H I

SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR

MAHARASHTRA
CENTRE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION

Project Report and Viva

(M.B.A. Paper-28)

For

MBA (Executive) Distance Mode Course

and
MBA Distance Mode Course

K J
Copyright © Registrar,
Shivaji University,
Kolhapur. (Maharashtra)
First Edition 2009

Prescribed for M.B.A.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form by mimeography
or any other means without permission in writing from the Shivaji University, Kolhapur
(MS)
n

Copies : 2,000

Published by:
Dr. R. G. Dandge
I/c. Registrar,
Shivaji University,
Kolhapur-416 004.

Printed by :
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Superintendent,
Shivaji University Press,
Kolhapur-416 004

ISBN- 978-81-8486-311-6

H Further information about the Centre for Distance Education & Shivaji University may be
obtained from the University Office at Vidyanagar, Kolhapur-416 004, India.
H This material has been produced with the developmental grant from DEC-IGNOU, New
Delhi.

(ii)
 Centre for Distance Education
Shivaji University, Kolhapur
n EXPERT COMMITTEE n
Prof. (Dr.) A. A. Dange Dr. R. G. Dandge
Ag. Vice-Chancellor, I/c. Registrar,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

n ADVISORY COMMITTEE n
Prof. (Dr.) A. A. Dange Dr. R. G. Dandge
Ag. Vice-Chancellor, I/c. Registrar,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Dr. R. B. Patil Shri. B. S. Patil
Director BCUD, Finance and Accounts Officer,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Dr. B. M. Hirdekar Prof. (Dr.) U. B. Bhoite
Controller of Examination Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Bharati Vidyapeeth, Pune.
Dr. (Smt.) Vasanti Rasam Prof. (Dr.) A. N. Joshi
Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Director, School of Education,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Y. C. M. O. U. Nashik.
Prof. (Dr.) B. S. Sawant Shri. J. R. Jadhav
Dean, Faculty of Commerce, Dean, Faculty of Arts & Fine Arts,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Prof. (Dr.) S. A. Bari
Dr. T. B. Jagtap
Director, Distance Education,
Dean, Faculty of Science,
Kuvempu University, Karnataka.
Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Prof. Dr. (Smt.) Cima Yeole
Dr. K. N. Sangale (Member Secretary)
Dean, Faculty of Education, Director, Centre for Distance Education,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

n B. O. S. MEMBERS OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT n

Chairman- Dr. N. Y. Rajeshirke
Vivekanand College, Kolhapur.

l Dr. S. S. Mahajan l Dr. R. B. Teli

I/c. Head, Department of Commerce and Shivaraj College of Arts and Commerce, D. S. Kadam
Management, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Science College, Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur
l Shri. P. C. Divekar l Dr. P. B. Patil
Shikshan Maharshi Dr. Bapuji Salunkhe Shri Shahaji Chh. College, Dasara Chowk,
Mahavidyalaya, Miraj, Dist. Sangli Kolhapur.
l Shri. S. M. Joshi l Dr. R. B. Gokakkar
Arts, Commerce & Science College, Palus, Tal. Dept. of Economics, Karnataka University,
Tasgaon, Dist. Sangli. Dharwad.
l Dr. B. K. Katkar l Dr. A. C. Bhavsar
Kai. S. B. Khade Mahavidyalaya, Koparde, Tal. 1165, Shramsaphalya, Malegaon Caimp, Dist.
Karveer, Dist. Kolhapur. Nashik, Pin-423 105.
l Dr. B. S. Sawant l Shri. D. S. Gurav
Dhananjayrao Gadgil Department of Business Geeta Datta, 1182/191, E Ward, Mali Colony,
Edu. & Research Commerce, Satara. Kolhapur.

(iii)
Centre for Distance Education Project Report and Viva
Shivaji University, (M.B.A.) Paper-28
Kolhapur.
Writers Team

Author Unit No.

Dr. H. M. Thakar All

Head, M.B.A. Unit,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

n Editor n

Dr. H. M. Thakar
Head, M.B.A. Unit,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

(iv)
 Preface
As part of the MBA curriculum, every student has to undergo practical training
of minimum 50 days in any industrial/financial/service organisation. After the
successful completion of training, a student has to prepare the project report, and
submit it to the university. The main purpose of this SIM is to provide guidance for
preparing the project report systematically.

This SIM is divided into seven units. Unit 1 describes the objective, importance,
scope and limitations of the study. It also describes the research methodology
adopted in the study. Unit 2 describes the profile of the organisation, structure etc.
Unit 3 is related to the theoretical background of the study. Unit 4 describes the
analysis and interpretation of data. Unit 5 describes the findings/observations.
Unit 6 states suggestions/conclusions. Unit 7 comprises the Bibliography and
Annexure.

We sincerely acknowledge the authors of the books and articles from which
we could get valuable inputs to develop the subject matter of this SIM. We also
welcome suggestions towards the improvement in the text.

Kolhapur. Dr. H. M. Thakar

Editor
Director, MBA Unit,
Department of Commerce & Management,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

(v)
 MBA (Executive) Distance Mode Course and
MBA Distance Mode Course
Project Report and Viva
INDEX

Unit No. Topic Page No.

1. Introduction to the Study 3

2. Introduction to the Organisation 12

3. Theoritical Background 16

4. Data Analysis & Interpretation 19

5. Findings/Observations 22

6. Suggestions/Conclusions 23

7. Bibliography and Annexure 26

(vii)
Each Unit begins with the section Objectives -

Objectives are directive and indicative of :

1. What has been presented in the Unit and

2. What is expected from you

3. What you are expected to know pertaining to the specific

Unit once you have completed working on the Unit.

The self check exercises with possible answers will help you to
understand the Unit in the right perspective. Go through the possible
answer only after you write your answers. These exercises are not
to be submitted to us for evaluation. They have been provided to
you as Study Tools to help keep you in the right track as you study
the Unit.

(viii)
 Unit-1

Introduction to the Study

Index :

1.0 Objectives of the unit

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Objectives and importance of the study

1.3 Scope and limitations of the study

1.4 Research Methodology

1.5 Summary

1.1 Objectives of the unit –

After reading this unit, you will understand about-

 objectives and importance of the project study.

 scope and limitations of the project study

 The research methodology to be adopted in the project study.

1.1 Introduction
In introduction, a student has to describe the topic on which he/she has
done his/her project report, and why he/she had selected this topic. For
example, if a student is doing his/her project in Training & Development, then
first of all, it is to be explained that what is training and development, and why
it is important in corporate sector.

3
 If a student is doing his/her project in compensation management, then it
is to be explained that what is compensation management, and what is the
relevance of compensation management in the era of privatization,
liberalization and globalization. What are the common practices of
compensation management in the corporate sector? Likewise, if a student is
doing his/her project in Customer Relationship Management, then he/she has
to define the concept of customer Relationship Management and explain the
relevance of Customer Relationship Management in Marketing.

If a student is making the analysis of financial performance of a bank,

then he/she has to explain, why the analysis of financial performance is
necessary in the current economic scenario.

In addition to above, a student is also expected to explain how his/her

study is going to help the organization to solve their problems. For example,
if the turnover of employees in a particular organization is high, then student
has to make it clear how his/her study will enhance the satisfaction level of
employees in the organization. Likewise, if the organization is facing the
working capital problem, then the student has to explain how his/her study
will help the organization to solve the problem of working capital i.e. how the
shortage of working capital will be covered or what to do with the excessive
working capital.

1.2 Objectives and importance of the study

In this section, a student has to explain the objectives and importance of
the topic, he/she has selected for the training. For example, if a student is
doing his/her project in training and development of a particular organization,
then he/she has to go through the current practices of training and
development in a particular organization, and to find out the effectiveness of
training and development in a particular organization i.e. to see whether the
methods of training and development are really effective or any improvement

4
is required and to provide the valuable suggestions to remove the lacunas in
the training & development methods.

If a student is doing his/her project in compensation management, then

he/she has to study the compensation system in a particular organization, to
compare this compensation with the industry, to study the impact of various
industrial laws affecting compensation management, to know the employees
opinion about the compensation management and to give suggestions to
improve the compensation management of the organization.

The students of other functional areas should also give the objective and
importance of the study.

1.3 Scope and Limitations of the study

The scope of the study means the coverage of the study, Normally the
scope of the study covers the employees of particular organization. For
example if the study consists of job satisfaction then that job satisfaction is
related with the particular organization, which may also be limitation of the
study i.e. what ever problem/problems an organization is having, may or may
not be the problem of other firms in the industry. Further, the period of
training is limited to 50 days, as such the students cannot collect many vital
information related to their topic. Many a times the organization does not
provide necessary document like financial statements, registers and records
for the access of students, or allow only permanent employees for giving
response to the interviews and questionnaires. Due to that, it becomes very
difficult for the students to get the required information from the organization.

Thus the students have to write about the coverage of their study and
also to mention the limitations of the study.

5
1.4 Research Methodology
The research methodology of the study covers the following aspects –

1.4.1 Data Collection :

The data of the study is collected from following sources-

(A) Primary data : The primary data is collected through -

i) Observation Method

ii) Interview Method

iii) Survey through questionnaires & schedules

(i) Observation Method : This methods is normally used in the study

of behavioral sciences and human resource management, where the
students can observe the behavior of individuals in the organization, and data
is collected without asking the questions to the respondents.

Advantages of Observation Method

(1) Subjective bias is eliminated

(2) Active participation of respondent is not required

(3) The student can study the customers, traditions and mind sets.

Limitations of Observation Method

(1) Expensive Method

(2) Active participation of respondent is not taken place

(3) Limited information is available

(4) Some unforeseen forces may affect the observation.

(5) Low reliability of conclusions

(ii) Interview Method : In this methods, the students ask the questions
to the respondents and noting down the reply given by the respondents. This

6
interview can be personal interview/Focused interview/clinical interview/Non-
direct interview. The data thus collected is to be analysed by the students
and to be included in the final report.

Advantages of Interview Method

(1) Indepth information can be obtained

(2) Questions are restructured as per the requirement

(3) Personal information is easily obtained.

(4) Non-response by respondent is minimized

(5) Ambiguity in questions can be removed

(6) The information is accurate

Limitations of Interview Method

(1) Information given by respondents are sometimes misleading

(2) Wide coverage becomes costly

(3) Influenced by personal bias of interviewer

(4) Difficulty in getting descriptive answer

(iii) Survey through questionnaires & schedules : In this, the required

information is collected by the students through questionnaires and
schedules. The student has to include all the questions in the questionnaire,
by which he/she can get the required information.

The questionnaire is a set of questions or systematic list of questions,

related to the topic of the research. The main purpose of questionnaire is to
elicit specific information from the respondents. This questionnaire is
classified into-

i) Structured questionnaires

ii) Unstructured questionnaires

7
 i) Structured questionnaires : are those in which the questions are
specific or definite. The nature of questions is closed in nature. Open end
questions are also included to allow free response on the subject.

ii) Unstructured questionnaires : are those where questions are not

predecided. In this the students have to from on the spot questions to get the
required information.

Schedule is also a set of questions which is filled in by investigator who

is responsible to collect information.

While framing the schedules and questionnaires, the student has to

include those questions that have direct bearing on problem of research
study. Further the instructions to be given to the respondents to fill up the
questionnaire properly.

Advantages of Questionnaires & Schedules

(1) A good degree of accuracy in data

(2) It covers wide area

(3) Personal bias is removed

Limitations of Questionnaires & schedules

(1) Very expensive

(2) Time consuming

(3) Requires lot of labour

(4) Personal information is not given by the respondents.

(B) Secondary Data :

The secondary data for the study is collected from books, records and
registers maintained by the organization, govt. publications, semi-govt.
publications of Universities & Research Institutions, Publications of banks &
financial institutions, newspaper and periodicals, reports of committees and

8
commissions, publications of International Bodies, Unpublished sources,
internet and so on.

Advantages of Secondary data

(1) Highly convenient to use

(2) Saves money of the research

(3) Saves time

Limitations of Secondary data

(1) Degree of accuracy is not high as primary data

(2) Not available for all type of investigations

The student has to consider following factors in making choice between

primary data & secondary data –

(1) Availability of time

(2) Availability of finance

(3) Collecting Agency

(4) Degree of Accuracy desired

(5) Nature & Scope of Study

1.4.2 Framing of Hypotheses

Hypotheses are the proposed assumption to be proved or disapproved

by the research findings. A hypothesis is tested by scientific methods that
relates independent variable to some dependent variable. A research study
consists of two hypotheses i.e. null hypotheses and alternative hypotheses.

The hypotheses being tested is called as null hypotheses, and it is

designated as H.

The alternative hypotheses is the alternative to null hypotheses.

9
 Both the null hypotheses and alternative hypotheses is to be decided
before data collection.

These hypotheses are being tested by applying statistical tools, like Z

test, t-test, F-test and X2. The student has to make proper selection of the
test.

1.4.3 Sampling :

For the purpose of research study, a student has to go for sampling i.e.
selecting a sample from a given population. A student has to determine the
sample design i.e. size of the sample. Sampling is necessary when
population is large. The student has to take care that the sample size should
fulfill the criterion of flexibility, reliability, efficiency and representativeness. In
other words, the sample size should cover all the characteristics of the
population.

The student can use following types of sampling depending the nature of
his/her study-

(1) Deliberate Sampling

(2) Simple Random Sampling

(3) Systematic Sampling

(4) Stratified Sampling

(5) Quota Sampling

(6) Area Sampling

(7) Cluster Sampling

(8) Multi-Stage Sampling

(9) Spot Sampling

10
1.5 Summary :
While preparing the project report, a student has to explain the objectives
and importance of the topic. He/she is also required to describe the scope
and limitations of the study. The research methodology of the project consists
of collection of primary and secondary data. The primary data is collected
through observation method, interview method and through questionnaires
and schedules. The secondary data of the study is collected through books,
records and registers. The student to frame null and alternative hypotheses
in the project study. These hypotheses are tested by applying various
statistical tools like z-test, t-test, F-test and X2. The student has to select the
proper sample size which represents the characteristics of the population.


11
 Unit-2

Introduction to the Organisation

Index :

2.0 Objectives of the unit

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Brief history of organisation

2.3 Subsidiaries and Associates of the company

2.4 Departments/Manufacturing Process

2.5 Important statistical information

2.6 Future Prospect

2.7 Organisation Structure

2.8 Summary

2.0 Objectives of the unit –

After reading this unit, you will understand about-

 how to write the profile of the organization that covers the historical
background, organizational structure, departments, manufacturing
process etc.

2.1 Introduction
In this unit, a student has to collect all the information of the organization
where the student is doing his/her project. The information is related with the
historical background of the organization, subsidiaries of the company,

12
departments, manufacturing process, growth & development of the
organization, future prospects, organization structure etc. These information
is obtained through secondary sources like annual reports of the company.
Further the information related to the company can also be obtained by
interacting with managers/executives of the company.

2.2 Brief history of organization

In this, the student has to mention the name of the company, the
registration, the address of corporate as well as factory office, phone nos.,
fax, email and website of the company. He/she has to mention the nature of
the company i.e. whether it is public limited company or a private limited
company.

After that, the student has to write the brief history of the organization i.e.
when this organization started its operation, by whom it was started, who are
the promoters of the company, where the plant is situated and the names of
the board of directors. If the organization is having major industrial/corporate
customers, then the names of such customers had to be given.

2.3 Subsidiaries and associates of the company

Now a days, many big organizations are having subsidiaries and
associates. Then the student has to mention the names of the subsidiaries
and associates and the activities carried on by these subsidiaries and
associates.

2.4 Departments/Manufacturing Process

In the organization, there are number of departments like production,
finance, marketing, human resource/personnel department, research &
development department and general administration department. The nature

13
of departments is different in different types of organization i.e. it is different
in manufacturing organization or service organization. Even in service
organizations also, the nature is different. For example, the functioning of
various departments in educational institute is quite different from various
departments in banks or insurance companies. In whatsoever organization, a
student is doing project, he/she has to describe the features and functioning
of the various departments in the organization. For example, who is heading
the particular department, the number of employees which are there in a
particular department, the performance result of the department and so on.

The student should also observe the manufacturing process of the

organization and the products manufactured by the organization. If the
company is conglomerate company, then the student has to describe the
products manufactured by the organization, the pecularities of various
products and so on. The student is not required to go into technical details of
the product, rather he/she has to describe in brief about the products.

2.5 Important Statistical Information

The student has to give the overall growth of the organization right from
its inception. Thus he/she has to give the data of the Net Profit after tax, total
turnover, market share, cost, dividend paid, tax paid, interest paid, the capital
generated by the issue of shares/debentures, loans obtained from financial
institutions, the total production, increase/decrease in production, sales,
profit, cost etc., the total number of employees employed in the organization;
the increase/decrease in the number of employees and so on. This
information is collected from the annual reports, financial statements and
registers of the company. If the company is 50 years/100 years old, then the
figures of 5 years only can be given by the students by the consultation from
the guide.

14
2.6 Future Prospect
In future prospect of the company, the student has to mention the growth
& diversification strategies of the company i.e. what is the expansion plan of
the company? What diversified products, the company is going to launch. In
the post liberalization period, all the companies are going for growth and
expansion. The student has to consider these aspects because it helps
him/her in her project study. For example, if the company is having plan for
growth & expansion, then it will help that student who is doing his/her project
in recruitment and selection of that company, as such move of the company
creates additional employment opportunities.

2.7 Organisation structure

Organisation structure of the particular firm consists of organizational
hierarchy i.e. the number of designations from top to bottom. The student has
to describe whether the organization is having matrix structure/bureaucratic
structure/flat structure. He/she should present the organization structure in
diagram in his/her project report.

2.8 Summary
In unit 2, a student is required to give the brief profile of the organization,
the nature of the organization, the products and services of the organization,
the number of departments and organization is having, its organization
structure, the manufacturing process, the growth and development of the
organization from its inception, and the strategies to be adopted by the
organization in the future.


15
 Unit-3

Theoritical Background

Index :

3.0 Objectives of the unit

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Basic concepts

3.3 Summary

3.0 Objectives of the unit –

After reading this unit, you will understand about-

 The theorical/basic concepts that are to be included in the project

report.

3.1 Introduction
When a student is undergoing a project report in any functional area,
then the topic of that project is related with the theoretical knowledge that
he/she has gained in his/her MBA course. Actually the main purpose of
practical training is to apply the theorical concepts in practical, what one
learns during the course. In this unit, the student has to write about those
theoretical aspects, in which he/she is doing his/her project. Further, it is also
expected to describe only those aspects which he/she will apply in his/her
practical training. In other words, those theoretical concepts which are not
used in the practical training should not be considered in the project report.

16
3.2 Basic Concepts

As already mentioned in the previous section that students have to

describe only those theoretical concepts that have been included in the
practical training. For example, if a student has opted the project on
compensation Management of a particular organization, then he/she has to
describe the various components of the compensation like wage & salary,
incentives, fringe benefits, perquisites etc. He/she has to explain about those
factors that affect the compensation. Further he/she is expected to explain
those industrial laws that are related to compensation like workmen’s
compensation Act 1923, Payment of Wages Act 1936, Minimum Wages Act
1948, Employees State Insurance Act 1948, Employee P. F. & Misc.
Provision Act 1952, Payment of Bonus Act 1965, Payment of Gratuity Act
1972, Equal Remuneration Act 1976 and so on. The student has to see
whether the organization is complying the provisions of these acts in the
payment of compensation.

If the student is undergoing training on effectiveness of training &

development, then he/she has to explain the concept of training &
development, the need of training in the organization, the steps to be taken in
training programmes and the different methods of training like lecture,
demonstration, role play, case study, simulations, computer based training
and so on. The student has to integrate the theoretical background of training
& development with the practical situation. The students are not required to
write the merits & demerits of training methods that are given in the book.

If the student is doing his/her project on the financial performance of the

business organization, then he/she has to explain the concept of financial
performance first, what is the criteria of assessing the financial performance
of the business organization, then to explain about those ratios like
profitability ratios, turnover ratios, liquidity ratios, leverage ratios and so on.
The student has to explain only about those ratios which had been

17
considered in the project study. He/she has to describe the broad features of
these ratios. The student is not supposed to write the importance, merits &
demerits of ratio analysis given in the book.

If the student is doing the project report on consumer behaviour, then

first of all he/she has to explain the concept of consumer behaviour; the
factors affecting consumer behaviour; consumer buying process and various
consumer models, subject to their applicability to the project.

If the student is doing project on productivity then he/she has to explain

the concept of productivity; the factors affecting productivity; the different
kinds of productivity measures and so on.

3.2 Summary
When a student is undergoing a project report in any functional area,
then he/she has to describe those theoretical/basic concepts that are
applicable to the project study. However a student is not supposed to write
the importance, merits and demerits of the theoretical topics.


18
 Unit-4

Data Analysis & Interpretation

Index :

4.0 Objectives

4.1 Analysis of data & Interpretation

4.2 Summary

4.0 Objectives
After reading this unit, you will understand about-

 Analysis and interpretation of data and information.

4.1 Analysis of data & Interpretation

Once the data and information related to project topic is collected, it has
to be processed, analysed and interpreted as per the requirement of project
study. Processing consists of editing, coding, classification and tabulation of
data collected by the student. Analysis refers to the calculation of certain
measures so as to study the relationship that exist among different variables
in the data collected.

The data which is collected through questionnaire and schedule is edited

so as to ensure that the collected data is accurate, consistent with other facts
gathered, uniformly entered for coding & tabulation. Coding is done while
framing the questions to be included in questionnaire or after the field work is
over. After this the data is presented in the tabular form. The students have
to present the data through diagrams i.e. preparing graphs, histograms and

19
pie-charts along with tables, so that the information gathered through tables
and diagrams will be specific and clear cut.

After the collected data is processed, edited and tabulated, the data is
analysed through statistical measures. Like percentage analysis, mean,
median, mode; standard deviation, coefficient of variation; correlation &
regression analysis; t test, f test, x2 test and so on as per the requirement of
the project study. Those students who are doing their project on financial
performance of the organization. They have to analyse the profit and Loss
Account and Balance Sheet of the company and calculate various
profitability, turnover, liquidity and leverage ratios as per the requirement of
the project and the data is to be presented in tabular form and through
graphs & diagrams.

After collecting and analyzing data, the students have to make the
interpretation of data. The interpretation is the process of drawing inferences
from the analysis of data. Interpretation analyses the abstract relations in
more concrete terms and tries to unfold the reasons for the existing type of
relations or findings. For the accurate interpretation of the data, it is
necessary that the data is sufficient and analysed accurately. For example if
the gross profit ratio and net profit ratio is decreasing continuously in the last
three years, then the student has to explain why this situation arises? If the
operating ratio & operating cost ratio continuously increasing? The student
has to give the proper interpretation in this regard.

If the motivation level of employees in low then the student has to give
the reasons that are responsible for the low motivation in the interpretation
part after making the analysis of data collected.

20
4.2 Summary
The students have to edit, code, classify and make tabulation of data
after its collection. Processing consists of editing, coding, classification and
tabulation of data collected. After that the data is edited for coding and
tabulation. After that the data is analysed with the help of various statistical
tools. In the last, the analysed data is interpreted. The interpretation is the
process of drawing inferences from the analysis of data.


21
 Unit-5

Findings/Observations

Index :
5.0 Objectives of the Unit
5.1 Findings/Observation
5.2 Summary
5.0 Objectives of the Unit
After reading this unit, you will understand about-
 the findings/observations of the research project
5.1 Finding/Observation
After making the analysis and interpretation of research problem, a
student has to write the findings/observations of his/her project study. The
findings/observations should be presented as related and completely as
possible, showing how they are related with the research problem or
hypothesis. The findings/observations should not be vague in nature. In other
words it should be drawn without bias.
The student has to give the facts and figures in brief in the
findings/observations. The student has to explain whether the findings are
accepting or rejecting the hypotheses.
5.2 Summary
The student has to describe the major findings/observations with the help
of analysis and interpretation of data. These findings should not be vague or
biased. The student has to explain whether the findings support or reject the
hypothesis.


22
 Unit-6

Suggestions/Conclusions

Index :

6.0 Objectives of the Unit

6.1 Suggestions/Conclusions

6.2 Summary

6.0 Objectives
After reading this unit, you will understand about-

 suggestions/conclusions of the project report.

6.1 Suggestions/Conclusions
While making the analysis, interpretation and findings of project study, a
student observes the short-comings/draw-backs in the project study. He/she
has to first mention about these drawback/limitations in the project report.
These limitations may be low profit due to increase in various expenses; poor
working capital management; low motivation due to bad working conditions,
poor compensation, inadequate rewards, poor interpersonal relations,
absence of feedback system, monotonous & boring job; decline in sales due
to inadequate advertisement, poor sales promotion efforts, high prices,
changes in the taste and preferences of customers and so on.

After going through the limitations, the students have to give the
suggestions. These suggestions should be related with the limitations/
drawbacks. Further these suggestions should not be vague in nature i.e.
proper justification has to be given in the suggestions. For example, if

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suggestion is given that gross profit and net profit of the organization has to
be improved, then how it will be possible? It is possible by effectively
controlling of manufacturing, selling & distribution expenses, office and
administration expenses and financial expenses. Thus the students have to
specify what items/specific expenses of manufacturing/selling/admin.
Expenses are to be reduced or controlled and how? If this is not mentioned in
the suggestion, then merely giving the suggestion that the gross profit and
net profit is to be increased is a vague suggestion.

If the suggestion is given that current ratio is to be improved for the

improvement for short term liquidity positions; then what items of current
liabilities are to be controlled and what items of current assets are to be
increased and how?

If there is need to improve the motivation level of employees; then the

various suggestions can be given like to make the job interesting and
challenging, the student has to describe how an organization can make the
job more interesting. The employees can be motivated by providing attractive
compensation/salary and rewards, the student has to specify the specific
rewards to be given and what should be the attractive salary to be given to
the employees. Thus it should be clear to the students, that the suggestions
given by him/her should not be blind suggestions. The suggestions should be
backed with the facts and figures.

At the end, the student has to give the conclusion of the project study.
The conclusions should be drawn from the findings and relate to hypotheses.

6.2 Summary
Every student who is undergoing project, should mention the
limitations/drawbacks, he/she has observed in the study. Then he/she has to
give suggestions that will be useful to remove these limitations/drawbacks.

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These suggestions should be supported with the facts and figures. The
suggestions should not be blind suggestions. Likewise, the conclusion should
be drawn from the findings and relate to hypotheses.


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 Unit-7

Bibliography and Annexure

Index :
7.0 Objectives
7.1 Bibliography
7.2 Annexure

7.0 Objectives
After reading this unit, you will learn how to write Bibliography and
Annexure

7.1 Bibliography
Bibliography is a list of books, journals, reports, records, magazines and
websites used in the research work, i.e. the researcher has to give the
reference of such material, which has been used in the research work. The
bibliography’s is to be arranged alphabetically and is to be divided into two
parts – the first contains the list of books & reference books, and the second
part contains the reports, records, journals, magazines and websites. The
entries in the bibliography will be made in the following order, the case of
books –
1. Name of author, last name first
2. Title of the book
3. Publisher, place & date of publication
4. Number of volumes
Example –
Pandey, I. M., “Financial Management”; Vikas Publishing House (P.)
Ltd., New Delhi, 2009.

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 For journals and magazines the order will be as follows –
1. Name of the author, last name first.
2. Title of article, in quotation marks.
3. Name of journal, periodical or magazine
4. Volume number
5. Date of issue
6. Page Number/Numbers
Example –
Chandel Parkash, “WTO and Indian Software services”, Indian
Management studies Journal, Volume 11, No. 2, Oct. 207; pp 65-78.
The reference from website will be given as follows –
www.hindubusinessline.com
www.humancapital.com
7.2 Annexure -
At the end of the report, a student has to attach the following data in the
annexure –
(1) Financial Statements consist of Profit and Loss Account and Balance
Sheet of the business organization or Income & Expenditure Account
and Balance Sheet of Non-profit Organisations of few years.
(2) Seles data of the company of few years
(3) Recruitment, selection, placement and training data of employees of the
organization.
(4) Questionnaires
(5) Any other secondary data provided by the organization.

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