Successive Approximation Model (SAM)

In Michael Allen's 2012 book, Leaving ADDIE for SAM : An agile model for developing the best
learning experiences Allen proposes the Successive Approximation Model (SAM). SAM is an
update to instructional design methodologies that draws inspiration from the software industry
Rapid application development (RAD). RAD, like SAM, favors the generation of a prototype to
quickly produce a component of the product. The SAM model operates in a similar fashion that
enables the quick development of instruction and feedback which then informs the next stage of
design and development. Each step occurs in quick, iterative bursts to swift results.

SAM is a closely related to the traditional ADDIE model. Both models require analysis, design,
development, and evaluation as a part of the structured process. However, SAM was developed
to allow greater flexibility to adapt to changing and dynamic requirements. While the models are
often compared, neither is qualitatively better, just different in their application. SAM might be
more effective on smaller development projects where rapid change is endemic to the
environment. ADDIE, on the other hand, is more suited for large projects with more established
requirements and numerous stakeholders. In a larger environment with diverse and numerous
stakeholders rapid change might be cumbersome and ineffective. Therefore, the choice of model
is based on the environment and project conditions.

SAM Phases
SAM is comprised of a three stage model; preparation, design and development. One component
of SAM that distinguished it from other models is the turnaround of instructional delivery
inherent as an output of the model. This process is based on an iterative model where repetition
and review are critical to the stages of preparation, design and development. Each stage is noted
below.

Preparation Phase

The preparation phase begins with gathering information, then having a collaborative discussions
with the team and stakeholders regarding goals and objectives. The parlance of the model refers
to these conversations as the Savvy Start. “The Savvy Start is a solutions brainstorming event in
which the design team and key stakeholders review collected background information and
generate initial design solutions." (Allen & ASTD, 2012, p. 23)

Iterative Design Phase

Iterative Design Phase is depicted as a three-step iterative process that cycles around building a
design, generating a prototype and conducting a review. This cycle is repeated three times. With
each successive iteration is incorporated into the next round of design and review. An important
element of this process is garnering input (ideate) from a group of representative learners. This
feedback determines what should be included to ensure continuous improvement.

Iterative Development Stage

Iterative design repeats the three-step iterative process that cycles around development,
implementation and evaluation. The cycle is repeated three times, in a design proof, alpha and
beta model until the final iteration is rolled out.

References
Allen, M., Sites, R., & American Society for Training Development. (2012). Leaving ADDIE for
SAM : An agile model for developing the best learning experiences. Alexandria, Va.: American
Society for Training and Development
American Society for Training Development. (2013). ATD Learning System. Alexandria, Va.:
American Society for Training and Development