 In European Union politics, federalists mostly 2.

Framers expected that the states would

seek greater EU integration. be the principal policymakers in the
 Spain and in post-war Germany, federal federal system.
movements have sought decentralization; the - The powers granted to the federal
transfer of power from central authorities to government are relatively few in
local units. number and deal mainly with
 Canada, where Quebec separatism has been a foreign and military affairs and
political force for several decades, the national economic issues.
“federalist” impulse aims to keep Quebec inside - Most domestic policy issues were
Canada. left to the states to resolve in
keeping with their own histories,
4. What is the history of American Federalism? needs and cultures.

 The framers of the 1787 Constitution (US) 5. How many have a federal set-up government in the
rejected both confederal and unitary models of world’s 193 countries?
government. Instead, they based the new
American government on an entirely new  25 of the world’s 193 countries, which
theory: federalism. represent 40% of the world’s population, have a
 In a confederation, the member states make up federal set-up.
the union. 1. Argentina
 Sovereignty remains with the states and 2. Australia
individuals are citizens of their respective 3. Austria
states, not of the national government. 4. Belgium
 In a unitary system, the national government is 5. Bosnia and Herzegovina
sovereign and the states, if they exist at all, are 6. Brazil
administrative arms of the central government. 7. Canada
 In the American federal system, the people 8. Comoros
retain their basic sovereignty and they delegate 9. Ethiopia
some powers to the national government and 10. Germany
reserve other powers to the states. Individuals 11. India
are citizens of both the general government and 12. Malaysia
respective states. 13. Mexico
 The history is important for 2 reasons: 14. Micronesia
1. American federal system is not simply a 15. Nigeria
decentralized hierarchy. 16. Pakistan
- The states are not administrative 17. Russia
units that exist only to implement 18. St. Kitts and Nevis
policies made by some central 19. Serbia and Montenegro
government. 20. South Africa
- The states are full functioning 21. Spain
constitutional polities in their own 22. Switzerland
right, empowered people to make a 23. United Arab Emirates
wide range of policies for their own 24. United States of America
citizens. 25. Venezuela

 Belgium shifted from unitary to federal form in

1993.
  South Africa adopted the federal form post-
apartheid in 1996.
 Spain, while unitary in form, is federal in
practice under its 1978 Constitution.

6. What are the 6 common attributes of Federalism?

1. Distribution of powers between central and

constituent units
2. Participation of constituent units in central
decision-making
3. Constitutional autonomy of constituent units
4. Accommodation of diversity
5. Fiscal equalization
6. Intergovernmental instruments

7. Do models of Federalism differ?

 Yes
- There are models of federalism depending on
institutional choices.
a) Federation can emerge on the basis of
cultural diversity or territorial division
of power
b) Federal systems may adopt a
presidential or parliamentary form of
government
c) Second chambers can be composed of
either senators representing regional
populations or council members
representing regional governments.
d) Powers of subnational governments can
be either legislative, in which they
make their own laws or administrative,
in which they implement and
administer national laws.

8. How is the American model different from the

Canadian and German models?