. GEU4 LID “PLATO'S EUTHYPHRO APOLOGY OF SOCRATES AND CRITO EDITED WgTH NoTES BY JOHN BURNET AT THE CLARENDON PRESS UNO Q6012854Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP OXFORD LONDON GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON, KUALA LUMPUR SINGAPORE JAKARTA HONG KONG TOKYO DELHI BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI NATROBI DAR ES SALAAM: CAPE TOWN ISBN 0 19 814015 0 First edition 1924 Reprinted 1942, 1948, 1954, 1957, 1960, 1963 1964, 1967, 1970, 1974, 1977, 1979 Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Oxford by Eric Buckley Printer to the UniversityPREFACE Tus volume is complementary to my edition of the Phaedo (Oxford, 1911) and, like it, is concerned in the first instance with the last days of Socrates. It is con- ceived, however, as part of a larger enterprise, that of replacing Socrates in the historical setting to which he really belongs. So far as we can see, he comes just between Herodotus and Thucydides, and cannot, there- fore, be properly understood unless we remember that his youth and early manhood belong to the period before the Peloponnesian War. Now it is well known that our knowledge of the political and military history of this period, the so-called mev77- xovraeria, is still meagre and unsatisfactory, though it was the age when Athens was truly great. How little we know of Ephialtes or Thucydides son of Melesias! On the other hand, we do know a great deal about the 1 We know the date of Socrates within a year, but unfortunately we do not know the dates of Herodotus and Thucydides at all. We can only say that Herodotus cannot have joined the Bericlean colony at Thurii before 444 B.C., when Socrates was at least twenty-five, and that his history was not finished in its present form before 430 5. c., when Socrates was about forty. As to Thucydides, I cannot understand the words alaGavdpevos TH HArudg (v. 26) except as meaning that he was old enough to follow events intelligently at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. They could hardly have been written by # man who was over twenty-five at that date.vi ° PREFACE intellectual movement both in the east and in.the west of the Greek world just at this time, and we do know that it was at Athens that eastern and western philosophy and science came into contact just about the middle of the fifth century B.C. For all that we have first-hand evidence, and the text of the most important documents has been in part preserved, thanks mainly to Simplicius, the Neoplatonist commentator on Aristotle’s Physics. In fact, our knowledge of the fifth century B.C. on this side is wonderfully complete as compared with our know- ledge of the external history, It is antecedently im- probable that Socrates, who grew up in a society to which these matters were of absorbing interest, should have been unaffected by the conflicting claims of Anaxagoreans and Protagoreans on the one hand and of Pythagoreans and Eleatics on the other. It is generally admitted now that the evidence of his having been the disciple of Archelaus, the successor of Anaxagoras, is far too strong to be re- jected. That, however, was in his early youth. When we come to his later years, we have to deal with certain facts which cannot be explained away. It is certain, for instance, that two young Thebans, Simmias and Cebes, who had been disciples of Philolaus the Pythagorean, attached themselves to Socrates, and that the Pytha- goreans of Phlius, whom Aristoxenus knew, were de- voted to him. Euclides of Megara, who was a follower of Parmenides and Zeno, was also a follower of Socrates. He must have been still living when Plato wrote thePREFACE vii introduction to the Theaetetus and certainly when he wrote the Phaedo, so this at least cannot be fiction. Indeed, the reputation of Socrates before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War was so widespread in the Greek world that he even attracted disciples from Cyrene. These things are not denied by any one, so far as I know, and indeed they cannot be denied, but they are very commonly ignored. My contention is simply that, if we ignore them, we cannot give an account of Socrates which is even approximately correct. J. B.ETOT®PON EYOYTSPON ZOKPATHE ot I EVO. Ti vedrepov, & Sdxpares, yéyover, Bre ov Tas ey a Avxel xarahutoy Duarpypas edd viv diarpiBers wept Tiv Tod Baodéos otody; 08 yap mov xal col ye dixn Tis otoa ruyxdver mpos Tov Bacthéa Bonep pol. EQ. (Qérou 37 > AOnvaiol Ye & Evdvgpav, dixny abriy «anode ENE pape. EVO. 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