Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ELEMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Mei 9th 2017
A. Objectives
1. Learn how to prepare halogen
2. Study some properties of chlorine, bromine, and iodine
3. Study some complex ions
B. Introduction
The Group VIIA elements, called the halogens, have very similar properties, or at least
they have properties that change smoothly in progressing down the column. All are reactive
nonmetals, except perhaps for astatine, whose chemistry is not well known. As a second-period
element, fluorine does exhibit some differences from the other elements of Group VIIA, although
these are not so pronounced as those of the second-period elements in Groups IIIA to VIA. The
solubilities of the fluorides in water, for example, are often quite different from those of the
chlorides, bromides, and iodides. Calcium chloride, bromide, and iodide are very soluble in water.
Calcium fluoride, however, is insoluble. Silver chloride, bromide, and iodide are insoluble, but
silver fluoride is soluble.
All of the halogens form stable compounds in which the element is in the -1 oxidation
state. In fluorine compounds, this is the only oxidation state. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine also
have compounds in which the halogen is in one of the positive oxidation states -1, -3, -5, or -7.
The higher positive oxidation states (>+1) are due to the involvement of d orbitals in
bonding.(Ebbing and Gammon, 2009)
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have (or readily form) partially filled d
orbitals. As shown in Figure 19.2, the d-block elements in groups 3–11 are transition elements.
The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet
this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals. The d orbitals fill
with the copper family (group 11); for this reason, the next family (group 12) are technically not
transition elements. However, the group 12 elements do display some of the same chemical
properties and are commonly included in discussions of transition metals. Some chemists do treat
the group 12 elements as transition metals. (Rice University, 2015 : 1078)
The transition elements have many properties in common with other metals. They are
almost all hard, high-melting solids that conduct heat and electricity well. They readily form
alloys and lose electrons to form stable cations. In addition,transition metals formawide variety of
stable coordination compounds, in which the central etalatomor ion acts as a Lewis acid and
acceptsoneor more pair sofelectrons. Many different molecules and ions can donatelone pairs to
the metal center, serving as Lewis bases. Inthischapter,weshall focus primarilyon the chemical
behavior of the elements of the first transition series. (Rice University, 2015 : 1080)
Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
Cl2(g) + 2KI(aq) →2KCl(aq) + I2(aq)
These reactions can be used as a test for bromide and iodide ions. Suppose an aqueous
solution of chlorine is added to a test tube containing either bromide or iodide ion. The
corresponding free halogen is formed in the water solution. It is readily identified by adding the
organic solvent methylene chloride, CH2Cl2, which dissolves the halogen, forming a colored layer
at the bottom of the test tube. Bromide ion gives an orange layer; iodide ion gives a violet layer.
Of course, neither bromine nor iodine is strong enough to oxidize chloride ion. Chlorine reacts
with water by being both oxidized and reduced.(Ebbing and Gammon, 2009)
All elements of fourth period transition have metal property. The property is resulted in all
transition elements have lower ionization energy, that is less than 1000 Kj/mol and its lower
electronegativity, that is less than 2.
The elements of fourth period transition have several oxidation levels. Oxidation level
diversity of fourth period elements is resulted in its valence electron occupies sub-shell 3d and 4s.
Energy level of those both sub-shell is closest so that fourth period elements can use electron in
sub-shell 3d and 4s for creating bond.
(Kasmadi, 2012)
Take 2 mL of starch
solution into a
graduated cylinder
Mix 1 mL of
chlorine water Add dropwise
with 1 mL of KBr solution
CHCl3
Perform the
same
experiment with Shake the test
Note the colour
1 mL of KI tube
change occurs
solution
Enter iodine into
1 mL water Add CHCl3
Put 2 mL of KI
Pour into a test solution into a
tube graduated
cylinder
Put 2 mL of
KBr solution Pour into a test
into a graduated tube
cylinder
Take the
Add into each
deposits and Record the
tube a few drops
check using 1 M colour of the
of AgNO3
NH3 solution precipitate
solution to form
(dissolve or not)
precipitate
2. Complex Ion Formation
Put a few
CuSO4.5H2O Clip the test
crystals into tube and heat it
fireproof test horizontally
tube
Once the
Observe what Add a few drops substance
happened of water changes colour,
allow to cool the
test tube
After the
reaction Pour into the
complete, add 5 first test tube
mL of water
Add 1 mL of 1
M K4Fe(CN)6 in Put each 1 mL filtrate into 2 test tubes A,
tube A B (called filtrate 1)
Put each 1 mL
Add 1 mL of 1 Add 1 mL of 1 filtrate into 2
M NaOH in M K4Fe(CN)6 in test tubes A, B
tube D tube A (called filtrate
1)
Record any
changes that
occur
E. Observation Sheet
1. Preparation of halogen and its properties
No Experiment Observation
There are heat and yellow bubbles at long
1 Kaporit + concentrated HCl
time
a. Chlorine with colored flower The flower color to be fade
b. Chlorine with wet colored There are no change
2 cloth / fabric
c. Chlorine with dry colored There are no change
cloth / fabric
There are dome shaped layer under the tube
3 Chlorine with CHCl3
and concave layer at the up of tube
Yellow clear layers
a. Iodine in water
4
There are 2 layer, orange clear color in the up
b. Iodine in CHCl3
and purple under the tube
a. Iodine in alkohol Dark brown solution
5 b. Iod solution with amilum The color to be dark black
solution
+ CCl4 there are two layers
6 a. Chlorine water + CCl4 + KBr + KBr there are partition between two layers
at the long time
+ CCl4 there are two layers
7 Iodine water + CCl4 + KI + KBr there are partition between two layers
at the fast time
8 Experiment Colour of precipitate + NH3 (aq)
NaCl + AgNO3 White Not dissolved
KI + AgNO3 Yellowish Not dissolved
KBr + AgNO3 Yellowish white Not dissolved
2. Complex ion formation
No Experiment Observation
a. CuSO4.5H2O crystal heated The color at the first is bright blue to be fade
1 b. Cooled, add water To be bright blue solution
F. Discussion
1. Preparation of Halogen and its properties
In the first experiment , we reacting between Ca(OCl)2 with a concentrated HCl. The reaction
as the following :
Ca(ClO)2 + 4HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2Cl2
In this reaction, we get the result, there are heat and yellow bubbles at long time. This reaction
produces gas Cl2 , it can be recognized that smells stimulating. This result is appropriate with the
theory.
In the second experiment, there are some point. The first point is reaction between chlor and
coloured flower. In this point, the result is the colour of the flower to be fade. It is because chlor
oxidize colour essence on the flower. This result is appropriate with the theory. Then the second
point is reaction between chlor and wet cloth. In this point, the result is there are no change on the
cloth. Properly, there are white spots on the wet cloth because there are H2 which oxidize colour
essence on the cloth. The third point is reaction between chlor and dry cloth. But also in this point,
the result is there are no change. Properly, the colour of the cloth is fade. This happens because the
Cl2 solution in water is used as a purifying agent which is actually more played by the oxidation
activity of the hypochlorite ion than the dichlorine molecule itself.
In the third experiment, we reacting chlor with CHCl3. In this experiment, there are dome
shaped layer under the tube and concave layer at the up of tube. The upper is chlor that not polar
enough, and the lower is CHCl3that more polar. The layer formed because there are difference
electronegativity. This result is appropriate with the theory.
In the fourth experiment, we do some point. The first point is reation between iodine with
water. In this point, we get the clear yellow solution. This result is appropriate with the theory.
The reaction Iodine in water as following: I2 + H2O HI + HOI. In the second , we reacting
iodine with CHCl3. In this point, There are 2 layer, orange clear color in the up and purple under
the tube, where the upper is iodine that nonpolar and the lower is CHCl3that polar. This result is
appropriate with the theory.
In the fifth experiment, we do some point. The first point is reaction between iodine and
alcohol. In this point, we get dark black solution. This result is appropriate with the theory. In the
second point, we react iodine solution with starch solution. In this point, we get the color of
solution to be dark black. This result is appropriate with the theory. When iodine is in contact with
amylum, a characteristic color is generated by the I2 amylum complex. No chemical bond is
visible in this case, but the polymer molecule of amylum wraps itself around the iodine molecule.
It is because of this nature that makes amylum an indicator of iodine determination.
In the sixth experiment, we react chlor water + CHCl3 + KBr. The reactions that occur are KBr
+ H2Cl + CHCl3 → KCl + BrCH2 + HCl . In this experiment, we get the result, there are partition
between two layers at the long time. This result is appropriate with the theory. In the seventh
experiment, we react chlor water + CHCl3 + KI. The occur reaction is KI + H2Cl + CHCl3 → KCl
+ ICH2 + HCl . In this experiment, we get the result, there are partition between two layers at the
fast time. This result is appropriate with the theory.
In the eight experiment, we do some point. The first point is reaction between NaCl + AgNO3.
The reaction as the following :
NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl
In this point, we get AgCl precipitate with white colour. And then, after mix with NH3 also form
the precipitate. The reaction is :
AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-
Then th second point is reaction between KI + AgNO3. The reaction as the following :
KI + AgNO3 KNO3 + AgI
In this point, we get AgI yellowish precipitate. And then, after mix with NH3 also form the
precipitate. The reaction is :
AgI + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + I-
The third point is reaction between KBr + AgNO3. The reaction as the following :
KBr + AgNO3 KNO3 + AgBr
In this point, we get AgBr yellowish white precipitate. And then, after mix with NH3 also form the
precipitate. The reaction is :
AgBr + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Br-
In this point experiment, we get the colour dark blue solution. The second point is mix between
CuSO4 + NaOH. The reaction as the following :
CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
In this point, the result is CuSO4 is dissolved and then any dark blue precipitate. The third point is
reaction between CuSO4 + HCl. The reaction as the following :
CuSO4 + HCl CuCl2 + H2SO4
In this point, we get bright green solution. And then dissolve and adding NH4Cl make the colour
of the solution become more clear.
G. Conclussion
1. Halogen elements can be formed by oxidation reaction and the reactivity of halogen elements
based on our team experimentsis Cl > Br > I.
The reaction occur in the first experiment as the following :
Ca(ClO)2 + 4HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2Cl2
AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-
NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl
KI + AgNO3 KNO3 + AgI
AgI + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + I-
KBr + AgNO3 KNO3 + AgBr
AgBr + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Br-
2. Halide ion can be identification by reaction with AgNO3 . The reaction that occured is:
NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl
KI + AgNO3 KNO3 + AgI
KBr + AgNO3 KNO3 + AgBr
3. Complex ion has characteristic color. The reaction that occur in this experiment is :
CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
CuSO4 + HCl CuCl2 + H2SO4
NH3 will form complex ions with Cu2+ ion.
Cu [Ar] 4s1 3d10
Cu2+ [Ar] 3d9
It is sometimes useful to think about the electron configuration of the Cu2+ ion in terms of
the entire set of valence-shell orbitals. In addition to the nine electrons in the 3d subshell, the
Cu2+ ion has an empty 4s orbital and a set of three empty 4p orbitals.
Cu2+ [Ar] 4s0 3d9 4p0
The empty 4s and 4p orbitals on the Cu2+ion are used to pick up pairs of nonbonding
electrons from four NH3 molecules to form a Cu(NH3)42+ ion.
H. References
Ebbing, Darrell D, Gammon Steven D. 2009. General Chemistry. U.S.A: Houghton Mifflin
Company
Supardi, kasmadi imam. 2012. Kimia dasar II. Semarang: Unnes Press
I. Appendix
1. Problems
a. Preparation of halogen and its properties
1) Write all the occured reactions
Answer :
The reactions for this experiment are :
1. Chlorine + concentrated HCl
Ca(OCl)2 + 4HCl CaCl2 + 2Cl2 + 2H2O
2. Iodine in water
I2 + H2O HI + HOI
3. a. Chlorine water + CHCl3 + KBr
𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑙3
Cl2 + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br2
b. Chlorine water + CHCl3 + KI
𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑙3
Cl2 + 2 KI → 2 KCl + I2
4. Iodine water + CHCl3 +NaCl
I2 + NaCl
5. a. NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl
AgCl(s) + NH3(aq) [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-
b. KI + AgNO3 KNO3 + AgI
AgI(s) + NH (aq) [Ag(NH3)2]+ + I-
2) HCl solution containing H+ and Cl- ions. Which ions form complexes with Cu+ ion ? Give an
explanation.
Answer :
Cl- , because liganol is an anion or a neutral molecule. Ligan Cl- is weakness than H2O. The
reaction is :
Cu2+ + 4Cl- [Cu(Cl)42-]
2) Write the half reactions for all redox reactions that occur in this experiment.
Answer :
Oxidation : Mn2+ + 2 H2O MnO2 + 2 e- + 4 H+ x3
Reduction : MnO4- + 3 e- + 4 H+ MnO2 + 2 H2O x2