Medical Immunology

Medical Immunology
Subject : Medical Immunology

Introduction
1. Historical Overview - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
2. General Concepts - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
3. Cells of the Immune System - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
4. Antigens and Antibodies - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
5. Lymphocytes and Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Self Versus Nonself Discrimination - Medical Immunology - Answer (click
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7. General Overview - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
8. Immunology and Medicine - Answer (click here)
Cells and Tissues Involved in the Immune Response

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9. Cells of the Immune System - Answer (click here)
10. Lymphoid Tissues and Organs - Answer (click here)
11. Lymphocyte Traffic - Answer (click here)
Major Histocompatibility Complex

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12. Major Histocompatibility Complex - Medical Immunology - Answer (click
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13. Classification, Structure, and Detection of HLA Genes and Gene
Products - Answer (click here)
14. Cellular Distribution of the MHC Antigens - Answer (click here)
15. Chromosomal Localization and Arrangement of the MHC Genes -
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16. Genetics of the MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) - Answer (click
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17. MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) Complex and the Immune
Response - Answer (click here)
18. MHC-Disease Associations - Answer (click here)
The Induction of an Immune Response Antigens Lymphocytes and

Accessory Cells
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19. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
20. Antigenic Determinants - Answer (click here)
21. Characteristics of Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
22. Factors Associated With the Induction of an Immune Response - Answer
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23. Exogenous and Endogenous Antigens - Answer (click here)
24. T-B Cell Cooperation in Antibody Responses - Answer (click here)
25. T-Dependent and T-Independent Antigens - Answer (click here)
26. Induction of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
27. Activation of Helper T Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
28. Antigen Presentation and Activation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes -
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29. Stimulation of a B-Lymphocyte Response by a T-Dependent Antigen -
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Immunoglobulin Structure
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30. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): The Prototype Immunoglobulin Molecule -
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31. Structural and Antigenic Heterogeneity of Heavy and Light Chains -
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32. Immunoglobulin Regions and Domains - Answer (click here)
33. The Immunoglobulin Superfamily of Proteins - Answer (click here)
34. The Antibody-Combining Site - Answer (click here)
35. Immunoglobulin M: A Polymeric Molecule - Answer (click here)
36. Immunoglobulin A: A Molecularly Heterogeneous Immunoglobulin -
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37. The Minor Immunoglobulin Classes: IgD And IgE - Answer (click here)
Biosynthesis Metabolism and Biological Properties of

Immunoglobulins
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38. Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
39. Immunoglobulin Metabolism - Answer (click here)
40. Biological Properties of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
Genetics of Immunoglobulins
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41. Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement - Answer (click here)
42. Genetic Basis of Antibody Diversity - Answer (click here)
43. Antigenic Determinants of Immunoglobulin Molecules - Answer (click
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44. DNA Polymorphisms: RFLPS - Answer (click here)
45. Allelic Exclusion - Answer (click here)
46. GM Allotypes and IGG Subclass Concentrations - Answer (click here)
47. Immunoglobulin Allotypes, Immune Response, and Diseases - Answer
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Antigen Antibody Reactions

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48. General Characteristics of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer (click
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49. Specific Types of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
50. Biological Consequences of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer
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The Complement System

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51. The Complement System - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
52. The Classical Complement Pathway - Medical Immunology - Answer
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53. The Alternative Complement Pathway - Answer (click here)
54. Activation and Inactivation of C3 - Answer (click here)
55. Few Complement-Activation Pathways - Answer (click here)
56. Complement Receptors in Human Cell Membranes - Answer (click here)
57. Pathological Situations Associated With Exaggerated Complement
Activation - Answer (click here)
58. Complement Levels in Disease - Answer (click here)
59. Microbial Anticomplementary Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers
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60. Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers - Answer (click here)
61. Approaches to the Study of Lymphocyte Diversity and Ontogeny -
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62. Major Steps in the Differentiation of T And B Lymphocytes - Answer
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63. B Lymphocyte Ontogeny - Answer (click here)
64. T-Lymphocyte Ontogeny - Answer (click here)
65. Natural Killer Cells - Answer (click here)
66. Dendritic Cells - Answer (click here)
Cell Mediated Immunity

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67. T-Cell Activation - Answer (click here)
68. Inactivation of T-Cell Responses - Answer (click here)
69. T-Helper-Cell Subsets and their Regulatory Roles - Answer (click here)
70. The Role of Helper T Cells in Inflammatory Responses - Answer (click
here)
71. T-Cell Help and the Humoral Immune Response - Answer (click here)
72. Activation and Differentiation of Cd8+ Cytotoxic T Cells - Answer (click
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73. Activation and Function of Natural Killer Cells - Answer (click here)
74. Regulatory Cells and the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
The Humoral Immune Response and Its Induction by Active

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75. Overview of the Induction of a Humoral Immune Response to an
Immunogen - Answer (click here)
76. The Primary Immune Response - Answer (click here)
77. The Secondary or Anamnestic Response - Answer (click here)
78. The Fate of Antigens on the Primary and Secondary Responses - Answer
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79. The Mucosal Humoral Immune Response - Answer (click here)
80. Immunization - Answer (click here)
81. Types of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
Phagocytic Cells
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82. Physiology of the Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes - Answer (click here)
83. Physiology of the Monocyte/Macrophage - Answer (click here)
84. Laboratory Evaluation of Phagocytic Function - Answer (click here)
Infections and Immunity

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85. Nonspecific Anti-Infectious Defense Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
86. Natural Antibodies - Answer (click here)
87. The Protective Role of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
88. The Protective Role of Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
89. Immune Deficiency Syndromes as Models For Study Of Immune
Defenses Against Infections in Humans - Answer (click here)
90. Escape From the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
91. Abnormal Consequences of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
92. Epilogue - Answer (click here)
Diagnostic Immunology
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93. General Principles of Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
94. Precipitation Assays - Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
95. Assay Methods Based on Agglutination - Immunoserology - Answer (click
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96. Tests Based on Complement Fixation - Immunoserology - Answer (click
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97. Tests Based on Immunofluorescence - Answer (click here)
98. Radioimmunoassay - Answer (click here)
99. Enzyme Immunoassay - Answer (click here)
100. Laboratory Tests for Assessment of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer
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101. Laboratory Tests For Assessment of Lymphocyte Function - Answer (click
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Tolerance and Autoimmunity

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102. Historical Introduction - Tolerance and Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
103. Definition and General Characteristics of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
104. Acquired Tolerance; Tolerogenic Conditions - Answer (click here)
105. Experimental Approaches to the Definition of the Mechanisms of
Lymphocyte Tolerance - Answer (click here)
106. T-Lymphocyte Tolerance Models - Answer (click here)
107. Downregulation of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
108. Termination of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
109. Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
110. Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
111. Pathogenic Factors Involved in the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases -
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112. Animal Models of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
113. Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
Organ Specific Autoimmune Diseases

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114. Autoimmune Diseases of the Thyroid Gland - Answer (click here)
115. Addison’s Disease (Chronic Primary Hypoadrenalism) - Answer (click here)
116. Autoimmune Diseases of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
117. Autoimmune Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver - Answer
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118. Autoimmune Diseases of the Neuromuscular Systems - Answer (click here)
119. Autoimmune Diseases of the Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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120. Clinical Manifestations - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click
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121. Immunological Abnormalities in SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) -
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122. Pathogenesis of SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) - Answer (click here)
123. Treatment - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click here)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
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124. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click
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125. Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
126. Rheumatoid Factor and Anti-immunoglobulin Antibodies - Answer (click
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127. Genetic Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
128. Cell-Mediated Immunity Abnormalities in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer
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129. Overview of Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
130. Therapy - Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
Hypersensitivity Reactions
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131. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Introduction - Answer (click here)
132. Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions (IGE-Mediated Hypersensitivity,
Immediate Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
133. Cytotoxic Reactions (Type Ii Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
134. Immune Complex–Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type III
Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
135. Delayed (Type IV) Hypersensitivity Reactions - Answer (click here)
IgE Mediated Immediate Hypersensitivity

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136. Major Clinical Expressions - IgE-Mediated (Immediate)
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137. Pathogenesis - IgE Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click
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138. IgE Antibodies - Answer (click here)
139. The IgE Antibody Response - Answer (click here)
140. Genetic Control of IgE Synthesis - Answer (click here)
141. Interaction of IgE with Cell Surface Receptors - Answer (click here)
142. Early and Late Phases in Type I Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
143. Prevention and Therapy - IgE-Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity -
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Immunohematology
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144. Introduction: Blood Groups - Immunohematology - Answer (click here)
145. Serological Principles of Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here)
146. Blood Transfusion Reactions - Answer (click here)
147. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) - Answer
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148. Immune Hemolytic Anemias - Answer (click here)
Immune Complex Diseases

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149. Immune Complex Diseases - Answer (click here)
150. Physiopathology of Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here)
151. Host Factors that Influence the Development of Immune Complex
Disease - Answer (click here)
152. Detection of Soluble Immune Complexes - Answer (click here)
153. The Role of Immune Complexes in Human Disease - Answer (click here)
154. Therapeutic Approaches to Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here)
Immune System Modulators

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155. Immune System Modulators: Introduction - Answer (click here)
156. Immunosuppression: Introduction - Answer (click here)
157. Immunosuppressive Drugs: Pharmacological and Immunological
Aspects - Answer (click here)
158. Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune
Diseases - Answer (click here)
159. Adverse Consequences of Prolonged Immunosuppression - Answer (click
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160. Cytokine Modifiers - Answer (click here)
161. Immunopotentiation - Answer (click here)
Transplantation Immunology
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162. Transplantation Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
163. Donor-Recipient Matching - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click
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164. Graft Rejection - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
165. Immunosuppression - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
166. Graft-Versus-Host Reaction - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click
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Tumor Immunology
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167. Tumor Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
168. Immunogenicity of Tumors - Answer (click here)
169. Effector Mechanisms in Cancer Immunity - Answer (click here)
170. Factors Affecting Tumor Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
171. Immunotherapy - Answer (click here)
Malignancies of the Immune System

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172. B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
173. Physiopathology of B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
174. Clinical Presentations of B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
175. Leukemias and Lymphomas - Answer (click here)
176. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - Answer (click here)
177. Hairy Cell Leukemia - Answer (click here)
178. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemias - Answer (click here)
Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases

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179. Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases: Introduction - Answer (click
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180. Diagnostic Studies - Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer
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181. Diagnostic Evaluation of Humoral Immunity - Answer (click here)
182. Diagnostic Evaluation of Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
183. Diagnostic Evaluation of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer (click here)
184. Diagnostic Evaluation of Complement Function - Answer (click here)
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

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185. Humoral Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
186. Infantile Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton-Janeway Syndrome) - Answer
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187. Common, Variable, Unclassified Immunodeficiency (“Acquired”
Hypogammaglobulinemia) - Answer (click here)
188. Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency - Answer (click here)
189. X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome - Answer (click here)
190. Antigen-Selective Immune Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
191. Cellular Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
192. Severe, Combined Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
193. Other Forms of Combined Immune Deficiency - Answer (click here)
194. Phagocytic Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
195. Complement Deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases -
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AIDS and Other Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases

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185. Humoral Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
186. Infantile Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton-Janeway Syndrome) - Answer
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187. Common, Variable, Unclassified Immunodeficiency (“Acquired”
Hypogammaglobulinemia) - Answer (click here)
188. Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency - Answer (click here)
189. X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome - Answer (click here)
190. Antigen-Selective Immune Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
191. Cellular Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
192. Severe, Combined Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
193. Other Forms of Combined Immune Deficiency - Answer (click here)
194. Phagocytic Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
195. Complement Deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases -
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196. Secondary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
197. The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
198. General Characteristics of HIV - Answer (click here)
199. Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS - Answer (click here)
200. HIV and the Immune System - Answer (click here)
201. Natural History of an HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
202. Clinical Stages of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
203. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
204. Serological Diagnosis of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
205. Therapy - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
206. Immunoprophylaxis - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer
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Medical Immunology - Lecture Notes, Study Material and Important Questions, Answers

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Medical Immunology - Lecture Notes, Study Material and Important Questions, Answers

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Subject : Medical Immunology

Cells and Tissues Involved in the Immune Response

Major Histocompatibility Complex

The Induction of an Immune Response Antigens Lymphocytes and

Biosynthesis Metabolism and Biological Properties of

Antigen Antibody Reactions

The Complement System

Cell Mediated Immunity

The Humoral Immune Response and Its Induction by Active

Infections and Immunity

Tolerance and Autoimmunity

Organ Specific Autoimmune Diseases

IgE Mediated Immediate Hypersensitivity

Immune Complex Diseases

Immune System Modulators

Malignancies of the Immune System

Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

AIDS and Other Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases

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