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Adhesion strength Maximum strength per unit surface area, which can be measured by
shear or tensile testing. It is measured following EN 1348:1997, EN 1324
or EN 12003:1997 depending on the type of adhesive.
Alkali Silica Reaction Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) is a reaction which occurs, over time in
concrete, between the high alkaline cement paste and reactive non-
crystalline silica which can be found in aggregates. This reaction causes
the formation of an expansive gel which exerts internal pressure within
the concrete, which, in sufficient quantity can disrupt the matrix of the
concrete causing a characteristic 'map' cracking pattern to its surface.
The elimination of moisture can help to control the reaction. ASR has
been called Concrete Cancer by the UK press.
Anti carbonation coating A decorative, protective coating applied to the surface of concrete and
provide resistance against CO2 and reducing the rate of carbonation,
both on new structures and also as part of a remedial repair strategy.
Appropriate Person The freeholder and if different the person in legal occupation
Bi-directional Fibres aligned and woven in two directions to provide a fine mesh sheet
of fibres.
Carbon fibre Fibres produced by the pyrolysis of organic precursor fibres such as
rayon, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch in an inert atmosphere.
Carbonation The process where carbonic acid, created by the combination of carbon
dioxide and water present within the atmosphere, neutralises the
alkaline environment of the concrete, from the surface inwards. Whilst
the carbonation process has minimal effect on the structural
characteristics of the concrete, it does reduce the pH, and can if allowed
to reach the steel reinforcement lead to the loss of passivation the
alkaline environment provides, and active corrosion of the steel can
commence.
Carbonation Front The progress of carbonation moving into concrete. This occurs as an
irregular front as concrete isn't truly homogenous, in an approximate
reverse exponential advance with time, and depends on the quality of
the concrete.
Cementitious adhesive (C ) A mixture of hydraulic binding agents, aggregates and organic additives.
The adhesives are mixed with water or liquid admix just before use.
Cementitious grout (CG) A mixture of hydraulic binding agents, aggregates, inorganic and organic
additives. The grout has only to be mixed with water or liquid admix just
before use.
Cementitious repair products and systems Hydraulic or polymer hydraulic mortars, concretes and grouts
Characteristic Property A chemical or physical property that helps identify and classify a material.
Methods of measurement vary for different materials and are often
defined by relevant standards for that particular application.
Chloride Contamination The presence of chlorides ions within concrete due either to cast in
chlorides at the time of construction or because they have penetrated
the concrete after construction. When dissolved in water sodium chloride
forms a highly corrosive solution of sodium ions and chloride ions. The
chloride ions can diffuse through concrete pores and capillaries in
solution and attack the passivizing layer protecting the steel
reinforcement which leads to often intensive pitting corrosion. It should
be noted that it is the free chloride ion content of concrete that dictates
the vulnerability to chloride attack. It isn't possible to easily specify a
chloride content below which corrosion won't be initiated as there are
many other factors to take into account.
Cohesive Strength The ability a rigid material has to resist force in tension before an internal
fracture occurs.
Compressive strength The maximum value of a grout prism failure determined by exerting a
force in compression on two opposite points. It is measured according to
EN12803-3.
Cover depth The minimum distance between the surface of steel reinforcement and
the outer layer of concrete
Cover meter A hand held, test instrument to locate the position and depth of steel
reinforcement within concrete on existing structures.
Declared value A value that a manufacturer is confident in achieving, bearing in mind the
precision of test and variability of process, and testing in laboratory
environment
De-lamination The failure of a system at one of the layers building up the construction,
often at the interface between them.
Designed rendering/plastering mortar A mortar whose composition and manufacturing method is chosen by the
producer in order to achieve specified properties (performance concept)
Dry film thickness (DFT) The thickness of a surface applied coating after it has fully dried. Usually
measured in microns.
Efflorescence The formation of a white powder on the surface due to the drying of a
crystalline hydrate.
Epoxy resin adhesive Resins which may be of widely different structure but which are
characterised by the reaction of the epoxy group to form a cross linked
hard resin.
Factory-made rendering/plastering mortar A mortar batched and mixed in a factory. It may be "dry mortar" which is
ready mixed only requiring the addition of water or "wet mortar" which
is supplied ready for use.
Feather Edge Where the thickness of a material tapers down to a thin layer at its edge.
Due to the grading of repair materials this can be difficult to achieve and
can leave a weak edge to the material.
Final coat The last coat, decorative or not, or a multi-coat rendering or plastering
system.
Fire Damage Concrete damaged by fire can often successfully be repaired, after the
concrete condition has been assessed. It is generally assumed that
concrete heated above 300C has lost all its strength and in many cases,
depending on aggregate type, this temperature will coincide with a
change of colour of the concrete to red/pink, thus identifying the
boundary for damage and the need for repair. A physical assessment
should also always be carried out, to confirm the extent of the
structurally damaged concrete.
Flexural strength The maximum value of a grout prism failure determined by exerting a
force in flexure at three points. It is measured according to BS 4551-1.
Flowable Repair Concrete A prebagged, micro concrete material that when mixed with water will
become highly viscous and can be poured into prepared voids.
Friable A substrate or fixing surface that is soft and can be easily scraped away
with a knife.
Frost Damage The deterioration of concrete due to freeze thaw action caused when
concrete pores are saturated with water and subsequently freezes and
whilst doing so expands causing internal pressure on the concrete and
surface damage, in the form of pop outs and a generally friable surface.
Reduction in aesthetics, structural integrity and cover to steel
reinforcement can occur if preventative measures are not taken.
Fundamental characteristics (1) Characteristics for specific service conditions where enhanced levels of
performance.
Fundamental characteristics (2) Characteristics that the material absolutely has to have.
Glass fibre A fibre spun from an inorganic product of fusion which has cooled to a
rigid condition without crystallising
Grit blast The propulsion of an abrasive material against a surface under high
pressure to roughen a smooth surface or remove surface contamination.
Hammer test The use of a hammer to survey a concrete structure to identify all loose
and delaminated concrete, by tapping the surface and listening to the
audible response.
Hand Placed Repair A prebagged, cementitous, material that when mixed with water, will
allow placement by hand applied methods into areas of damaged
concrete that have been prepared in the correct way
High Alumina Cement (HAC) The High Alumina Cement (HAC) form of cement differs from ordinary
portland cement (OPC) as it is composed of calcium aluminates rather
than calcium silicates, its rapid strength development made it popular
from 1950 to 1970 particularly in the precasting industry. However,
subsequently it was discovered that mineralogical 'conversion' due
certain temperature and moisture conditions causes drastic and often
unacceptable reductions in strength and an increased vulnerability to
chemical attack.
Honeycombing An area of hardened concrete where the cement binder and fine
aggregates are absent leaving a 'Stoney' patch within the concrete.
Hoop stress The tension which occurs in circular structural components, where the
load is carried wholly by ring tension, normally seen in liquid retaining
structures or highly loaded columns.
Hydraulic mortars and hydraulic concrete Mortars or concrete based on a hydraulic binder which is blended
(CC) together with graded aggregates and may include admixtures and
additions which, when mixed with mortar, set by hydrated reaction.
Hydrophobic Impregnation Treatment of concrete to produce a water repellent surface. The pores
and capillaries are not filled, but only lined. The visual appearance
remains nearly unaffected.
Insurance-backed guarantee (IBG) An independent insurance policy that underwrites the installer's
guarantee. If the contractor ceases to trade the insurers will take the
place of the guarantee for the remaining term of cover.
Laitance Generally referring to concrete. A thin cement rich skin of material that
has been brought to the surface by trowelling or vibration while placing.
Latent defect A defect that remains undiscovered at the time of practical completion
but which results in actual physical damage later. It could be the result of
a failure either in materials used or in the application of those materials.
Latent defects guarantee A guarantee that meets the cost of rectifying defects in materials or
workmanship, or error or omission in design, which are not apparent
when a project is finished, but which come to light later.
Levelling Material A thin layer render to repair minor defects and used to provide a smooth
pore free surface prior to the application of decorative protective
coatings.
Liquid admix or latex additive Special aqueous polymer dispersion to be mixed with a cementitious
grout on site.
Maturing time The interval between the time when the cementitious material is mixed
and the time when it is ready for use.
Migrating Corrosion Inhibitor (MCI) A liquid applied to the surface of hardened concrete that penetrates via
the pores and capillaries within the concrete and provides a protective
monomolecular layer on the surface of the steel reinforcement, either
delaying the onset of corrosion or reducing the subsequent rate of
corrosion.
Mortars or concrete Hydraulic, polymer hydraulic and polymer mortar and concrete
Penetrating Chlorides Penetrating chlorides can be present from a variety of sources such as
de-icing salts on trafficked surfaces, spray and leakage of de-icing salts,
marine environments, salt laden air in coastal areas, as well as influences
such as industrial processes. This form of chloride contamination tends
to be present in a free ion form. The amount of chloride present in
concrete from external contamination is ever increasing with time, as is
the depth of penetration.
Polymer hydraulic cement mortars and Blended mixture of polymer binder and graded aggregate which set by
concrete (PC) polymerisation reaction.
Pore Hole Filler A material designed to fill the pores and capillaries in the surface of the
concrete.
Pores Defects left in the surface of hardened concrete due to air within wet
concrete at the time of placement being trapped against formwork and
not being able to escape before hardening has commenced.
Preformed hole Hole or slot formed or cut in concrete into which reinforcement or other
fixing is to be anchored.
Pre-stressed Fibres aligned in one direction and placed in tension during manufacture.
Prime Treat substrate or reinforcement with an adhesion promoting and
protective coating, often in the form of a cementitious coating, to
provide an alkaline environment at the surface of any steel
reinforcement.
Pultruded CFRP Plates manufactured under pultrusion, by pulled carbon fibres through a
heated resin matrix and through a heated steel mould to form plates of
known thickness and in continuous lengths.
Quality plan A programme to ensure that the activities of a process are undertaken to
the intended design.
Sacrificial anode A zinc based anode which can be installed as part of a concrete repair
strategy which will corrode preferentially to the adjacent steel
reinforcement preventing galvanic corrosion protection.
Saw Cut A cut placed in the concrete usually using a diamond or abrasive blade to
provide a square edge around a repair area and avoid a feather edge to a
repair material.
Scabble To remove or roughen the surface layer of a substrate with the use of
tools that employ multiple vibrating chisels or needles.
Service time The minimum time interval after which the product installation can be
put into service.
Shelf life The time of storage under stated conditions during which a material may
be expected to maintain its working properties.
Site-made rendering/plastering mortar A mortar composed of individual constituents batched and mixed on the
building site.
Smoothing coat/levelling mortar A coating applied to a surface to fill voids, cracks and cavities or to level
an uneven surface (typically cementitious). The purpose is to prepare the
surface for the application of protection systems.
Spall An area where a piece of concrete has been broken off the main body of
a concrete element. Often caused by internal forces within the concrete
such as expansive corrosion of steel reinforcement.
Spray fog Airborne debris resulting from the application of sprayed concrete or
mortar which may form an unwanted coat on the substrate
Sprayed Concrete,Gunite, Shotcrete Sprayed Concrete is an all inclusive term that describes concrete or
mortar conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high
velocity onto a surface. Gunite and Shotcrete are terms which were used,
incorrectly, to distinguish dry-mix and wet-mix Sprayed Concrete
Sprayed mortar or concrete Mortar or concrete delivered through hoses and applied under
pneumatic pressure through a nozzle
Suction The force that draws water or liquid into a substrate or tile.
Tensile Strength The maximum tensile stress a material can withstand before being
deformed or breaking.
Thermosetting resin Resin which, once formed in their final moulded state, are infusible and
insoluble, thermo cured and stable.
Volume Solids The ratio of the non-volatile components present in the total volume of a
surface applied coating.
Wet film thickness (WFT) The thickness of a surface applied coating before drying has started.
Measurement of WFT allows the final thickness of the fully dried coating
to be calculated based on the volume solids of that particular coating.
Young's Modulus Modulus of elasticity, E value, represents the stiffness for any material,
being the ratio of the force per unit area (stress) to the elongation per
unit length (strain), expressed in units of stress, kN/mm², and consistent
up to the yield point.
December 2014
Kingsley House, Ganders Business Park, Kingsley, Bordon, Hampshire GU35 9LU
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