

tropical cyclone, tornadoes, storm surges, etc.
• to conduct comprehensive assessment of hydrometeorological-based damages
on agriculture, fisheries, forestry, infrastructure and maritime industry; and,
• to prepare reports / studies on the land falling tropical cyclones and other
meteorological hazards such as tornadoes.

The STRIDE team is a mobile group, whose foremost mission is to "catch" the
center of tropical storm or typhoon during its landfall and to do actual investigation of its
characteristics such as structure, intensity and movement. After the typhoon passage,
the team also undertakes the assessment of damages on agriculture, forestry, energy
and infrastructures. It also analyzes the human reponse in the affected areas on the
forecast and warning issued by PAGASA. To effectively fulfill these mandates, the team
is composed of selected experts on tropical cyclone/typhoons characteristics,
particularly its structure, intensity, movement and techniques used in the damage
assessment.
The specific objectives envisioned to be undertaken to attain the primary goal
are:

1. Formation of the core group of weather specialist, hydrologist, and

documentation technician, to work as a team.
2. To systematize data gathering on natural hazards and disasters in the country.
3. To establish a standardized damage report/damage assessment format for
documentation and effective archiving.
4. To assist in the improvement of public awareness on natural hazards through
active public information dissemination.
5. To develop hazard maps for floods, tropical cylone frequencies, storm surges,
tornado and other meteorological related disaster.
To provide supplementary upper-air observation during tropical cyclone landfall
using RD65-A mobile Radiosonde .

The Climatology and Agrometeorology Branch (CAB) is responsible for the

collection, quality control, processing, storage and retrieval of
meteorological, agrometeorological, climatological and allied data and
information in usable format; the provision of standard statistical products,
customized climatological products and user services specially tailored for
policy/decision makers and other users in the various sectors, such as in
agriculture, energy and water resources; and, the preparation and issuance
of long term climate predictions, seasonal climate outlooks and advisories
on extreme climate events such as El Niño and La Niña. It also undertakes
specialized climate and climate change studies and researches in support
of national development.

DATA MANAGEMENT
This involves the operation and maintenance of the PAGASA's Climate
Data Bank and Management System for the collection, processing, storage
and retrieval of climatological and allied data for research and for general
usage. Maintain and update the database of Meteorological,
Climatological, Agromet, Marine, Ozone, Solar radiation and allied data
and information.

To ensure the integrity and reliability of data, the quality control,

processing, and archiving of meteorological, climatological and allied data
are done in accordance with World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
recommended practices and standards.

Certified customized information to interested clientele such as those

required in litigation proceedings and other purposes, are routinely issued.

The CAB also generates and issues meteorological and climatological

publications, and other processed information such as standard statistical
products, for the consumption of scientists, researchers, professionals,
students and other interested parties.

INFORMATION AND PREDICTION SERVICES

The CAB vigorously pursues activities to develop and evaluate techniques
for the improvement and/or operationalization of medium and long term
climate information and prediction services for industry, agriculture and
other sectors, including a viable system for packaging and
commercialization of information specially tailored to the specific
requirements of clients/users.

Drought bulletins, intra-seasonal climate predictions, weather-based crop

calendars, agrimet bulletins and advisories, and customized climate
information are periodically prepared and issued for educational,
engineering, commercial, industrial, agricultural and other purposes
needed for sustainable development.

The CAB also prepares and issues, on a regular basis, climate impact
assessments for various sectors such as in energy, land use, building
design, tourism, marine and water resources, pollution, and health, among
others, as inputs to planning and decision making.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Specialized monitoring stations for research, are operated and maintained
by the CAB. These include climate / rain, agro-meteorological, ozone and
regional background air pollution monitoring stations.

As part of its research and development activities, researches and studies

on the application of meteorology and climatology, especially as they relate
to agriculture, human health, industry, commerce, and the environment,
are undertaken. Studies are also conducted on agriculture- weather
relationships, validate or modify available statistical/dynamic models, and
develop agroclimatic indices and zoning for the country.

The CAB maintains liaison and coordinate with local and international
bodies and organizations in the conduct of collaborative researches and
studies in climatology, seasonal climate prediction/variability, climate
change, agrometeorology and allied fields.

It also undertakes the processing, analysis and interpretation of data such

as ozone, climate change, rain acidity and chemistry, and conduct relevant
studies, as part of its regular functions.
 The Philippines is frequently subjected to various types of hazards and it has
been observed to be increasing throughout the years. Its geographical location and
physical environment make it vulnerable to natural hazards such as tropical cyclones,
floods, extreme rainfall, thunderstorm (TSTM), storm surges, strong winds, tornado
and others. Every year, these hazards bring havoc to life and property, seriously
disrupt our agriculture-based economy and disturb the lives of millions of Filipino
families..

Disasters cannot always be prevented, but its disastrous effects can certainly be
mitigated if appropriate measures are adopted. This can be achieved by prper
understanding of the hazards and the threat posted by them.

For hazard mapping, basic information and observational data on

meteorological and hydrological hazards in terms of nature, frequency and magnitude
will be gathered, computer processed, validated and analyzed. to locate the hazard,
historical records are used to identify critical hazard zone. The result of analysis is
usually presented in the form of maps that shows the type and degree of hazard in a
given geographical location. Hydrometeorological hazard maps showing the places
and frequency of occurrences of hydrometeorological hazards such as tropical
cyclones, flooding, TSTM, storm surge, extreme wind, extreme rainfall and other
hazards will be prepared and documented.
In vulnerability analysis, the availability of more information such as socio-
economic profile of the area will be very helpful. Having this information, it is possible
to identify geographically, with reasonable accuracy, those elements (i.e. settlements,
communities and assets) that are more particularly susceptibe to damage and
destruction from a hazard. This can be done by relating the hazard to human
settlement and its built environment. The results of vulnerability analysis are also
presented in the form of maps.

d. Government agencies to call during a typhoon

PAGASA - (632) 434-2696

NDCC- 02-4673749
Red Cross-
DepEd- (032)632-1361 to 71
DOH- (+632) 743-8301 to 23
PNP- +63.2.723.04.01
Philippine navy- +632-524-20-61 to 69
AFP- 6729
DND - 911-6193 911-0488

III. Private citizen/public

Preparation for the TYPHOON:

I. Before:
 The first important thing to do is BE INFORMED. If you know ahead of time that a
typhoon is coming, you can do all the preparations before the typhoon hit your place.

a. Plan ahead
1. Determine whether you can remain in your home during the typhoon. You may
be able to ride out a weak typhoon with a small storm surge but will need to
evacuate for stronger storms. Listen for warnings from your local officials or
weather personnel in situations where evacuation is ordered. Note the
evacuation routes and plan to leave early.
2. Fix any broken doors and windows. Make sure that there are no objects
which could obstruct the entrance, just in case you may need to evacuate.
Tape your big glass windows which can be potentially shattered by road signs,
tree branches and other things.
3. If the place where you live always had problems with floods and a great typhoon
is expected, move to an evacuation center in a higher ground even before the
water levels reach a meter high. You should also park your car in a higher
ground. Do not leave it in your garage because it can be carried by strong floods
and cause bigger disasters.
4. Make sure that all items in your backyard or balcony are fixed. If any of those
items can possibly be flown by strong winds, better store them inside for the
meantime. Also, remove rooftop construction accessories, if any, as these
can be detached and may break other people’s windows.
5. Ensure that all water drains in your home are clean to avoid clogged
drainage systems which can cause a lot of water problems.
6. Make lists of television and radio stations where you can get storm
information, phone numbers to call in case of emergencies and locations of storm
shelters. Get directions for the emergency shelters.
7. Designate a location for you and your family members to meet if you get
separated and the number of an out-of-state relative to call to say everyone is
safe. That out-of-state person starts the phone tree to others on your list after
learning you are okay.
8. Find a place to take your pets where they will be safe if you have to evacuate.
Most storm shelters won't allow pets.
9. In an emergency, you can make your own sandbag, using strong black bags
filled with soil. Sandbags are not a total solution, but will help in reducing the
waterflow (as will floorboards slotted over ventilation holes and in doorways). It
is also suggested that a sandbag is placed in the toilet and sinks are plugged to
prevent backflow.
10. Listen to news about the typhoon. If the power is down, make sure that you
have a battery-powered radio so you are still updated on what is happening, and
know if in case there is an emergency evacuation program. Listening to the news
will also keep you informed when the typhoon is expected to stop.

b. Assemble a typhoon kit

1. Pack food that doesn't have to be refrigerated or cooked along with disposable
plates, bowls, forks, knives and spoons. Each person and pet in the home should
have enough to eat especially when the typhoon lasts for many days.
 2. Store water. Each person needs three gallons of clean water to drink and to use
for washing. Pets also need water.
3. Add flashlights, oil lamps, lanterns and candles, along with extra batteries,
matches and fuel.
4. Include a first aid kit or medicine box in your typhoon kit.
5. Remember to pack board games, card decks and a battery-operated radio.
6. Make sure that all cell phones are fully charged in case you have to do some
emergency calls.
c. Pack your bags
1. Pack a small bag or backpack for each person in the home. It should
include clothes and toiletries.
2. Bundle a blanket and pillow for each person and place them in garbage
bags (to keep them dry) to take along if evacuating.
3. Include a small bag of photos and documents you can't afford to have
destroyed, such as wills and wedding albums.
4. Place everyone's bag and bed bundle near the door so they can be
quickly loaded into the car if you decide to evacuate. Fill the car with gas.

II. During:
DO’s
Switch off all electrical and gas
appliances, and turn services off at the
mains.
Take your emergency kit and try to let
your friends and family know where
you are going.
Avoid contact with flood water - it may
be contaminated with sewage, oil,
chemicals or other substances.
If you have to walk in standing water,
use a pole or stick to ensure that you
do not step into deep water, open
manholes or ditches.
Stay away from power lines - electrical
current can travel through water.
Report power lines that are down to the
power company.
Look before you step - after a flood, the
ground and floors are covered with
DONT’S
Don't walk through flowing water -
currents can be deceptive, and shallow,
fast moving water can knock you off
your feet.
Don't swim through fast flowing water -
you may get swept away or struck by
an object in the water.
Don't drive through a flooded area -
You may not be able to see abrupt
drop-offs and only half a meter of flood
water can carry a car away. Driving
through flood water can also cause
additional damage to nearby property.
Don’t return to your property until the
“All Clear” has been given.
Don’t reconnect your power supply until
a qualified engineer has checked it. Be
alert for gas leaks - do not smoke or
use candles, lanterns, or open flames.
Don’t eat any food that has come into
contact with flood water.
 debris, which may include broken
bottles, sharp objects, nails etc. Floors
and stairs covered with mud and debris
can be slippery.
1. Keep your battery-operated radio on and listen to the latest weather bulletin and
announcements.
2. Don’t pay attention to rumors.
3. Be calm. Your ability to handle an emergency will inspire others and help them.

III. After:
1. After this had happened, do not forget to fix whatever has been damaged.
2. Check that no water is leaking into your home. There are still a lot of accidents
which can happen because of not taking enough responsibilities of the effects of
the typhoon.
3. Check your things.
4. Don’t switch on the lights or the power box of the electricity immediately.
5. Clean your place.
6. Check if someone got injured during the flood.
7. If you have wounds on your feet wear boots for protection from microorganisms.
8. Check the news for updates.
9. Help each other.
IV. Nurses/Nursing Students
NURSING MANAGEMENT
(TYPHOON)

Nurse’s Roles
1. Taking care of affected people.
2. Assessing the health conditions and any special needs of the affected people.
3. Be responsible for establishing mental services, counseling and providing social
support especially under such circumstances people need to make meaning of
what happened and how to adjust in order to be able to continue their lives.
4. Maintenance of proper sanitation measures.
5. Proper control of vector populations
6. Control of infectious diseases through public education.
7. Special care to children and elderly
8. Feeding and sheltering victims.

BEFORE

1. Advise the people to keep or to have the following items at home before the
typhoon:
• Canned goods
• Drinking water (distilled as much possible or if ever boiled water is
acceptable)
• Clean clothes
• Flashlight
 • Batteries
• First aid kit (Povidone Iodine, Hydrogen Peroxide, Sterile Gauze, Band
aids, Bandages, Cotton balls, Bandage scissors, etc.)
• Basic medications (Paracetamol, Loperamide, Mefenamic Acid, Ascorbic
Acid, etc.)
• Candles
• Matches or lighter
• Battery-operated radio
• Mosquito net
• Fan
• Anti mosquito repellant lotion
• Blanket
• Cooking utensils

2. Advise to fix all the broken windows and roofs to prevent any water leaks during
typhoon.
3. Advise them to charge emergency lights and cellular phones.
4. Advise the people to carry the furniture and appliances on a higher place at their
house in case flood will occur.
5. Advise the people whose living areas were prone to have landslides to evacuate
to a safe area to prevent accident.
6. Advise the people to reserve water in containers and gallons so that they can use
something for cooking and bathing during and after the typhoon.
7. advise them to get extra food, particularly those that don’t need to be cooked and
are easy to prepare. Remember that electric power may be cut off.
8. Provide health teaching on how to perform first aid remedy such as proper wound
care.
9. Discuss the possible diseases that could arise during and after the typhoon
including its signs and symptoms, the ways to prevent it, and its treatment.
The following diseases are as follows:
• Dengue Fever
• Malaria
• Leptospirosis
• Diarrhea
• Cholera
• Amoebiasis

10. Advise them to clean the drainage system to prevent clogging during typhoon.
These areas can also be a breeding site for mosquitoes which can cause dengue
fever and malaria.
11. Advise them to keep their radios or television on and listen to the latest weather
bulletin and announcements.
12. Advise them to prevent from coming out of the house during the typhoon. Flying
objects are dangerous during typhoons.
DURING

1. Advise them to stay at home to prevent any injuries.

2. Advise them to close the circuit breakers if flood occurs.
3. Advise to close doors and windows.
4. If the eye of the typhoon has passed your house, there may be a lull lasting for a
few minutes to half an hour. Stay in a safe place. Make emergency repairs during
the lull if necessary. But remember that the wind will return suddenly from the
opposite direction with even greater violence.
5. Advise them to watch out for leaks around windows and doors. If the wind is
strong enough, water may be blown into their home even if the windows are
closed. Advise them to prepare handy towels, rags and mops.
6. Advise them to monitor TV and radio reports.
7. Advice them not operate any electrical equipment during a flood.
8. Advice them to avoid wading through flooded areas. Remind them to not attempt
to cross flowing streams.

AFTER

1. Advise the people to wear boots and proper rain gear when going outside the
house to prevent acquiring any disease from flood water such as leptospirosis.
2. Advise them not to touch electric outlets and sharp objects.
3. Participate in a medical mission conducted by local and private sectors.
4. Conduct thorough physical assessment on victims to determine any problems.
5. Provide proper wound cleaning.
6. Advise them not to drink tap water from the faucet because there’s no assurance
that it is clean and safe enough to drink.
7. Advise them to boil the water with ____ degrees Celsius before drinking.
8. Advise them to cover any water containers to prevent any breeding sites of
mosquitoes.
9. Provide counseling for victims of the typhoon.

For patients with DIARRHEA

1. Assess the general condition of the client especially his/her hydration status
(capillary refill, skin turgor and color of oral mucosa)
2. Teach them how to make an ORESOL.
3. Encourage to increase fluid intake.
4. Encourage to have adequate rest.
5. Advise to eat foods that are rich in potassium such as bananas if available.
6. Advise to seek medical consultation if extreme dehydration took place.

For patients with DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

1. Assess the general condition of the client and determine for any signs of bleeding
such as presence of bruises.
 2. Perform tourniquet test.
3. Advise to use soft bristle toothbrush to prevent gum bleeding.
4. Remove sharp objects away from the patient.
5. Advise to have adequate nutrition.
6. Perform tepid sponge bath whenever there’s fever.
7. Advise not to take aspirin because this can cause bleeding.
8. Encourage to have adequate rest.

For patients with LEPTOSPIROSIS

1. Assess the general condition of the client.

2. Perform tepid sponge bath.
3. Encourage to have adequate rest.
4. Advise to seek medical consultation as much as possible because this condition
needs immediate intervention.