Mechanics of Materials: Pure Bending

Third Edition
MECHANICS OF
4
CHAPTER
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Pure Bending
John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Pure Bending
Pure Bending Example 4.03
Other Loading Types Reinforced Concrete Beams
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Sample Problem 4.4
Bending Deformations Stress Concentrations
Strain Due to Bending Plastic Deformations
Beam Section Properties Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Properties of American Standard Shapes Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single Plane
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Residual Stresses
Sample Problem 4.2 Example 4.05, 4.06
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Example 4.03 Example 4.07
Reinforced Concrete Beams Sample Problem 4.8
Sample Problem 4.4 Unsymmetric Bending
Stress Concentrations Example 4.08
Plastic Deformations General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-2

Edition
Third
Pure Bending
msotw9_temp0
Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane

Edition
Third
Other Loading Types
• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading

which does not pass through section
centroid produces internal forces
equivalent to an axial force and a couple
• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
• Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
Edition
Third
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

• Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the
statically indeterminate elementary internal
forces.
Fx = ∫ σ x dA = 0
M y = ∫ zσ x dA = 0
M z = ∫ − yσ x dA = M

Edition
Third
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
Edition
Third
Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L′ = ( ρ − y )θ
δ = L − L′ = ( ρ − y )θ − ρθ = − yθ
δ yθ y
εx = =− =− (strain varies linearly)
L ρθ ρ
c c
εm = or ρ=
ρ εm
y
ε x = − εm
c

Edition
Third
Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic material,
y
σ x = Eε x = − Eε m
c
y
= − σ m (stress varies linearly)
c
• For static equilibrium,

• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx = 0 = ∫ σ x dA = ∫ − σ m dA  y 
c M = ∫ − yσ x dA = ∫ − y − σ m  dA
 c 
σ
0 = − m ∫ y dA σ σ I
c M = m ∫ y 2 dA = m
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral σm = =
I S
surface must pass through the
y
section centroid. Substituting σ x = − σ m
c
My
σx = −
I
Edition
Third
Beam Section Properties

• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
σm = =
I S
I = section moment of inertia
I
S = = section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S= = = 16 bh3 = 16 Ah
c h2
Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
• Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
Edition
Third
Properties of American Standard Shapes
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 10

Edition
Third
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1 εm σ m 1 Mc
= = =
ρ c Ec Ec I
M
=
EI
• Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
νy νy
ε y = −νε x = ε z = −νε x =
ρ ρ
• Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane
curvature,
1 ν
= = anticlastic curvature
ρ′ ρ

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
• Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y =
∑ yA
∑A
(
I x′ = ∑ I + A d 2 )
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
σm =
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = • Calculate the curvature
165 GPa and neglecting the effects of 1 M
=
fillets, determine (a) the maximum ρ EI
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20 × 90 = 1800 50 90 × 103
2 40 × 30 = 1200 20 24 × 103
3
∑ A = 3000 ∑ yA = 114 × 10
3
∑ yA 114 × 10
Y = = = 38 mm
∑A 3000
( ) (
I x′ = ∑ I + A d 2 = ∑ 12
1 bh3 + A d 2 )
( ) (
1 90 × 203 + 1800 × 12 2 + 1 30 × 403 + 1200 × 182
= 12 12
)
I = 868 × 103 mm = 868 ×10-9 m 4

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
σm =
I
M c A 3 kN ⋅ m × 0.022 m σ A = +76.0 MPa
σA = =
I 868 ×10−9 mm 4
M cB 3 kN ⋅ m × 0.038 m
σB = − =− σ B = −131.3 MPa
I 868 ×10−9 mm 4
• Calculate the curvature

1 M
=
ρ EI
3 kN ⋅ m 1
= 20.95 ×10−3 m -1
(165 GPa ) (868 ×10-9 m 4 )
=
ρ
ρ = 47.7 m

Edition
Third
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

• Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
• Normal strain varies linearly.
y
εx = −
ρ
• Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
σ 1 = E1ε x = − σ 2 = E2ε x = −
ρ ρ
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
• Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1 = σ 1dA = − 1 dA dF2 = σ 2 dA = − 2 dA
ρ ρ
My
σx = − • Define a transformed section such that
I
σ1 = σ x σ 2 = nσ x dF2 = −
( nE1 ) y dA = − E1 y ( n dA) E
n= 2
ρ ρ E1

Edition
Third
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
• Evaluate the cross sectional properties

of the transformed section
• Calculate the maximum stress in the

transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass • Determine the maximum stress in the
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the steel portion of the bar by multiplying
maximum stress in the steel and the maximum stress for the transformed
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in section by the ratio of the moduli of
is applied. elasticity.
Edition
Third
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 × 106 psi
n= = = 1.933
Eb 15 ×106 psi
bT = 0.4 in + 1.933 × 0.75 in + 0.4 in = 2.25 in
• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

1 b h3 = 1 ( 2.25 in.)( 3 in ) 3
I = 12 T 12
= 5.063 in 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses

Mc ( 40 kip ⋅ in )(1.5 in )
σm = = 4
= 11.85 ksi
I 5.063 in
( σ b ) max = σ m ( σ b ) max = 11.85 ksi

( σ s ) max = nσ m = 1.933 ×11.85 ksi ( σ s ) max = 22.9 ksi

Edition
Third
Reinforced Concrete Beams

• Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
• The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location of the neutral axis,
( bx ) x − n As ( d − x ) = 0
2
1 b x2 + n As x − n As d = 0
2
• The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
σx = −
I
σc = σ x σ s = nσ x

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.
• Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.
• Calculate the maximum stresses

in the concrete and steel.
A concrete floor slab is reinforced with

5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 29 × 106 psi
n= = = 8.06
Ec 3.6 × 106 psi

( )
nAs = 8.06 × 2 π4 85 in  = 4.95 in 2
2

• Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
 x
12 x  − 4.95( 4 − x ) = 0 x = 1.450 in
 2
( )
I = 13 (12 in )(1.45 in ) 3 + 4.95 in 2 ( 2.55 in ) 2 = 44.4 in 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 40 kip ⋅ in × 1.45 in
σc = = σ c = 1.306 ksi
I 44.4 in 4
Mc 40 kip ⋅ in × 2.55 in σ s = 18.52 ksi
σ s = n 2 = 8.06
I 44.4 in 4

Edition
Third
Stress Concentrations
Stress concentrations may occur: Mc

σm = K
I
• in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied
• in the vicinity of abrupt changes
in cross section
Edition
Third
Plastic Deformations
• For any member subjected to pure bending
y
ε x = − εm strain varies linearly across the
c
section
• If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
My
and σx = −
I
• For a material with a nonlinear stress-strain curve,
the neutral axis location is found by satisfying
Fx = ∫ σ x dA = 0 M = ∫ − yσ x dA
• For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of

symmetry and a material with the same tensile and
compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral
axis is located at the section centroid and the stress-
strain relationship may be used to map the strain
distribution from the stress distribution.
Edition
Third
Plastic Deformations
• When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.
• The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found

from an experimentally determined value of MU
and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
MU c
RB =
I
• RB may be used to determine MU of any member

made of the same material and with the same
cross sectional shape but different dimensions.

Edition
Third
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

• Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material
Mc
σ x ≤ σY σm =
I
I
σ m = σY M Y = σ Y = maximum elastic moment
c
• If the moment is increased beyond the maximum
elastic moment, plastic zones develop around an
elastic core.
 2
3 M 1 − 1 yY

M =  yY = elastic core half - thickness
2 Y

3 2
c 
• In the limit as the moment is increased further, the

elastic core thickness goes to zero, corresponding to a
fully plastic deformation.
M p = 32 M Y = plastic moment
Mp
k= = shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
MY

Edition
Third
Plastic Deformations of Members With a

Single Plane of Symmetry
• Fully plastic deformation of a beam with only a
vertical plane of symmetry.
• The neutral axis cannot be assumed to pass

through the section centroid.
• Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary

compressive and tensile forces form a couple.
R1 = R2
A1σ Y = A2σ Y
The neutral axis divides the section into equal
areas.
• The plastic moment for the member,

(
M p = 12 Aσ Y d )
Edition
Third
Residual Stresses
• Plastic zones develop in a member made of an
elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.
• Since the linear relation between normal stress

and strain applies at all points during the
unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming
the member to be fully elastic.
• Residual stresses are obtained by applying the

principle of superposition to combine the stresses
due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic
deformation) and unloading with a moment -M
(elastic deformation).
• The final value of stress at a point will not, in

general, be zero.

Edition
Third
Example 4.05, 4.06
A member of uniform rectangular cross section is

subjected to a bending moment M = 36.8 kN-m.
The member is made of an elastoplastic material
with a yield strength of 240 MPa and a modulus
of elasticity of 200 GPa.
Determine (a) the thickness of the elastic core, (b)
the radius of curvature of the neutral surface.
After the loading has been reduced back to zero,
determine (c) the distribution of residual stresses,
(d) radius of curvature.

Edition
Third
Example 4.05, 4.06

• Thickness of elastic core:
 2
3 M 1 − 1 yY

M = 
2 Y

3 2
c 
 2
3 ( 28.8 kN ⋅ m ) 1 − 1 yY

36.8 kN ⋅ m = 
2  3 2 c 

yY yY
= = 0.666 2 yY = 80 mm
c 60 mm
• Radius of curvature:
• Maximum elastic moment: σ Y 240 ×106 Pa
εY = =
E 200 × 109 Pa
I 2 2 2 −3
( −3 2
= bc = 3 50 × 10 m 60 × 10 m
c 3
)( ) = 1.2 ×10−3
= 120 × 10− 6 m3 y
εY = Y
I
( )
M Y = σ Y = 120 ×10− 6 m3 ( 240 MPa )
ρ
c yY 40 ×10−3 m
= 28.8 kN ⋅ m ρ= = ρ = 33.3 m
εY 1.2 × 10−3

Edition
Third
Example 4.05, 4.06
• M = 36.8 kN-m • M = -36.8 kN-m • M=0

yY = 40 mm Mc 36.8 kN ⋅ m At the edge of the elastic core,
′ =
σm =
σ Y = 240 MPa I 120 × 106 m3 σ x − 35.5 ×106 Pa
= 306.7 MPa < 2σ Y εx = =
E 200 ×109 Pa
= −177.5 ×10− 6
yY 40 × 10−3 m
ρ=− =
ε x 177.5 ×10− 6
ρ = 225 m

Edition
Third
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

• Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
σ x = ( σ x ) centric + ( σ x ) bending
P My
= −
A I
• Eccentric loading
• Validity requires stresses below proportional
F=P limit, deformations have negligible effect on
M = Pd geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
of load application.

Edition
Third
Example 4.07
SOLUTION:
• Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment
• Superpose the uniform stress due to

the centric load and the linear stress
due to the bending moment.
• Evaluate the maximum tensile and

compressive stresses at the inner
and outer edges, respectively, of the
An open-link chain is obtained by superposed stress distribution.
bending low-carbon steel rods into the
shape shown. For 160 lb load, • Find the neutral axis by
determine (a) maximum tensile and determining the location where the
compressive stresses, (b) distance normal stress is zero.
between section centroid and neutral
axis 4 - 31
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Edition
Third
Example 4.07
• Normal stress due to a
centric load
A = πc 2 = π ( 0.25 in ) 2
= 0.1963 in 2
P 160 lb
σ0 = =
A 0.1963 in 2
= 815 psi
• Equivalent centric load • Normal stress due to

and bending moment bending moment
P = 160 lb I = 14 πc 4 = 14 π ( 0.25) 4
M = Pd = (160 lb )( 0.6 in )
= 3.068 × 10−3 in 4
= 104 lb ⋅ in
Mc (104 lb ⋅ in )( 0.25 in )
σm = =
I .068 ×10−3 in 4
= 8475 psi

Edition
Third
Example 4.07
• Maximum tensile and compressive • Neutral axis location

stresses P My0
σt = σ0 +σm 0= −
A I
= 815 + 8475 σ t = 9260 psi
P I 3.068 ×10−3 in 4
y0 = = ( 815 psi )
σ c = σ0 −σ m AM 105 lb ⋅ in
= 815 − 8475 σ c = −7660 psi
y0 = 0.0240 in

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.8

The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.
SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
• Superpose the stress due to a centric
load and the stress due to bending.
• Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable
From Sample Problem 2.4, tensile and compressive stresses.
A = 3 ×10−3 m 2
• The largest allowable load is the smallest
Y = 0.038 m of the two critical loads.
I = 868 ×10−9 m 4

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.8

• Determine an equivalent centric and bending loads.
d = 0.038 − 0.010 = 0.028 m
P = centric load
M = Pd = 0.028 P = bending moment
• Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads

σA = −
P Mc A
+ =−
P
+
( 0.028 P )( 0.022) = +377 P
A I 3 × 10−3 868 ×10−9
P Mc A
σB = − − =−
P
−
( 0.028 P )( 0.022) = −1559 P
A I 3 ×10−3 868 ×10−9
• Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

σ A = +377 P = 30 MPa P = 79.6 kN
σ B = −1559 P = −120 MPa P = 79.6 kN
• The largest allowable load P = 77.0 kN

Edition
Third
Unsymmetric Bending
• Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
• Members remain symmetric and bend in

the plane of symmetry.
• The neutral axis of the cross section

coincides with the axis of the couple
• Will now consider situations in which the

bending couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry.
• Cannot assume that the member will bend

in the plane of the couples.
• In general, the neutral axis of the section

will not coincide with the axis of the couple.
Edition
Third
Unsymmetric Bending
• 0 = Fx = ∫ σ x dA = ∫  − σ m dA
y
 c 
or 0 = ∫ y dA
neutral axis passes through centroid
 y 
Wish to determine the conditions under • M = M z = − ∫  − σ m dA
y
 c 
which the neutral axis of a cross section σ I
of arbitrary shape coincides with the or M = m I = I z = moment of inertia
c
axis of the couple as shown. defines stress distribution
• The resultant force and moment
• 0 = M y = ∫ zσ x dA = ∫ z − σ m dA
from the distribution of y
elementary forces in the section  c 
must satisfy or 0 = ∫ yz dA = I yz = product of inertia
Fx = 0 = M y M z = M = applied couple couple vector must be directed along

a principal centroidal axis

Edition
Third
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
• Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
M z = M cosθ M y = M sin θ
• Superpose the component stress distributions

Mzy Myy
σx = − +
Iz Iy
• Along the neutral axis,

σx = 0 = −
Mzy Myy
+ =−
( M cosθ ) y + ( M sin θ ) y
Iz Iy Iz Iy
y Iz
tan φ = = tan θ
z Iy

Edition
Third
Example 4.08
SOLUTION:
• Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z = M cosθ M y = M sin θ
• Combine the stresses from the

component stress distributions.
Mzy Myy
σx = − +
A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a Iz Iy
rectangular wooden beam in a plane
• Determine the angle of the neutral
forming an angle of 30 deg. with the
axis.
vertical. Determine (a) the maximum y Iz
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the tan φ = = tan θ
z Iy
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
Edition
Third
Example 4.08
• Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z = (1600 lb ⋅ in ) cos 30 = 1386 lb ⋅ in
M y = (1600 lb ⋅ in ) sin 30 = 800 lb ⋅ in
1 (1.5 in )( 3.5 in ) 3 = 5.359 in 4
I z = 12
1 ( 3.5 in )(1.5 in ) 3 = 0.9844 in 4
I y = 12
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB
M z y (1386 lb ⋅ in )(1.75 in )
σ1 = = 4
= 452.6 psi
Iz 5.359 in
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AD
σ2 =
M yz
=
( 800 lb ⋅ in )( 0.75 in ) = 609.5 psi
Iy 0.9844 in 4
• The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading

occurs at A.
σ max = σ 1 + σ 2 = 452.6 + 609.5 σ max = 1062 psi

Edition
Third
Example 4.08
• Determine the angle of the neutral axis.

Iz 5.359 in 4
tan φ = tan θ = 4
tan 30
Iy 0.9844 in
= 3.143
φ = 72.4o

Edition
Third
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

• Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces.
• The eccentric force is equivalent to the system

of a centric force and two couples.
P = centric force
M y = Pa M z = Pb
• By the principle of superposition, the

combined stress distribution is
P Mz y M yz
σx = − +
A Iz Iy
• If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may

be found from
Mz My P
y− z=
Iz Iy A

Mechanics of Materials: Pure Bending

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Third Edition

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-2

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-3

Other Loading Types

• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading

• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

• Principle of Superposition: The normal

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-5

Strain Due to Bending

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-7

Stress Due to Bending

• For static equilibrium,

Beam Section Properties

Between two beams with the same cross

Properties of American Standard Shapes

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 10

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Although cross sectional planes remain planar

• Expansion above the neutral surface and

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 11

Sample Problem 4.2

Sample Problem 4.2

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 13

Sample Problem 4.2

• Calculate the curvature

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 14

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 15

• Evaluate the cross sectional properties

• Calculate the maximum stress in the

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

• Calculate the maximum stresses

( σ b ) max = σ m ( σ b ) max = 11.85 ksi

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 17

Reinforced Concrete Beams

• The normal stress in the concrete and steel

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 18

Sample Problem 4.4

• Evaluate geometric properties of

• Calculate the maximum stresses

A concrete floor slab is reinforced with

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 19

Sample Problem 4.4

• Evaluate the geometric properties of the

• Calculate the maximum stresses.

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 20

Stress concentrations may occur: Mc

• For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of

• The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found

• RB may be used to determine MU of any member

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Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

• In the limit as the moment is increased further, the

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Plastic Deformations of Members With a

• The neutral axis cannot be assumed to pass

• Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary

• The plastic moment for the member,

• Since the linear relation between normal stress

• Residual stresses are obtained by applying the