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Mainly 2 components
Gradient
Ruling
Exceptional
Limiting
Vertical Curves
Summit Curves
Valley Curves
Effects of Gradient
Resistance to the vehicles
Grade resistance
Grade Compensation
According to IRC
(30+R)/R %
Maximum Compensation = 75/R %
Not required on flat gradients i.e., <
4%
Vertical Curves – Summit Curve
Shape of Summit Curve
Circular
Equal Sight distance at all points
Most Ideal
Parabola
Good riding comfort
Calculation of ordinates
Laying out on ground
Most preferred
For small deviation angles above shapes doesn’t
make substantial difference
Design Parameters for Length
Sight Distance
Stopping Sight Distance
Overtaking Sight Distance
Centrifugal Force
Acts Upwards
Counteracted by weight of vehicle
Summit Curve – S < L
Y = ax
a = N/2L
h1 = aS12
h2 = aS22
S1 = √h1/a
S1 = √h2/a
S = h1+h2
L = NS2/2(√h1+√h2)2
Summit Curve = S > L
Valley Curves
Convexity Downwards
Different types like summit curves
Valley curves - types
Design Parameters
Daytime – No Problem
SD reduces at night
SSD under head lights
CF acts downwards
W acts downwards
From the above
Impact free movement of vehicles
Availability of SSD
Transition curves – for safely introducing C.F (P)
Cubic Parabola shape is preferred
Length
2 transition curves of equal length
Y = bX3
b= 2N/3L2
Allowable rate of change of acceleration =
0.6m/s2
Adequate sight distance
Length - Based on C.F
Acceleration
C = ((v2 /R) – 0) /t
t = Ls/v
From the above
Ls = v3 / cR
But for Cubic Parabola,
R = Ls/N
Hence, Ls = √(Nv3 /c)
Required L = 2Ls
N – deviation angle in radian, c = c.f acceleration,
v = m/s
Based on SD = SD <L
Length – SD < L
Available SD is minimum at Lowest Point
Also it is start of transition curve