Interconnecting Cisco Networking

Devices Part 1
ICND1 100-105

Instructor
Paul A. Parker

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 Chapter 5

Fundamentals of TCP/IP Transport and Applications

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 Chapter 5
Fundamentals of TCP/IP Transport and Applications
v Foundation Topics
▼ TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP
➘  The key difference between TCP and UDP is that TCP provides error
recovery or retransmission of data where UDP does not.
➘  Recall that layer 2 provides error detection but does not provide
correction.
➘  Many applications use TCP like the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) but UDP has less overhead and
is used by applications like Voice over IP (VoIP) and video over IP
which do not require error recover.

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP
v TCP/IP Transport Layer Features

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP
v Transmission Control Protocol
▼ RFC 793 defines TCP and accomplishes the transport layer
features at the endpoints computers.
▼ TCP relies on IP for end-to-end delivery and performs the same
function for computers on the same Ethernet or across the
Internet.
▼ The TCP header is 20 bytes and begins the message called a TCP
segment.

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP
v Multiplexing Using TCP Port Numbers
▼ TCP and UDP both use a concept called multiplexing that allow
two computers to communicate from multiple applications
concurrently.
▼ Multiplexing is accomplished with a socket that consists of three
things:
➘  An IP address
➘  A transport protocol
➘  A port number

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP
v Popular Applications and Their Well-Known Port Numbers

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP
v Connection Establishment and Termination
▼ The 3-way Connection
Establishment:
➘  Also known as the
3-way “handshake”

▼ The 4-way Termination:

➘  Use netstat –an to see
the list of sessions on
your PC

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP
v User Datagram Protocol
▼ UDP differs from TCP in that no reordering of packets or error
recovery is performed making it very useful for programs that do
not require these features.
▼ Applications like VoIP uses UDP because by the time a lost packet
is noticed and recovered the voice would be unintelligible, and
the DNS as well as the Network File System (NFS) use UDP
because the application itself performs error recovery.
▼ The 8 byte UDP header provides far less overhead than TCP.

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Applications
v The goal of networking is to allow applications to
communicate with each other.
v Quality of Service (QoS) defines the quality of data
transfer between two applications and has these
characteristics:
▼  Bandwidth: The volume of bits per second needed for the application
to work well; it can be biased with more volume in one direction, or
balanced.
▼  Delay: The amount of time it takes one IP packet to flow from sender
to receiver.
▼  Jitter: The variation in delay.
▼  Loss: The percentage of packets discarded by the network before they
reach the destination, which when using TCP, requires a retransmission.

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Applications
v Defining Interactive and Batch Applications
▼ TCP/IP networks began in the 1970s and 1980s as data
applications only.
▼ Data applications that interact with Humans require lower delay
and jitter because the interaction would seem clumsey
▼ Batch applications typically require more bandwidth but can
tolerate more delay and jitter
v Real-Time and Video Applications
▼ Real-time applications like voice over IP require low delay, jitter,
and low loss.
▼ Video over IP have the same requirements as voice but also
require more bandwidth.

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Applications
v The World Wide Web, HTTP, and SSL
▼ The World Wide Web (WWW) consists of all Internet-connected
web servers plus all Internet-connected host with web browsers.
▼  Web servers have software that stores information in the form of
web pages.
▼  Web browsers installed on end users’ computers provide the
means to access the information on the web server.
▼ Several specific application layer functions allow this to work.
➘  The user must identify the server, the specific page, and the protocol used to
retrieve the data from the server.
➘  The web browser must find the server’s IP address based on its name using
the DNS then the browser must request all the files that make up the page.
➘  Finally for electronic commerce (e-commerce) applications the data must be
secured to protect sensitive information.

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Applications
v Uniform Resource Locators
▼ The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) often called a web address
is used to uniquely identify a web page on the Internet.
▼ The URL is broken into three parts
➘  The protocol listed before the //.
➘  The host name listed between the // and the /.
➘  The name of the web page listed after the /.
▼ For example:
➘  http://www.certskills.com/ICND1

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Applications
v DNS Resolution and Requesting a Web Page

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 Chapter 5
TCP/IP Applications
v Multiple HTTP Get Requests / Responses

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 Chapter 5
Exam Preparation Tasks

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Questions?

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