Chapter 12

12.1 a. c′ = 0. From Eq. (12.3): τf = σ′ tan φ′. So 175 = 200 tan φ′

φ′ = tan −1 ⎛⎜
175 ⎞
⎟ = 41.2°
⎝ 200 ⎠

b. For φ′ = 150 kN/m2, τf = 150 tan 41.2° = 131.3 kN/m2

⎛ ⎞
⎜ 75 × 75 ⎟
Shear force S = ⎜ ⎟(131
123 .3) = 0.739 kN
⎜ 1000
142 × 1000
43 ⎟ τ f
⎝ area ⎠

12.2 Shear force, S = (2 × 2 in.2)(σ′ tan φ′) = (4)(20 tan 38º) = 62.5 lb

12.3 Area of specimen A = 0.0036 m2

⎛τ ⎞
Test Normal σ′ =
N Shear τf =
S φ′ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟
No. force N A force S A ⎝ σ′ ⎠
(N) (kN/m2) (N) (kN/m2) (deg)
1 200 55.6 155 43.06 37.76
2 300 83.3 230 63.9 37.49
3 400 111.1 310 86.1 37.77
4 500 138.9 385 106.9 37.58

A graph of τf vs. σ′ will yield φ′ = 37.5º.

π
12.4 Area of specimen A = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟( 2) 2 = 3.14 in.2
⎝4⎠

⎛τ ⎞
Test Normal σ′ =
N Shear τf =
S φ′ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟
No. force N A force S A ⎝ σ′ ⎠
(lb) (lb/in.2) (lb) (lb/in.2) (deg)
1 60 19.11 37.5 11.94 32.0
2 90 28.66 55 17.52 31.4
3 110 35.03 70 22.29 32.5
4 125 39.81 80 25.48 32.6

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 A graph of τf vs. σ′ will yield φ′ = 32.5º.

φ′
12.5 c′ = 0. From Eq. (12.8): σ1′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟; φ′ = 30°
⎝ 2⎠

σ1′ = 10 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 30 lb/in.2

30
⎝ 2⎠

∆ σd (failure) = σ1′ − σ′3 = 20 lb/in.2

φ′ 30
12.6 a. From Eq. (12.4): θ = 45 + = 45 + = 60°
2 2

b. Refer to the figure.

τ = 10 sin 60º = 8.66 lb/in.2; σ′ = 20 + r cos 60 = 20 + 10 cos 60 = 25 lb/in.2

For failure, τf = σ′ tan φ′ = 25 tan 30 = 14.43 lb/in.2. Since the developed shear

stress = 8.66 lb/in.2 (which is less than 14.43 lb/in.2), the specimen did not

fail along this plane.

12.7 φ′ = 25 + 0.18Dr = 25 + (0.18)(60) = 35.8°

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 φ′
σ1′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 18 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 +
35.8 ⎞
⎟ = 68.7 lb/in.
2

⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

12.8 σ′3 = 15 lb/in.2 ; σ1′ = σ′3 + ∆ σd ( f ) = 15 + 34 = 49 lb/in.2

φ′ φ′
σ1′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟; 49 = 15 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

φ′ ≈ 32.1º

φ′
12.9 σ′3 + ∆ σ3′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = σ′3 tan 2 (57) = 2.37σ′3
⎝ 2⎠

∆σ′3 ∆σ′3
1+ = 2.37; = 1.37
σ′3 σ′3

175
σ′3 = = 127.7 kN/m2
1.37

φ′
12.10 σ1′ = σ′3 + ∆ σd ( f ) = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠

∆ σd ( f ) 30
σ′3 = = = 16.95 lb/in.2
φ ′
tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ − 1 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ − 1
28
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

φ′ φ′
12.11 a. σ1′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ ; (250 + 275) = 250 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

φ′ ≈ 20.8º

φ′ 20.8
b. θ = 45 + = 45 + = 55.4°
2 2

c. From Eqs. (10.8) and (10.9):

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 σ1′ + σ′3 σ1′ − σ′3 525 + 250 525 − 250
σ′ = + cos 2θ = + cos(2 × 55.4)
2 2 2 2
= 338.7 kN/m2

τ = σ′ tan φ′ = 338.7 tan 20.8 = 128.7 kN/m2

φ′ φ′
12.12 σ1′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ + 2c′ tan⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

φ′ φ′
Specimen I: (15 + 31.4) = 46.4 = 15 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ + 2c′ tan⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ (a)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

φ′ φ′
Specimen II: (25 + 47) = 72 = 25 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ + 2c′ tan⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ (b)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

φ′
Subtracting Eq. (a) from Eq. (b): 72 − 46.4 = 10 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟; φ′ = 26°
⎝ 2⎠

From Eq. (b):

72 − 25 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
26
c′ = ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 2.49 lb/in.2
2 tan⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
26
⎝ 2 ⎠

12.13 σ1′ = 25 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ + (2)(2.49) tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 72 lb/in.2

26 26
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

φ′
12.14 c′ = 0. σ1′ = σ′3 + ∆ σd ( f ) = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠

∆ σd ( f ) 175
σ′3 = = = 54.6 kN/m2
2⎛ φ′ ⎞ 2⎛ 38 ⎞
tan ⎜ 45 + ⎟ − 1 tan ⎜ 45 + ⎟ − 1
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

φ ⎡ 15 + 11 ⎞
0.5
⎤
12.15 σ1 = σ3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟; φ = 2 ⎢ tan -1 ⎛⎜ ⎟ − 45⎥ = 15.6°
⎝ 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎦

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 φ′ ⎡ 15 + 11 − 7.2 ⎞
0.5
⎤
σ1′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟; φ′ = 2 ⎢ tan -1 ⎛⎜ ⎟ − 45⎥ = 24.4°
⎝ 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 15 − 7.2 ⎠ ⎦

⎡ -1 ⎛ 140 + 125 ⎞0.5 ⎤

12.16 φ = 2 ⎢ tan ⎜ ⎟ − 45⎥ = 18°
⎣ ⎝ 140 ⎠ ⎦

⎡ 140 + 125 − 75 ⎞
0.5
⎤
φ′ = 2 ⎢ tan -1 ⎛⎜ ⎟ − 45⎥ = 29.4°
⎣ ⎝ 140 − 75 ⎠ ⎦

12.17 a. σ3 = 112 kN/m2; σ1 = 112 + 100 = 212 kN/m2

φ φ
σ1 = σ3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟; = tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
212
⎝ 2 ⎠ 112 ⎝ 2⎠
φ = 18°

φ′
b. σ1′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠

σ1 − ∆ud ( f )
= tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 3.124
31
σ3 − ∆ud ( f ) ⎝ 2⎠

212 − ∆ud ( f )
= 3.124
112 − ∆ud ( f )

Or, 212 – ∆ud(f) = 349.9 – 3.124∆ud(f); 2.124∆ud(f) = 137.9

∆ud(f) = 64.9 kN/m2

φ′
12.18 σ1′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 112 tan2 (45 + 15.5) = 349.9 kN/m2
⎝ 2⎠

∆σd ( f ) = σ1′ − σ′3 = 349.9 − 112 = 237.9 kN/m2

φ
12.19 σ1 = σ3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 15 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 32.97 lb/in.2
22
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

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 ∆σd ( f ) = 32.97 − 15 = 17.97 lb/in.2
φ′
σ1′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠

32.97 − ∆ud ( f )
= tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
32
15 − ∆ud ( f ) ⎝ 2 ⎠

∆ud(f) = 7.01 lb/in.2

φ′
12.20 σ1′ = σ′3 tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
⎝ 2⎠

100 − ∆ud ( f )
= tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟
25
0 − ∆ud ( f ) ⎝ 2⎠

∆ud(f) = −68.5 kN/m2

120 − ∆ud ( f )
= tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 2.283
23
12.21
0 − ∆ud ( f ) ⎝ 2⎠

∆ud(f) = −93.5 kN/m2

12.22 a. Test σ1′ + σ′3 σ1′ − σ′3

= p′ (lb/in.2) = q′ (lb/in.2)
no. 2 2
1 50 23
2 30 18

q′ = m + p′ tan α

23 = m + 50 tan α (a)

18 = m + 30 tan α (b)

m = 10.5 lb/in.2’ α = 14º

b. φ′ = sin-1(tan α) = sin-1(tan 14) = 14.44º

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 m 10.5
c′ = = = 10.82 lb/in.2
cos α cos(14)
cu (VST)
12.23 = 0.11 + 0.0037 PI
σ′o

σ′ = (3)(16) + (5)(18.6 – 9.81) = 91.95 kN/m2

cu(VST) = [0.11 + (0.0037)(18)](91.95) = 16.24 kN/m2

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 78
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