Pharmacology

Subject : Pharmacology
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Introduction
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)

Drug Receptors Pharmacodynamics

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)

Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Rational Dosing the Time

Course of Drug Action
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
 (click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)

Drug Biotransformation
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)

Development Regulation of Drugs

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
 9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)

Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
 55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)

Cholinoceptor Activating Cholinesterase Inhibiting Drugs

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)

Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)

Adrenoceptor Agonists Sympathomimetic Drugs

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)

Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
 89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)

Antihypertensive Agents
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
 Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
 88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
Vasodilators the Treatment of Angina Pectoris
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
 Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
 97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Heart Failure

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
 2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)

Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
 (click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)

Diuretic Agents
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
 (click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)

Histamine Serotonin the Ergot Alkaloids

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
 Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)

Vasoactive Peptides
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
 77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)

The EicosanoidsProstaglandins Thromboxanes Leukotrienes

Related Compounds
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
 (click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)

Nitric Oxide
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
 93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
 (click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Asthma

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
 (click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
 (click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
DRUGS THAT ACT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System CNS
Drugs
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
 95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
 here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)

Sedative Hypnotic Drugs

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
 96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)

The Alcohols
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
 87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
Antiseizure Drugs
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
 Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
 97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
 here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
 Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)

General Anesthetics
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
 81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)

Local Anesthetics
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
 82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
 here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
347. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
348. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
349. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
350. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
351. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
352. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
 Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
 the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
347. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
348. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
349. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
350. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
351. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
352. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)
353. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
354. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
355. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
356. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
357. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
358. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
359. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
360. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
361. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
362. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
363. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)

Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism Other Movement

Disorders
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
 (click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
347. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
348. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
349. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
350. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
351. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
352. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)
353. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
354. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
355. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
356. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
357. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
358. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
359. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
360. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
361. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
362. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
363. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)
364. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement
Disorders - Answer (click here)
365. Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
366. Levodopa - Answer (click here)
367. Dopamine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
368. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
369. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
370. Apomorphine - Answer (click here)
371. Amantadine - Answer (click here)
372. Acetylcholine-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
373. Surgical Procedures - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
374. Neuroprotective Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
375. Gene Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
376. General Comments On Drug Management of Patients With
Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
377. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
378. MPTP & Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
379. Other Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)

Antipsychotic Agents Lithium

 1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
 Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
 99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
 (click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
347. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
348. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
349. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
350. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
351. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
352. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)
353. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
354. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
355. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
356. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
357. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
358. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
359. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
360. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
361. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
362. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
363. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)
364. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement
Disorders - Answer (click here)
365. Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
366. Levodopa - Answer (click here)
367. Dopamine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
368. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
369. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
370. Apomorphine - Answer (click here)
371. Amantadine - Answer (click here)
372. Acetylcholine-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
373. Surgical Procedures - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
374. Neuroprotective Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
375. Gene Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
376. General Comments On Drug Management of Patients With
Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
377. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
378. MPTP & Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
379. Other Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)
380. Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
381. The Serotonin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
382. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
383. The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
384. Basic Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
385. Clinical Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
386. Lithium, Mood Stabilizing Drugs, & Other Treatment For Bipolar
Disorder - Answer (click here)
387. Basic Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
388. Clinical Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)

Antidepressant Agents
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
 95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
 here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
347. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
348. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
349. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
350. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
351. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
352. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)
353. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
354. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
355. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
356. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
357. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
358. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
359. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
360. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
361. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
362. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
363. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)
364. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement
Disorders - Answer (click here)
365. Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
366. Levodopa - Answer (click here)
367. Dopamine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
368. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
369. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
370. Apomorphine - Answer (click here)
371. Amantadine - Answer (click here)
372. Acetylcholine-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
373. Surgical Procedures - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
374. Neuroprotective Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
375. Gene Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
376. General Comments On Drug Management of Patients With
Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
377. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
378. MPTP & Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
379. Other Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)
380. Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
381. The Serotonin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
382. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
383. The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
384. Basic Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
385. Clinical Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
386. Lithium, Mood Stabilizing Drugs, & Other Treatment For Bipolar
Disorder - Answer (click here)
387. Basic Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
388. Clinical Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
389. Antidepressant Agents - Answer (click here)
390. Pathophysiology of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
391. Neurotrophic Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
392. Monoamines and Other Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
393. Neuroendocrine Factors in the Pathophysiology of Depression - Answer
(click here)
394. Integration of Hypotheses Regarding the Pathophysiology of Depression
- Answer (click here)
395. Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
396. Clinical Indications - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
397. Choosing an Antidepressant - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants
- Answer (click here)
398. Dosing - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
399. Adverse Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
400. Overdose - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
401. Drug Interactions - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)

Opioid Analgesics Antagonists

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
 78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
347. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
348. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
349. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
350. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
351. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
352. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)
353. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
354. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
355. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
356. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
357. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
358. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
359. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
360. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
361. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
362. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
363. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)
364. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement
Disorders - Answer (click here)
365. Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
366. Levodopa - Answer (click here)
367. Dopamine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
368. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
369. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
370. Apomorphine - Answer (click here)
371. Amantadine - Answer (click here)
372. Acetylcholine-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
373. Surgical Procedures - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
374. Neuroprotective Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
375. Gene Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
376. General Comments On Drug Management of Patients With
Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
377. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
378. MPTP & Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
379. Other Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)
380. Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
381. The Serotonin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
382. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
383. The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
384. Basic Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
385. Clinical Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
386. Lithium, Mood Stabilizing Drugs, & Other Treatment For Bipolar
Disorder - Answer (click here)
387. Basic Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
388. Clinical Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
389. Antidepressant Agents - Answer (click here)
390. Pathophysiology of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
391. Neurotrophic Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
392. Monoamines and Other Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
393. Neuroendocrine Factors in the Pathophysiology of Depression - Answer
(click here)
394. Integration of Hypotheses Regarding the Pathophysiology of Depression
- Answer (click here)
395. Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
396. Clinical Indications - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
 (click here)
397. Choosing an Antidepressant - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants
- Answer (click here)
398. Dosing - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
399. Adverse Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
400. Overdose - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
401. Drug Interactions - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
402. Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
403. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
404. Pharmacodynamics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
405. Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
406. Ion Channels & Novel Analgesic Targets - Answer (click here)
407. Clinical Use of Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
408. Toxicity & Undesired Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid
Analgesics - Answer (click here)
409. Strong Agonists - Answer (click here)
410. MILD to Moderate Agonists - Answer (click here)
411. Opioids With Mixed Receptor Actions - Answer (click here)
412. Antitussives - Answer (click here)
413. The Opioid Antagonists - Answer (click here)

Drugs of Abuse
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
 Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
 Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
 Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
347. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
348. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
349. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
350. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
351. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
352. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)
353. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
354. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
355. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
356. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
357. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
358. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
359. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
360. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
361. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
362. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
363. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)
364. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement
Disorders - Answer (click here)
365. Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
366. Levodopa - Answer (click here)
367. Dopamine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
368. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
369. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
370. Apomorphine - Answer (click here)
371. Amantadine - Answer (click here)
372. Acetylcholine-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
373. Surgical Procedures - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
374. Neuroprotective Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
375. Gene Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
376. General Comments On Drug Management of Patients With
Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
377. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
378. MPTP & Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
379. Other Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)
380. Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
381. The Serotonin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
382. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
383. The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
384. Basic Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
385. Clinical Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
386. Lithium, Mood Stabilizing Drugs, & Other Treatment For Bipolar
Disorder - Answer (click here)
387. Basic Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
388. Clinical Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
389. Antidepressant Agents - Answer (click here)
390. Pathophysiology of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
391. Neurotrophic Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
392. Monoamines and Other Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
393. Neuroendocrine Factors in the Pathophysiology of Depression - Answer
(click here)
394. Integration of Hypotheses Regarding the Pathophysiology of Depression
- Answer (click here)
395. Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
396. Clinical Indications - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
397. Choosing an Antidepressant - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants
 - Answer (click here)
398. Dosing - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
399. Adverse Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
400. Overdose - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
401. Drug Interactions - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
402. Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
403. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
404. Pharmacodynamics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
405. Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
406. Ion Channels & Novel Analgesic Targets - Answer (click here)
407. Clinical Use of Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
408. Toxicity & Undesired Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid
Analgesics - Answer (click here)
409. Strong Agonists - Answer (click here)
410. MILD to Moderate Agonists - Answer (click here)
411. Opioids With Mixed Receptor Actions - Answer (click here)
412. Antitussives - Answer (click here)
413. The Opioid Antagonists - Answer (click here)
414. Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
415. Dependence Versus Addiction - Answer (click here)
416. Addictive Drugs Increase the Level of Dopamine: Reinforcement -
Answer (click here)
417. Animal Models in Addiction Research - Answer (click here)
418. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction - Answer (click here)
419. Dependence: Tolerance & Withdrawal - Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click
here)
420. Addiction: A Disease of Maladaptive Learning - Answer (click here)
421. Nonaddictive Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
422. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
423. Opioids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer (click here)
424. Cannabinoids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer
(click here)
425. Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled
Receptors - Answer (click here)
426. LSD, Mescaline, & Psilocybin - Answer (click here)
427. Drugs that Mediate their Effects via Ionotropic Receptors - Answer (click
here)
428. Drugs that Bind to Transporters of Biogenic Amines - Answer (click here)
429. Clinical Pharmacology of Dependence & Addiction - Answer (click here)

Agents Used in Anemias Hematopoietic Growth Factors

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
 96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
347. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
348. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
349. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
350. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
351. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
352. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)
353. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
354. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
355. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
356. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
357. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
358. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
359. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
360. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
361. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
362. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
363. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)
364. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement
Disorders - Answer (click here)
365. Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
366. Levodopa - Answer (click here)
367. Dopamine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
368. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
369. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
370. Apomorphine - Answer (click here)
371. Amantadine - Answer (click here)
372. Acetylcholine-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
373. Surgical Procedures - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
374. Neuroprotective Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
375. Gene Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
376. General Comments On Drug Management of Patients With
Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
377. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
378. MPTP & Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
379. Other Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)
380. Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
381. The Serotonin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
382. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
383. The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
384. Basic Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
385. Clinical Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
386. Lithium, Mood Stabilizing Drugs, & Other Treatment For Bipolar
Disorder - Answer (click here)
387. Basic Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
388. Clinical Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
389. Antidepressant Agents - Answer (click here)
390. Pathophysiology of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
391. Neurotrophic Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
392. Monoamines and Other Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
393. Neuroendocrine Factors in the Pathophysiology of Depression - Answer
(click here)
394. Integration of Hypotheses Regarding the Pathophysiology of Depression
- Answer (click here)
395. Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
396. Clinical Indications - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
397. Choosing an Antidepressant - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants
- Answer (click here)
398. Dosing - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
399. Adverse Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
400. Overdose - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
401. Drug Interactions - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
402. Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
403. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
404. Pharmacodynamics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
405. Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
406. Ion Channels & Novel Analgesic Targets - Answer (click here)
407. Clinical Use of Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
408. Toxicity & Undesired Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid
Analgesics - Answer (click here)
409. Strong Agonists - Answer (click here)
410. MILD to Moderate Agonists - Answer (click here)
411. Opioids With Mixed Receptor Actions - Answer (click here)
412. Antitussives - Answer (click here)
413. The Opioid Antagonists - Answer (click here)
414. Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
415. Dependence Versus Addiction - Answer (click here)
416. Addictive Drugs Increase the Level of Dopamine: Reinforcement -
Answer (click here)
417. Animal Models in Addiction Research - Answer (click here)
418. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction - Answer (click here)
419. Dependence: Tolerance & Withdrawal - Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click
here)
420. Addiction: A Disease of Maladaptive Learning - Answer (click here)
421. Nonaddictive Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
422. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
423. Opioids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer (click here)
424. Cannabinoids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer
(click here)
425. Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled
Receptors - Answer (click here)
426. LSD, Mescaline, & Psilocybin - Answer (click here)
427. Drugs that Mediate their Effects via Ionotropic Receptors - Answer (click
here)
428. Drugs that Bind to Transporters of Biogenic Amines - Answer (click here)
429. Clinical Pharmacology of Dependence & Addiction - Answer (click here)
430. Agents Used in Anemias; Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click
here)
431. Sickle Cell Disease and Hydroxyurea - Answer (click here)
432. Iron - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
433. VITAMIN B12 - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
434. Folic Acid - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
435. Folic Acid Supplementation: A Public Health Dilemma - Answer (click
here)
436. Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
437. Erythropoietin - Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
438. Myeloid Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
439. Megakaryocyte Growth Factors - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Disorders of Coagulation

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
 8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
 Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
 (click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
 Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
347. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
348. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
349. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
350. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
351. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
352. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)
353. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
354. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
355. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
356. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
357. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
358. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
359. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
360. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
361. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
362. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
363. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)
364. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement
Disorders - Answer (click here)
365. Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
366. Levodopa - Answer (click here)
367. Dopamine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
368. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
369. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
370. Apomorphine - Answer (click here)
371. Amantadine - Answer (click here)
372. Acetylcholine-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
373. Surgical Procedures - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
374. Neuroprotective Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
375. Gene Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
376. General Comments On Drug Management of Patients With
Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
377. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
378. MPTP & Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
379. Other Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)
380. Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
381. The Serotonin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
382. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
383. The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
384. Basic Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
385. Clinical Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
386. Lithium, Mood Stabilizing Drugs, & Other Treatment For Bipolar
Disorder - Answer (click here)
387. Basic Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
388. Clinical Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
389. Antidepressant Agents - Answer (click here)
390. Pathophysiology of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
391. Neurotrophic Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
392. Monoamines and Other Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
393. Neuroendocrine Factors in the Pathophysiology of Depression - Answer
(click here)
394. Integration of Hypotheses Regarding the Pathophysiology of Depression
- Answer (click here)
395. Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
396. Clinical Indications - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
397. Choosing an Antidepressant - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants
- Answer (click here)
398. Dosing - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
399. Adverse Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
400. Overdose - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
401. Drug Interactions - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
402. Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
403. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
404. Pharmacodynamics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
405. Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
406. Ion Channels & Novel Analgesic Targets - Answer (click here)
407. Clinical Use of Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
408. Toxicity & Undesired Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid
Analgesics - Answer (click here)
409. Strong Agonists - Answer (click here)
410. MILD to Moderate Agonists - Answer (click here)
411. Opioids With Mixed Receptor Actions - Answer (click here)
412. Antitussives - Answer (click here)
413. The Opioid Antagonists - Answer (click here)
414. Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
415. Dependence Versus Addiction - Answer (click here)
416. Addictive Drugs Increase the Level of Dopamine: Reinforcement -
Answer (click here)
417. Animal Models in Addiction Research - Answer (click here)
418. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction - Answer (click here)
419. Dependence: Tolerance & Withdrawal - Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click
here)
420. Addiction: A Disease of Maladaptive Learning - Answer (click here)
421. Nonaddictive Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
422. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
423. Opioids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer (click here)
424. Cannabinoids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer
(click here)
425. Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled
Receptors - Answer (click here)
426. LSD, Mescaline, & Psilocybin - Answer (click here)
427. Drugs that Mediate their Effects via Ionotropic Receptors - Answer (click
here)
428. Drugs that Bind to Transporters of Biogenic Amines - Answer (click here)
429. Clinical Pharmacology of Dependence & Addiction - Answer (click here)
430. Agents Used in Anemias; Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click
here)
431. Sickle Cell Disease and Hydroxyurea - Answer (click here)
432. Iron - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
433. VITAMIN B12 - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
434. Folic Acid - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
435. Folic Acid Supplementation: A Public Health Dilemma - Answer (click
here)
436. Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
437. Erythropoietin - Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
438. Myeloid Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
439. Megakaryocyte Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
440. Drugs Used in Disorders of Coagulation - Answer (click here)
441. Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation - Answer (click here)
442. Blood Coagulation Cascade - Answer (click here)
443. Basic Pharmacology of the Anticoagulant Drugs - Answer (click here)
444. Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
445. Oral Direct Factor XA Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
446. Direct Thrombin Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
447. Warfarin & Other Coumarin Anticoagulants - Answer (click here)
448. Basic Pharmacology of the Fibrinolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
449. Basic Pharmacology of Antiplatelet Agents - Answer (click here)
450. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Prevent Clotting - Answer (click
here)
451. Drugs Used in Bleeding Disorders - Answer (click here)

Agents Used in Dyslipidemia

1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
 6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
12. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
13. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
14. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
16. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
17. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
18. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
19. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
20. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
21. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
23. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
24. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
25. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
26. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
27. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)
28. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
29. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
30. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
31. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
32. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
33. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
34. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
35. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
36. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
37. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
38. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)
39. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
40. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
41. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
42. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
43. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
44. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
45. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
46. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
47. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
48. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
49. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
50. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
51. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
52. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
53. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
54. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
55. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
56. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
57. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
58. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
59. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
60. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
61. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
62. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
63. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
64. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)
65. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
66. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
67. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
68. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
69. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
70. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
71. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
72. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
73. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
 Answer (click here)
74. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
75. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
76. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
77. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
79. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
80. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
81. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
82. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
83. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
84. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
85. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
86. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
87. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
88. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
89. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
90. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
91. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
92. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
93. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
94. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
95. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
96. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
97. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
98. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
99. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
100. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
101. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
102. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
103. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
104. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
105. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
106. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
107. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
108. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
109. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
110. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
111. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
112. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
113. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
114. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
115. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
116. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
117. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
118. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
119. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
120. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
121. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
122. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
123. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
124. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
125. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
126. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
127. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
128. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
129. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
130. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
131. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)
132. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
133. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
134. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
135. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
136. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
137. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
138. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
139. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
140. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
141. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
142. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
143. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
144. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
145. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
146. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
147. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
148. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
149. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
150. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
151. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
152. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
153. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
154. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
155. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
156. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
157. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
158. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
159. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
160. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
161. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
162. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
163. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
164. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
165. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
166. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
167. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
168. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
169. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
170. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
171. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)
172. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
173. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
174. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
175. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
176. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
177. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
 here)
178. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
179. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
180. Peptides - Answer (click here)
181. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
182. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
183. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
184. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
185. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
186. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
187. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
188. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
189. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
190. Histamine - Answer (click here)
191. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
192. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
193. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
194. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
195. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
196. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
197. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
198. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
199. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
200. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
201. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
202. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
203. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
204. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
205. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
206. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
207. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
208. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
209. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
210. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
211. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
212. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
213. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
214. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
216. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
217. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
218. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
219. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
220. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
221. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
222. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
223. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
224. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
225. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
226. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
227. Substance P - Answer (click here)
228. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
229. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
230. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
231. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
232. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
233. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
234. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
235. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
236. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
237. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
238. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
239. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
240. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
241. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
242. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
243. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
244. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
245. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
246. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
247. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
248. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
249. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
250. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
251. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
252. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
253. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
254. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
255. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
256. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
257. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
258. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
259. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
260. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
261. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
262. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
263. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
264. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
265. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
266. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
267. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
268. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
269. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
270. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
271. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
272. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
273. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
274. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
275. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
276. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
277. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
278. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
279. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
280. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
281. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
282. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
283. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
284. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
285. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
286. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
287. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
288. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
289. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
290. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
291. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
292. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
293. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
294. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
295. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
296. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
297. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
298. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
299. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
300. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
301. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
302. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
303. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
304. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
305. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
306. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
307. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
308. Primidone - Answer (click here)
309. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
310. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
311. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
312. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
313. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
314. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
315. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
316. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
317. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
318. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
319. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
320. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
321. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
322. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
323. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
324. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
325. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
326. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
327. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
328. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
329. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
330. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
331. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
332. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
333. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
334. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
335. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
336. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
337. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
338. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
339. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
340. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
341. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
342. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
343. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
344. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
345. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
346. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
347. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
348. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
349. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
350. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
351. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
352. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)
353. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
354. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
355. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
 here)
356. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
357. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
358. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
359. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
360. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
361. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
362. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
363. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)
364. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement
Disorders - Answer (click here)
365. Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
366. Levodopa - Answer (click here)
367. Dopamine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
368. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
369. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
370. Apomorphine - Answer (click here)
371. Amantadine - Answer (click here)
372. Acetylcholine-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
373. Surgical Procedures - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
374. Neuroprotective Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
375. Gene Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
376. General Comments On Drug Management of Patients With
Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
377. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
378. MPTP & Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
379. Other Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)
380. Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
381. The Serotonin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
382. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
383. The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
384. Basic Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
385. Clinical Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
386. Lithium, Mood Stabilizing Drugs, & Other Treatment For Bipolar
Disorder - Answer (click here)
387. Basic Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
388. Clinical Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
389. Antidepressant Agents - Answer (click here)
390. Pathophysiology of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
391. Neurotrophic Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
392. Monoamines and Other Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
393. Neuroendocrine Factors in the Pathophysiology of Depression - Answer
(click here)
394. Integration of Hypotheses Regarding the Pathophysiology of Depression
- Answer (click here)
395. Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
396. Clinical Indications - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
397. Choosing an Antidepressant - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants
- Answer (click here)
398. Dosing - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
399. Adverse Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
400. Overdose - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
401. Drug Interactions - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
402. Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
403. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
404. Pharmacodynamics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
405. Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
406. Ion Channels & Novel Analgesic Targets - Answer (click here)
407. Clinical Use of Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
408. Toxicity & Undesired Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid
Analgesics - Answer (click here)
409. Strong Agonists - Answer (click here)
410. MILD to Moderate Agonists - Answer (click here)
411. Opioids With Mixed Receptor Actions - Answer (click here)
412. Antitussives - Answer (click here)
413. The Opioid Antagonists - Answer (click here)
414. Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
415. Dependence Versus Addiction - Answer (click here)
416. Addictive Drugs Increase the Level of Dopamine: Reinforcement -
Answer (click here)
417. Animal Models in Addiction Research - Answer (click here)
418. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction - Answer (click here)
419. Dependence: Tolerance & Withdrawal - Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click
here)
420. Addiction: A Disease of Maladaptive Learning - Answer (click here)
421. Nonaddictive Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
422. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
423. Opioids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer (click here)
424. Cannabinoids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer
(click here)
425. Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled
Receptors - Answer (click here)
426. LSD, Mescaline, & Psilocybin - Answer (click here)
427. Drugs that Mediate their Effects via Ionotropic Receptors - Answer (click
here)
428. Drugs that Bind to Transporters of Biogenic Amines - Answer (click here)
429. Clinical Pharmacology of Dependence & Addiction - Answer (click here)
430. Agents Used in Anemias; Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click
here)
431. Sickle Cell Disease and Hydroxyurea - Answer (click here)