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Physical properties
Mechanical properties
Thermal properties
Thermal conductivity 0.0053(1 + 0.105 θ)
(k) (cal/cm-sec-degree), θ
= temperature in °C[1]
Linear thermal 5.5 × 10−5[1]
expansion coefficient
(α)
Electrical properties
Physical properties
Phases
Amorphous ice is an ice lacking crystal structure. Amorphous ice exists in three
forms: low-density (LDA) formed at atmospheric pressure, or below, high
density (HDA) and very high density amorphous ice (VHDA), forming at higher
Amorphous
pressures. LDA forms by extremely quick cooling of liquid water
ice
("hyperquenched glassy water", HGW), by depositing water vapour on very cold
substrates ("amorphous solid water", ASW) or by heating high density forms of
ice at ambient pressure ("LDA").
Normal hexagonal crystalline ice. Virtually all ice in the biosphere is ice Ih, with
Ice Ih
the exception only of a small amount of ice Ic.
A metastable cubic crystalline variant of ice. The oxygen atoms are arranged in
a diamond structure. It is produced at temperatures between 130 and 220 K,
Ice Ic
and can exist up to 240 K,[27][28] when it transforms into ice Ih. It may
occasionally be present in the upper atmosphere.[29]
A rhombohedral crystalline form with highly ordered structure. Formed from ice
Ice II Ih by compressing it at temperature of 190–210 K. When heated, it undergoes
transformation to ice III.
A tetragonal crystalline ice, formed by cooling water down to 250 K at 300 MPa.
Ice III
Least dense of the high-pressure phases. Denser than water.
A cubic phase. The hydrogen atoms' positions are disordered. Exhibits Debye
Ice VII
relaxation. The hydrogen bonds form two interpenetrating lattices.
A more ordered version of ice VII, where the hydrogen atoms assume fixed
Ice VIII
positions. It is formed from ice VII, by cooling it below 5 °C (278 K).
A tetragonal phase. Formed gradually from ice III by cooling it from 208 K to
Ice IX 165 K, stable below 140 K and pressures between 200 MPa and 400 MPa. It
has density of 1.16 g/cm3, slightly higher than ordinary ice.
The least dense crystalline form of water, topologically equivalent to the empty
Ice XVI
structure of sII Clathrate hydrates.
Friction properties
Natural formation
Feather ice on the plateau near Alta, Norway. The
crystals form at temperatures below −30 °C
(−22 °F).
On the oceans
On lakes
In the air
Ice formation on vehicle windshield
Rime ice
Ice pellets
An accumulation of ice pellets
Hail
Snow
Diamond dust
Ablation
Ablation of ice refers to both its melting
and its dissolution.
Cooling
Mechanical production
Transportation
Land travel
Water-borne travel
Air travel
Other uses
See also
Density of ice versus water
Ice famine
Ice jacking
Ice road
Jumble ice
Pumpable ice technology
Ice crystal
References
1. Voitkovskii, K.F., Translation of: "The
mechanical properties of ice" (PDF) (in
English from Russian), Academy of
Sciences (USSR), archived (PDF) from the
original on 10 February 2017
2. Prockter, Louise M. (2005). "Ice in the
Solar System" (PDF). Johns Hopkins APL
Technical Digest. 26 (2): 175. Archived
(PDF) from the original on 19 March 2015.
External links
Look up ice in Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Ice&oldid=839161689"