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CHAPTER: I
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Flowers have always been an integrated part of Indian culture and society with Globalization and
free market economy floriculture has attained an industrial states and has gained tremendous in
the last few years. However this sector is still in a nascent sage of development and accounts for
negligible share in the global exports. Floriculture is a viable and profitable alternative for the
new generation of farmers. By recognizing its full potential. India has a fair chance of attaining a
strong position on the world floriculture platform.
Various scholarly efforts have made to study the agriculture through different angles. Studies an
economics of production and marketing have attracted the attention of research workers in recent
years. Economic research provides information and knowledge needed for the formulation and
evolution of economic policies.
Jasmine is an important traditional flowers crop of our jasmine species are grown all over the
Karnataka state. The State are gundu mallige jaji mallige kakada sooji mallige.
Jasmines are native of tropical and subtropical regions and introduced in the mid sixteenth
century. Among the large number of species existing, only three species have attained
importance in commercial cultivation. Jasminum sambac is considered as a native of the East
Indies. Jasmine blossoms have been in use in India, China and countries of mystic orient for
ceremonial purpose, as religious offerings and for perfuming the hair oils, etc. since time
immemorial. The name Jasmine is of Arabic origin and is believed to have been derived from
jasmine. It is reported that the height of its popularity reached its peck two to five hundred years
ago at canton and metropolis of southern China.
MEANING OF JASMINE
JASMINE is one of the oldest fragrant flowers and is especilly appreciated in India. The
term jasmine is probably derived from the Persian word „Yasmin‟ meaning „fragrance‟.
Jasmines are widely grown in warm parts of southern Asia, Europe, Africa and the
Pacific regions. It is the national flower of the Philippines adopted by its government in
1937. And, recently in 1990, Indonesian government also has adopted it as the national
flower.
Jasmine belongs to the family Oleaceae. Although more than 2,000 species are known,
40 species have been identified in India and 20 are cultivated in South India
(Bhattacharjee,db 1980). Jasmine can be grown in a variety of climate and soils.
Generally, it prefers midtropical climate for proper growth and flowering. Commercially
grown important Jasminum species are J. sambac, J. auriculutum,
J. grandiflorum and J.multiflorum. In India, Jasmines are cultivated throughout the
country. However, the largest area under Jasmine flower production is in Tamil Nadu
followed by Karnataka. The annual production of flowers in India is worth more than
Rs.120 million (Dadlani, 2004). Apart from internal trade, fresh flowers of jasmine are
exported to Malaysia, Singapore and Srilanka. In Karnataka, Jasminum auriculatum is
grown in Huvinahadagali and Hagaribommanahalli taluks in Bellary
District, Harpanahalli in Davangere District and to some extent in Lakkundi in Gadag
District. It is grown in an area of 3,451 ha with an estimated production of nearly 20,244
tonnes of fresh flowers (Dadlani, 2004). Hadagali mallige, locally known as “Vasane
mallige”, is a household name in Karnataka and its fragrance known around the world.
Recently, Mysore mallige, Udupi mallige and Hadagali mallige have been registered
under the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). The Geographical Indication (GI) status has
1provided executive rights to the local community to cultivate these three species and
continue to grow for many more years.
Department of Horticulture, Government of Karnataka is also promoting cultivation of
these species to protect the rare plant species by conducting workshops to create more
awareness.
It is well known that enzymes play key roles in the transformation, recycling and
availability of plant nutrients in soil. They are likely to be influenced by fertilizers and
manures. Various enzyme activities were found to be maximum in FYM treatment.
Higher 1rates of NPKfertilization enhanced the activities of soil enzymes and the
effect was more pronounced with FYM in combination with fertilizers (NPK)
(Singaram and Kamalakumari, 1993).
Review of literature
1. Nageshwar rao and Behra 2001
They reported that flowers are earning more than 40000 per acre annually by the way of raised
cultivation. According to them formers are able to harvest up to 2lakh flowers per acre per
annum. They conducted that the flowers growers do not consider marketing of flowers as a
problem expert price fluctuation.
3. Raghava 1996
He has observed that the floriculture in emerging as an important venture in the world. It has
become a potential of money spinner for the third world countries commercial floriculture is
becoming important from the export agriculture to be around 3400 hectares. The area under
flower crops increased to 38000 hectares in 1992-93. India share in the world was only 0.6%till
1990.since as many as 134 collaborations attracting crores have been approved by India at an
estimated total outlay of more than Rs 100crores.
4. Dodlani 2000
Dodlani have pointed out the growing domestic market of flowers. A study of Delhi market in
1995 estimated a trade of more than rs 50crores annually. This has increased many times diving
the last 4 to 5 years. Which has seen a major growth in business has evidenced by the florist
shops in every lolity in Delhi. A similar situation exists in all other major cities in the country.
The green house producer has also led to appreciation of quality flowers for obtaining better
prices. The range of products has vastly improved. Flowers like authurium orchid illium callality
bird of paradise stanthus and liatrice which one saw only in international stalls at flower shows
or in magazines are being sold on street corners along with good quality rose carnation gerbera
and chrysanthemum.
They stated that speciation in jasminum spp has been principally affected by the structural
alternation of chromosomes. Continuous accumulation of these structural changes has been the
main reason for the origin of new species, although polyploidy too has assisted to some extent
initially in the speciation of the genus.
10.Veluswamy 1975
Veluswamy suggested that the number of true species is lesser similar lesser number of species
in jasmenium is also reported by cooke. The distribution pattern of nearly 72 species in India.
Malasia and china provide a strong base to claim that india is one of the principal centers of
origin of jasmenium species among these about to species are reported to access in india.
12.Armitrage 1992
He has contributed specially cut flower he studied various reports and recived the production of
speciality cut flower. He concluded that specially flowers were economical in field but not in the
green house. He studied detailed guidelines concerning cost of production of field grown
speciality flowers.
In jasmine growers the whole family member are involving to make pot. But they don’t
have to gratification. Still are in poor condition.
This people are unable to getting Education, Health and shelter they don’t have social
status in the society.
Bellary District Hagaribommanahalli (Tq), jasmine growers are (nothing) beside else of it
without Creativity and talent this is no employment opportunity for them so for that
reason they are facing many problems. Basically these people are can’t stay one place.
They are like nomad people.
We are in 21st Century but also not to solve problems. It is unbelievable government has
improved their life standard of living and make good of their Socio-Economic
Conditions.
OBJECTIVES:
To know the living condition or standard of living and problems faced by jasmine
grows in the study area.
To know the pattern of expenditure and return of the jasmine flower growers in
the study area.
To find out the social-economic problems of jasmine growers and Index of the
solving measure
To create awareness and giving support
To find out the Income level
To Giving information about government assistance to jasmine growers
To find out the socio-economic degrees /status
To find out the education level of jasmine growers
HYPOTHESIS:
The socio economic conditions of flori growers are to be subjected to improve through
floriculture in the study area.
To study the Socio economic conditions of jasmine growers, I have been selected
Hyderabad Karnataka region, Hagaribommanahalli (Tq), in Bellary (Dist),
Hagaribommanahalli (Tq), has more than 53 villages. Bellary has famous in worldwide,
but also have jasmine growers all backward in socio – economical.
Floriculture in India comprises both traditional and modern flower crops. Most traditional
flowers are grown in open fields while modern flowers are grown under protected
conditions. The traditional flowers grown in the open include chrysanthemum, jasmine,
crossandra, rose, tuberose, aster, marigold, champaka, etc. A large number of small
and marginal farmers as well as small traders (forming the unorganized sector) are
eking out a living in the sector compared to hi-tech floriculture. The traditional flowers
are grown in all districts of the state. The traditional floriculture is still predominant in the
state in terms of area and production. However, there are a few exceptions to this
general practice in Karnataka. For instance, Jasmine flowers are also grown by small
and marginal farmers under open conditions, while traditional flowers like
chrysanthemum are grown by large growers under poly-house conditions. The chief
flowers grown under greenhouse conditions are rose, gerbera, carnation, bird of
paradise and anthodium. The present study is focused on the socio economic
conditions of jasmine growers, a case study on Hagaribommanahalli.
METHODOLOGY
Data for the study
The study was based on both the primary data. Primary data were collected from
schedule of questionnaire as interview, in this research has in Hagari Bommanahalli
Taluk. The primary data used for the present study relates to the year 2015-16, whereas
the collection data relating to area, production and exports pertain to the periods
ranging from recent years depending on the data made available by the fieldwork
sources.
Importance
Jasmine is a highly valued ornamental plant for home gardens and commercial
cultivation. Flowers and buds are used for making garlands, bouquets and for religious
offerings, while veni is used as hair adornment. The flowers are also used for the
production of perfumed hair oils and attars. The flowers should preferably be picked at
night for extraction of essential oil. Jasmine fragrance is said to give a feeling of
CHAPTER: II
During the British period, Bellary - the district headquarters town - was a cantonment and was
held to be of considerable strategic importance. It was developed into a centre of trade and
commerce despite the constraints posed by the lack of drinking water facility. Further, from
about the year 1826, the area of about 400 sq.km. around Sandur town enjoyed the
status of an independent State under the suzerainty of the British. After the attainment of
Independence in 1947, the ruler of Sandur signed the merger agreement on April 1, 1949,
transferring the administration of Sandur State to the Government of India. In 1950, with the
addition of a few villages from the adjacent taluks of Kudligi and Hospet, Sandur was constituted
into an independent taluk of Bellary district. In 1953, consequent on the promulgation of the
Andhra State act, the erstwhile Bellary district of Madras province was bifurcated and three of its
then existing ten taluks, viz., Adoni, Alur and Rayadurga became a part of the newly constituted
Andhra Pradesh and remaining seven taluks namely Bellary, Hospet, Siruguppa, Sandur,
Harapanahalli, Kudligi and Hadagali as also the sub-taluk of Mallapuram were transferred to the
erstwhile Mysore State. Later in 1960, Mallapuram sub taluk was upgraded into full-fledged
taluk. Consequently, the total number of taluks in the district moved upto eight. In 1974,
however, xviii Mallapuram taluk was abolished and a new taluk named after Hagari
Bommanahalli was constituted. On this occasion, due to the transfer of villages from one taluk to
another, there were considerable changes in the boundaries of three more taluks, viz., Kudligi,
Hadagali and Hospet. With the re-organisation of the districts during 1997, the number of taluks
is reduced to seven. The Harapanahalli taluk has been transferred to Davanagere district.
PHYSICAL ASPECTS
Taluk has main river is Tungabhadra and hagari with malavi dam, Bande Ranganatha
hills this is located in back water of tungabhadra river near by thambra halli.there are
two inspection bungalow. Bande ranganatha hill which is created greenery around that
hill by Tungabhadra River.
CLIMATE
The seasonal and climate conditions in the hb halli talk temperature range from minimum 13
degree calicoes during numbers to a maximum of 44 degrees calicoes in April and may weather
persists for a major lot of the year. Average rain fall for the talk id about 554.5mm per annum.
Which precipitates in about 36 rainydays. Usually august and September months get maximum
rain fall.
VIJAYANAGARA COLLEGE, HOSPET Page 13
A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF JASMINE GROWERS, A CASE
STUDY ON HAGARIBOMMANA HALLI TALUK
Hb halli is very hot in summer. Hb halli summer highest day temperature is in between 28 degree
C to 40 degree C. Average temperature of January February is 26 C march April may 28 degree
C.
Demographic Features:
Population
The sub district is home to about 1.9 lakh people among them about 95000(51%) are male and
about 93000(49%) are female. 62% of the hole population are from general caste 25% are from
SC and 13% are ST. child (aged under 6 years) population of hb halli taluk 14% among them 52%
are boys and 48% are girls. there are about 37000 households in the sub district and an avarage
5 persons live in every family.
Population growth
Population of the sub district has increased by 17.7% in the last 10 years in 2001
census. Total population here were about 1.6 lakh. Female population growth rate of the
sub district is 17.4% which is -0.6% lower than male population growth rate of 18%.
General caste population has increased by 7.9% SC population has increased by
54.3%, ST population has increased by 16.2% and child population has decreased by -
1.2% in the sub district since last census.
Density of population
Sex ratio
As 2011 census there are 974 females per 1000 nmale in the sub district . sex ratio in
general caste is 966 , in SC is 997, and in ST is 973. There are 941 girls under 6 years
of age per 1000 boys of the same age iin the sub district over all sex ratio in the sub
district has decreased by 6 females per 1000 male during the years from 2001 to 2011
child sex ratio here has increased by 15 girls per 1000 boys during the same time.
Poverty
Below poverty
Literacy rate
Total about 1.1 lakh people in the sub district are literate among them about 65000 are
male and about 48000 are female literacy rate (children under 6 are excluded) of hb
halli is 70% . 79 % of male and 60% female population areliterate here. Over all literacy
rate in the sub district has increased by 12%. Male literacy has gone up by 8% and
female literacy rate has gone up 15%.
Labour force
Hb halli has 50%(about 95000 population angaged in either main are marginal workers.
57% male and 43 % female population are working population. 53% of total male
population are main (full time) workers and 4% are marginal (part time) workers. For
woman 34% of toala female population are main and 10% are marginal workers.
Industry profile
Industrialization
Industries estate
Industrial sector
Banking sector
Public bank
Private Banks
Foreign banks
Natural resources
Forest
Minerals
Rivers
CHAPTER: III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The study has used primary data. The primary data has been collected from the flower
growing formers in the study area. The primary data has been used for analyzing the
socio economic background of the floricultural economy.
Hagaribommanahalli taluk has been selected for in depth analysis. It has been selected
on the one the ground of having highest area under floricultural in the bellary district. A
cluster of one village in 60 above flower growers has been selected to draw samples
farmers from this village, 60 above flower growers each have been selected and data
relating to various issues to floriculture and the growers background has been selected
or collected.
These details have been collected for the reference period 2017-18 through well
selected schedules.
Collection of Data
Primary data:
Secondary data:
The secondary data was collected from government publications, articles, books, online
journals, and other magazines etc.
Analysis of data
The data collected from the field is edited and analyzed carefully. Percentage and
statistical techniques are used to summarize the data are as follows:
Bar graph
Line graph
Pie chart
Percentage
Chapter 1
The first chapter including the introduction. It include basic theoretical background and
conceptual framework, contexts of the topic, need of the study, statement of the
problem, significance of the study, objectives of the study, hypothesis of the study,
scope of the study.
Chapter 2
In this second chapter give the profile of the study area. It includes location and size
with the map of the study area, history of the study area, physical aspects of study area,
population growth, density if population, sex ratio, age composition, literacy rate,
poverty and state magnitude of unemployment in this study area.
Chapter 3
In this third chapter focus on the following points.
Sources and methods of the primary and secondary data collection. Methods of
data analysis and statistical techniques, use for scheme of the study.
Chapter 4
In this chapter statistical methodology applied to our simple is discussed the chapter 4
gives the overview about the types of statistical idea we have implemented to analysis
and get information from the answer have received from our interviews.
Chapter 5
The fifth chapter presents the main factor of the conclude with the main findings and
suggestions of the study and policy implications and conclusion.
it was too difficult to make them understand some of the technical terms, like capital,
income, savings, consumption, etc.
CHAPTER: IV
DATA ANALYSIS
The education facilities are not reaching to all. And education policies are assured to
village peoples.
15
10
5
0
no
higher secondar graduatio
primary educatio
primary y n
n
education growers 16 8 16 3 17
education % 26.66 13.33 26.66 5 28.33
In above the table shows the data of caste. Regarding the caste wise distribution of respondents
during the period under study, it is clear from the above table that 02 jasmine growers
constituting are in 3.33% in SC category. 31 jasmine growers constituting is 51.61% from ST
category. 16 jasmine growers is 6.66% of 2A category. And the 11 respondents of jasmine
growers’ level are 18.33% of 3B category. Total all respondents 60 respondent income level
monthly 100%.
50
40
Axis Title
30
20
10
0
sc st 2a 3b
caste growers 2 31 16 11
caste % 3.33 51.61 26.66 18.33
Regarding the Age wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 17 growers are constituting Age level is 28.33% in 30-40 years. 19
growers Age level is 31.66% of 40-50 years. 21 growers Age level is 35% of 50-60 years. And
the 03 growers Age level is 5% of 60 above years. Total all respondents 60 respondent income
level monthly 100%.
In this table we know the labour force level is very high in 40-50 and 50-60 years. Because of
this Age is working age for doing any work on the field. So finally we knowing from this table is
working age is 40-60 years.
AGEWISE CLASSIFICATION
40
35
30
25
Axis Title
20
15
10
5
0
30-40 40-50 50-60 60above
AGE growers 17 19 21 3
AGE % 28.33 31.66 35 5
Regarding the expanse wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 25 respondents in are monthly constituting expanse 41.66% only
3000rs. 26 respondents expanse level is monthly amounting is 43.33% of 5000rs. 04 respondent
expansee level is 6.66% of 10000rs. And the 05 respondents expanse level is 8.33% of 10000rs
above per monthly. Total all respondents 60 respondent income level monthly 100%.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10,000abov
Exponse 3000 5000 10,000
e
Expones 0 25 26 4 5
0 41.66 43.33 6.66 8.33
Reveals the income wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 45 respondents in are monthly constituting income 75% only 10000rs.
10 respondents income level is monthly amounting is 16.66% of 20000rs. 01 respondent income
level is 1.66% of 30000rs. And the 04 respondents’ income level is 6.66% of 50000rs per
monthly. Total all respondents 60 respondent income level monthly 100%.
40
30
20
10
0
Income 10,000 20,000 30,000 50,000
INCOME 0 45 10 1 4
0 75 16.66 1.66 6.66
50
40
30
20
10
0
0-3 03-Jun 06-Sep 15-20
Land Holding formers
51 4 1 4
Formers
Land Holding formers % 85 6.66 1.66 6.66
Regarding the wage wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 0 respondents in are daily constituting expanse 0% of 150rs. 02
respondents wage level is daily amounting is 3.33% of 200rs. 30 respondent wage level is 50%
of 250rs. And the 28 respondents wage level is 46.66% of 250rs above per dailly. Total all
respondents 60 respondent income level monthly 100%.
50
40
Axis Title
30
20
10
0
WAGE 150 200 251 250above
WAGE PAID 0 0 2 30 28
0 0 3.33 50 46.66
Regarding the type wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 44 respondents in are constituting growing 73% of jasmine. 02
respondents growing level is 3.33% of suji. 14 respondent groeing level is 23.33% of Dundu.
And the 00 respondents growing level is 0% of jaji. Total all respondents 60 respondent income
level monthly 100%.
50
40
30
20
10
0
JASMINE SUJI DUNDU JAJI
TYPES OF JASMINE
44 2 14 0
GROWS
TYPES OF JASMINE % 73 3.33 23.33 0
Regarding the water wise classification of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 07 respondents in are constituting sources of water 41.66% of
dripping. 00 respondents’ source of water level is 0% of springing. 53 respondent sources of
water level is 88.33% of Bore wells. And the 00 respondents’ source of water level is 0% of
others. Total all respondents 60 respondent income level monthly 100%.
60
40
20
0
SPRINGIN BOREWEL
DRIPPING OTHERS
G L
SOURCES OF WATER:
7 0 53 0
GROWES
SOURCES OF WATER: % 11.66 0 88.33 0
Regarding the profit wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 03 respondents in are monthly constituting profit 5% only of growers.
54 respondents profit level is monthly amounting is 90% of mediators. 03 respondent profit level
is 5% of sellers. And the 00 respondents profit level is 0% of customers per monthly. Total all
respondents 60 respondent income level monthly 100%.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
GROWER MEDIATO COSTOME
SELLES
S RS RS
MAJOR PROFIT HOLDERS:
3 54 3 0
NO.OF PRO
MAJOR PROFIT HOLDERS:
5 90 5 0
%
Regarding the credit wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 03 respondents in are monthly constituting credit 5% only from Banks.
51 respondents credit level is monthly amounting is 85% of from mediators. 02 respondent credit
level is 3.33% of from neighbors. And the 04 respondents credit level is 6.66% of from others
per monthly. Total all respondents 60 respondent income level monthly 100%.
CREDI SOURCES
90
80
70
60
Axis Title
50
40
30
20
10
0
MEDIATO NEIGHBO
BANKS OTHERS
RS URS
CREDIT SOURES WORKERS 3 51 2 4
CREDIT SOURES % 5 85 3.33 6.66
Regarding the crop wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 25 respondents in are constituting grow 41.66% of food crops. 11
respondents growing level is 18.33% of oil crops. 17 respondent growing level is 28.33% of
pulses. And the 07 respondents growing level is 11.66% of cereals. Total all respondents 60
respondent income level monthly 100%.
25
20
15
10
5
0
FOOD
OIL SEEDS PULES SEREALS
CROPS
OTHER CROPS EXEPT
25 11 17 7
JASMINE: GROWERS
OTHER CROPS EXEPT
41.66 18.33 28.33 11.66
JASMINE: %
Regarding the Benefits wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 25 respondents in are constituting benefits 41.66% only of works. 18
respondents benefitss level is 30% of income generating. 13 respondent benefits level is 21.66%
of flowers availability. And the 03 respondents benefits level is 5% of other benefits. Total all
respondents 60 respondent income level monthly 100%.
Benefit wise
50
45
40
Axis Title
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
FLOWER
INCOME
WORKERS AVAILABILI OTHERS
GENERATE
TY
BENEFITS TO VILLAGES
FROM JASMINE
25 18 13 3
GROWING/GROWN
NO.OF BENEFITES
BENEFITS TO VILLAGES
FROM JASMINE 43.33 30 21.66 5
GROWING/GROWN %
Regarding the floricrops wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is
clear from the above table that 11 respondents in are constituting growing 18.33% Dundu. 17
respondents growing level is 28.33% of Chendu. 24 respondents growing level is 40% of
Kanakambara. And the 08 respondents growing level is 13.33% of sevanthi. Total all
respondents 60 respondent income level monthly 100%.
25
20
15
10
5
0
KANAKAM
DUNDU CHENDU SEVANTHI
BARA
OTHER CROPS EXCPT
11 17 24 8
JASMINE GROWERS
OTHER CROPS EXCPT
18.33 28.33 40 13.3
JASMINE %
Regarding the problems wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is clear
from the above table that 17 respondents in are daily constituting problems 28.33% of mediators
problem. 24 respondents problem level is daily 43.33% of market facility. 07 respondent
problems level is 11.66% of price of cost problem. And the 12 respondents’ problem level is
20% of transport facility problem. Total all respondents 60 respondent income level monthly
100%.
25
20
15
10
5
0
MARKET PRICE OF TRANSPORT
MEDIATOR
FASILITY COST FASILITY
PROBLEMS No.of
17 24 7 12
problems
PROBLEMS % 28.33 40 11.66 20
Regarding the satisfaction wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is
clear from the above table that 36 respondents in are daily constituting satisfaction 41.66% of
satisfied. 08 respondents satisfaction level is 13.33% of not satisfied. And the 16 respondents
satisfaction level is 26.66% of higher satisfied. Total all respondents 60 respondent income level
monthly 100%.
SATISFACTION LEVEL
40
35
30
Axis Title
25
20
15
10
5
0
NOT HIGHER
SATISFIED
SATISFIED SATISFIED
SATISFACATION LEVEL :-
JASMINE GROWN
36 8 16
ATTAINES OF
SATISFACATION
SATISFACATION LEVEL :-
60% 13.33% 26.66%
JASMINE GROWN %
Regarding the assistance wise distribution of respondents during the period under study, it is
clear from the above table that 16 respondents in are constituting borrow 26.66% of no
borrowers of any assistance from agriculture co-operatives. 22 respondents borrowing level is
36.66% of seeds. 18 respondents assistance level is 30% of fertilizers. And the 04 respondents’
assistance level is 6% of instruments. Total all respondents 60 respondent income level monthly
100%.
25 ASSISTANCE FROM
20
15 AGRICULTURE
10 CO_OPERATIVE DEPT
5
0 NO.OF BORROWES
ASSISTANCE FROM
AGRICULTURE
CO_OPERATIVE DEPT %
Axis Title
CHAPTER: V
FINDINGS
1. The education level of the study area very poor in the context of graduation restricted to 5%
and also the level of primary education is 26.66%, higher primary education is 13.33%, and
secondary education is 26.66%.
2. Three flori crops are identified the Jasmine in the proportion of 73%, suji 3.3%, dundu
23.33% of jasmine classification in Hagaribommanahalli tq. This is shows that jasmine
flower production is higher than other flowers.
3. Mediators’ shares higher level of profit in the floriculture. That proportion reached to 90%
and remaining profit shared between sellers and growers 5% respectively.
6. Lack of awareness about government policies for flori culture among the respondents.
10. 75% of the respondents in the study area lie in incomes slab of 10000rs.
SUGGESTIONS
1. Government should be provided the systematic market facility for jasmine trade.
2. Government should be provided the transporting facility/ transport vehicle facility for
exporting the jasmine.
3. Government/ agriculture cooperatives should give guarantee to provide the fertilizers and
seeds for growers.
5. To control and stop the mediators role in the jasmine grown and trade.
9. Government should be finding out Hagaribommanahalli taluk as highly jasmine grows. And
provide the better fertilizers and agricultural instruments for jasmine.
10. Agriculture co-operatives should be given the incentives, subsidies, loans and other facilities
for jasmine growers on study area.
CONCLUSION
The higher extent of the jasmine growers had not adopted or partially adopted measure
disease control, spacing, pest control, fertilizer doses, etc. Educational activities need to be
intensified to make the farmers to adopt these practices. Irrigation is very necessary for the
improvement of jasmine crop, Hence, the programs relating to providing loans and subsidies to
the farmers especially for the small and marginal growers to develop the source of irrigation
need to be strengthened.
The creation of basic infrastructural facilities like sustained supply of irrigation water, markets,
fertilizer availability, proper roads and transportation is an essential pre-requisite for creating
enabling conditions for fostering the process of agricultural development and crop diversification
as most of these parameters are found to influence the nature and extent of crop diversification.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Joshi, P.K., Gulati, A., Birthal, P.S. and Tewari, L. (2004) Agriculture diversification in
South Asia: Patterns, determinants and policy implications, Economic and Political Weekly.
Joshi, P.K., Tewari, Laxmi and Birthal, P.S. (2006) Diversification and its impact on
smallholders: Evidence from a study on vegetable production, Agricultural Economics
Research Review.
Kadam. K. R. and Borse. A. V. (1993). Adoption behviour of banana growers. Mah. J. Ext.
Edu., 12: 45-46.
Bellary District at a Glance, 2009-2010. Bellary District and Karnataka State at a Glance.
Government of Karnataka.
ANNEXURE
SCHEDULE OF QUESTIONNAIRES:
26. If there any systematic market facility for distribution of grown flowers?
Yes / No
39. At the rate of interest you loan from bank and other sources?
A) 1% B) 3% C) 5% D) 5%above