Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
to ground motion
q1 (t )
q (t )
x(t ) 1 2
N 2 q(t )
qN (t )
1
M x(t ) C x (t ) K x(t ) M 1 xg (t )
becomes
M q (t ) C q (t ) K q (t ) M 1 x (t )
T T T T
i i i i i i i i i i g
i 1, 2,, N
M
T
or when normalized with respect to modal mass i i
i
i
where
M
T
i i
M 1
m
T
j ji
j 1
i
i
m
T N
i M i j
2
ji
j 1
2
qi (t ) 2i wi qi (t ) wi2 qi (t ) i xg (t ) i 1, 2,, N
i t
x ( )e
i wi ( t )
qi (t ) g sin wd ,i (t )d
wd ,i 0
Using the modal response, we can find various responses in each mode.
x ji (t ) ji qi (t ) j 1, 2, , N
ji (t ) x ji (t ) x( j 1) i (t )
3
To find internal forces (story shears, moments, etc.) associated with
deformations convenient, we can introduce the concept of equivalent
lateral forces.
Equivalent lateral forces are external forces F which, if applied as
forces, would cause structural displacements x.
static forces
F1i (t )
F (t )
Fi (t ) 2i
FNi (t )
Fi (t ) K xi (t ) undamped
Similarly, we can use inertial forces to find the equivalent lateral forces:
i 1 i 1
xiabs (t ) i qi (t ) i xg (t ) i (2i wi qi (t ) wi2qi (t ))
x abs
(t ) w 2
i i i i than the displacement term, and as such, neglected.
q (t ) the velocity term is at least an order of magnitude smaller
Fi (t ) M wi2 i qi (t ) wi2 M i qi (t )
F1i (t ) wi m11i qi (t ) wi m1 x1i (t )
2 2
F (t ) 2 2
2i wi m22i qi (t ) wi m2 x2i (t )
Fi (t )
FNi (t ) w2 m q (t ) w2 m x (t )
i N Ni i i N Ni
4
x (t ) q (t )
i [ M ] x (t ) i [ M ] q (t ) i [ M ] i qi (t )
T T T
i [ M ] x (t )
T
qi (t ) T
i [ M ] i
i [ M ]1
T
if x (t ) 1 qi (t ) x ( t )1 T i
i [ M ] i
1
N
1 2 i i
i 1
N
i t
x ( )e
i wi ( t )
As qi (t ) g sin wd ,i (t ) d
wd ,i 0
the equivalent lateral force at the j-th floor can be found from
i t
x ( )e
i wi ( t )
F ji (t ) w m j ji
2
i g sin wd ,i (t ) d
wd ,i 0
5
Story shear at j-th story due to response in i-th mode may be
calculated by summing the modal inertial forces above and at story j :
N
V ji (t ) Fki (t )
k j
e
j 1 j 1 j 1
N
i t
V0i (t ) wi2 m j ji x ( )e
g
i wi ( t )
sin wd ,i (t )d
j 1 wd ,i 0
t
T
w2
V0i (t ) 1 M i i i xg ( )ei wi (t ) sin wd ,i (t )d
wd ,i 0
M 1 w x ( )e
T
t
M
2
V0i (t ) 1
i wi ( t )
sin wd ,i (t )d
T i i
M w
i T g
d ,i 0
i i
6
M 1
T 2
t
i wi2
wd ,i 0
V (t ) xg ( )e i wi ( t ) sin wd ,i (t )d
M
0i T
i i
2
N
ji m j 2 t
V0i (t ) N wi x ( )e i wi ( t ) sin w (t )d
j 1
g d ,i
j ji
2 w
m d ,i 0
j 1
2
N
ji m j
The term j 1 is called the “effective modal mass” of mode i.
m
N
2
j ji
j 1
M 1 h m
T
N wi2 t
xg ( )e i wi ( t ) sin wd ,i (t )d
i
M 0i (t ) ji
M
T j j
i i
j 1 d ,i 0
w
7
Base Overturning Moment mode i
Equivalent Height mode i =
Base Shearmode i
N N
M 0i (t )
F
j 1
jji (t ) h j h m
j 1
j j ji
j
hequiv ,i N
N
F m
V0i (t )
ji (t ) j ji
j 1 j 1
hequiv ,i
2
N
ji m j
“Effective modal mass” of mode i =
j 1
m
N
2
j ji
j 1
M (t )
h m
j 1
j j ji
hequiv ,i 0i N
m
V0i (t )
j ji
j 1
8
Building Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5 Mode 6 Mode 7 Mode 8 Mode 9 Mode 10
Effective Modal Mass 0.86 0.09 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
7-Story
Equivalent Height 0.68 -0.23 0.14 -0.11 0.09 -0.08 0.07
Effective Modal Mass 0.86 0.09 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 Story
8-Story
Equivalent Height 0.68 -0.23 0.14 -0.10 0.08 -0.07 0.07 -0.06
Effective Modal Mass 0.85 0.09 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9-Story
Equivalent Height 0.67 -0.23 0.14 -0.10 0.08 -0.07 0.06 -0.06 0.06
Effective Modal Mass 0.85 0.09 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10-Story
Equivalent Height 0.67 -0.22 0.14 -0.10 0.08 -0.07 0.06 -0.06 0.05 -0.05
N
x j (t ) x ji (t )
i 1
N
F j (t ) Fji (t )
i 1
N
V0 (t ) V0i (t )
i 1
N
M 0 (t ) M 0i (t )
i 1
9
MODAL DECOMPOSITION APPROACH TO ANALYSE
BASE-EXCITED STRUCTURES
2 D
2. Define
fi the
h structurall properties:
i
a. Compute mass and stiffness distribution (i.e. [M] and [K])
b. Estimate modal damping ratios.
3. Find natural frequencies w1 , w2 , , wN and modeshapes 1 , 2 , , N of
vibration (i.e. solve the eigenvalue problem).
Examples
10
T1=1.2 sec
T2=0.7 sec
T3=0.4 sec
11
12
El Centro 5/18/1940 EQ ground
motion – NS component. The length
of the record is 30 sec.
13
Use the response records to compute inertia forces developed in the structure.
Ex: Inertial forces that develop in the structure during 1st mode response .
14
Distribution of the modal inertial forces follow the respective modeshape
Distribution of shear forces in the structure for the first three modes:
15
Modal base shear demand
16
Question: Is there an easier way to estimate
maximum response?
YES!
use response spectra
i t
i
x ( )e
i wi ( t )
qi (t ) g sin wd ,i (t )d Wi (t , xg , i , wi )
wd ,i 0
wd ,i
i
qi (t ) Wi (t , xg , i , wi )
wi
17
Interested in the “maxima” – the absolute maximum quantities, such as peak displacement,
peak interstory drift (story distortion), and such.
x ji (t ) ji qi (t )
i
x max
ji max x ji (t ) ji max qi (t ) ji qimax (t ) ji max Wi (t , xg , i , wi )
t t wi t
1
max Wi (t , xg , i , wi ) SD (Ti , i | xg )
wi t
The maximum displacement (relative to ground) of a single-degree-of-freedom system
with period Ti and damping ratio i when excited with the given ground motion xg .
i
x max
ji max x ji (t ) ji max qi (t ) ji qimax (t ) ji max Wi (t , xg , i , wi )
t t wi t
x max
ji ji i SD (Ti , i | xg )
18
x j (t ) x j1 (t ) x j 2 (t ) x jN (t )
x max
j max x j1 (t ) x j 2 (t ) x jN (t )
t
x
N
max 2
x max
j ji
i 1
ji (t ) x ji (t ) x( j 1)i (t )
N
j (t ) ji (t )
i 1
N
max 2
max
j (t ) ji
i 1
CAUTION: When you want to combine the effects of the modes to estimate a reasonable
p
value for the maximum of a response p
parameter ((story
y displacement,
p interstory
y drift, story
y
force, etc.), you need to find value of the response parameter for each mode and then
combine using any of the combination rules.
19
Base shear
M 1 T 2
t
i wi2
wd ,i 0
V (t ) xg ( )e i wi ( t ) sin wd ,i (t )d
M
0i T
i i
M 1 wT 2
i t
x ( )e
i wi ( t )
sin wd ,i (t )d
M
T i g
i i 0
M 1 T 2
i
V0max max V0i (t ) wi max Wi (t , xg , i , wi )
M
i T
t t
i i
M 1
T 2
i
V0max PSA(Ti , i | xg )
M
i T
i i
V0max
i Effective modal massi PSA(Ti , i | xg )
V
N N
V0 max
i 1
max 2
0i effective modal mass i PSA(Ti , i | xg )
i 1
20
Example: 7-story building
The spectral displacement values at the first four periods of our 7-story structure are
T1 0.68sec
0 68sec Sd 1 44.43
43 in q1max 1SD1 4.33 x 4.43 in=19.2 in
T2 0.23sec S d 2 0.44 in giving q2max 0.62 in
T3 0.14sec Sd 3 0.15 in q3max 0.12 in
T4 0.11sec S d 4 0.07 in q4max 0.04 in
21
T1 0.68sec S d 1 4.43 in q1max 19.2 in
T2 0.23sec Sd 2 0.44 in q2max 0.62 in
T3 0.14sec S d 3 0.15 in q3max 0.12 in
T4 0.11sec Sd 4 0.07 in q4max 0.04 in
Roof displacement
max
u71 71q1max 0.2914 x 19.2 in 5.6 in
max
u72 72 q2max 0.17 in (3.1% of the first-mode response.)
u max
73 q max
73 3 0.03 in (0.6% of the first-mode response.)
Note that these maxima match the maxima in the corresponding response histories.
22
Roof total displacement estimate
Absolute Sum approach (Absolute combination)
u7max u71
max
u72
max
u73
max
u74
max
u75
max
u76
max
u77
max
u7max u u u u u u u
max 2
71
max 2
72
max 2
73
max 2
74
max 2
75
max 2
76
max 2
77
5.59 in
Rule of thumb:
More like 1.2 for frame and 1.5 for shearwall buildings.
23
Base Shear Force
V0max
i Effective Modal Mass i PSA(Ti , i | xg )
24
Mode Effective Modal Mass Effective Period Spectral Pseudo-
(kip-sec2/ft) Weight (sec) Acceleration, SA
(kip) (g)
25
Modal base shear demand
26