Literature Review

This chapter will involve the research about the seven quality tools approach in order to understand
the lateness behavior among various people around the world. It will explain more about on how it
happened in theoretically and according to the various sample taken from data that been analyze from
the researcher itself. From this chapter, the researcher reviews the article and past research about
the lateness among the community and how to overcome the issues with a suitable practice and
instrument.

1. A review of Factors Associated with Student’s Lateness Behavior and Dealing Strategies.

This article had been research by Marwan Bataineh from King Saud University. Based on the article, it
literally tell that the researcher aimed to systematically studies about the factors relate with the student
lateness behavior and dealing strategies due to the lateness. The researcher finds that there was
conclusive evidence from the reviewed literature regarding student lateness behavior, yet the number
of articles supporting it was small. Finally, conclusion of the study indicates that dealing with disruptive
behavior in the classroom is one of the most challenging aspects of being a professor and the study
recommended further investigation and analysis could be beneficial to obtain a complete vision of
pattern of lateness behavior and coping strategies for the student.

2. Influence of Group Lateness On Individual Lateness: A Cross-level Examination.

This journal was written by Gary Blau from Temple University. From this article, researcher found out
a hypothesized group-level employee lateness assessed before administration of a survey would account
for significant variance in post-survey individual lateness beyond that due to individual-level
antecedents such as pre-survey lateness, work attitudes, and work-family conflict. The study samples
were 285 bank tellers and439 hospital employees. Results supported a group-level effect on individual
lateness beyond controlled-for individual-level antecedents. Implications and limitations of this study
are discussed.

3. Lateness to meetings: Examination of an Unexplored Temporal Phenomenon.

According to this journal that written by Steven G. Rogelberg. This article study about the lateness
happened in the environment of organization where two different situation will find that meeting
lateness is a high basse rate and seemingly consequential workplace event, with both objective and
subjective elements, and potential implications for individuals, relationsjips, groups, and the
organization more broadly. Meeting lateness correlates include job satisfaction with meetings in
general, age, and conscientiousness. In light of the frequency, consequences, and conceptual complexity
of meeting lateness, along with the dearth of extant research on the topic, it is a phenomenon primed
for further study.
 4. Determinant of Employee Punctuality.

This article written by Miriam Dishon-berkovits and have studied employee lateness empirically few
have attempted to describe the punctual employee. In the present study, results of a discriminant analysis
on employees in Israel indicated that a personality characteristic, time urgency, a subcomponent of Type
A behavioral pattern, distinguished between punctual and late employees. Organizational commitment
and age of employee's youngest child also distinguished between the groups.

5. Employee Lateness Behavior: The Role of Lateness Climate and Individual Lateness
Attitude.

The authors, Joelle D. Elicker investigated the joint influence of contextual factors and individual
attitudes on employee lateness in a field setting. Hierarchical regression analyses based on objective
lateness data revealed that perceived lateness climate moderated the relationship between individual
lateness attitudes and lateness behaviors. Specifically, as hypothesized, individual attitudes toward
lateness were stronger predictors of actual lateness frequency in lenient climates. This moderating effect
was observed when controlling for key attitudes such as job satisfaction, job involvement, and affective
commitment. Thus, climate displayed a unique effect on employee lateness, constraining the influence
of individual attitudes in strict climates and allowing more influence in lenient climates. Implications
and recommendations for future research are discussed.
RESULT

Female
Male
Time class session year 1 always late will focus on 8 am

Time class session year 2 always late will focus on 8 am

Time class session year 3 always late will focus on 8 am

Time class session year 4 always late will focus on 8 am

Type of class session that Year 1 always late will be focus on lecturer & lab

Type of class session that Year 2 always late will be focus on lecturer & lab
 Type of class session that Year 3 always late will be focus on lecturer & lab

Type of class session that Year 4 always late will be focus on lecturer, lab & tutorial
Reason of lateness year 1 will focus on overslept and heavy traffic
Reason of lateness year 2 will focus on overslept, transport problems, heavy traffic and do other
subject assignment

Reason of lateness year 3 will focus on overslept and heavy traffic

Reason of lateness year 4 will focus on overslept, subject not interesting and transport problem
FISHBONE DIAGRAM

What Action Plan Responsible

Method Improve sleep habit to Student
overcome sleepy
Need to follow rule and Student, Lecturer
improve rule
Take care of health Student
Environment Prepare early to class Student
(distance of house)
Prepare for a rainy day Student
Prepare early to class Student
(Heavy Traffic)
Material Interesting method on Lecturer
teaching subject
Provide enough parking UTeM
Give correct information Student, Lecturer
Machine Check clock function or not Student
Double check vehicle before Student
use
Check air conditioning UTeM
services