FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OR GENITAL SYSTEM IS A SYSTEM

OF SEX ORGANS WITHIN AN ORGANISM WHICH WORK
TOGETHER FOR THE PURPOSE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IS A GROUP OF ORGANS WORKING
TOGETHER TO CONVERT FOOD INTO ENERGY AND BASIC
NUTRIENTS TO FEED THE ENTIRE BODY.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IS A SERIES OF ORGANS
RESPONSIBLE FOR TAKING IN OXYGEN AND EXPELLING
CARBON DIOXIDE.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, ALSO CALLED THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OR THE VASCULAR SYSTEM, IS AN
ORGAN SYSTEM THAT PERMITS BLOOD TO CIRCULATE AND
TRANSPORT NUTRIENTS.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM COMPRISES THE SKIN AND ITS
APPENDAGES ACTING TO PROTECT THE BODY FROM VARIOUS
KINDS OF DAMAGE, SUCH AS LOSS OF WATER OR ABRASION
FROM OUTSIDE. THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM INCLUDES HAIR,
SCALES, FEATHERS, HOOVES, AND NAILS.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS THE PART OF AN ANIMAL THAT
COORDINATES ITS ACTIONS BY TRANSMITTING SIGNALS TO
AND FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF ITS BODY. THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM DETECTS ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES THAT IMPACT
THE BODY, THEN WORKS IN TANDEM WITH THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM TO RESPOND TO SUCH EVENTS.
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM
THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM IS
MOVEMENT. MUSCLES ARE THE ONLY TISSUE IN THE BODY
THAT HAS THE ABILITY TO CONTRACT AND THEREFORE MOVE
THE OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY. RELATED TO THE FUNCTION
OF MOVEMENT IS THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM'S SECOND
FUNCTION: THE MAINTENANCE OF POSTURE AND BODY
POSITION.
 EXCRETORY SYSTEM
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM, ALSO KNOWN AS THE RENAL
SYSTEM OR URINARY TRACT, CONSISTS OF THE KIDNEYS,
URETERS, BLADDER, AND THE URETHRA. THE PURPOSE OF THE
URINARY SYSTEM IS TO ELIMINATE WASTE FROM THE BODY,
REGULATE BLOOD VOLUME AND BLOOD PRESSURE, CONTROL
LEVELS OF ELECTROLYTES AND METABOLITES, AND REGULATE
BLOOD PH. THE URINARY TRACT IS THE BODY'S DRAINAGE
SYSTEM FOR THE EVENTUAL REMOVAL OF URINE.
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INCLUDES ALL OF THE BONES AND
JOINTS IN THE BODY. EACH BONE IS A COMPLEX LIVING
ORGAN THAT IS MADE UP OF MANY CELLS, PROTEIN FIBERS,
AND MINERALS.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF
SEX ORGANS THAT PLAY A ROLE IN THE PROCESS OF HUMAN
REPRODUCTION. THESE ORGANS ARE LOCATED ON THE
OUTSIDE OF THE BODY AND WITHIN THE PELVIS.
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IS PART OF THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM AND AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM,
COMPRISING A NETWORK OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS THAT
CARRY A CLEAR FLUID CALLED LYMPH DIRECTIONALLY
TOWARDS THE HEART.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS MADE UP OF GLANDS THAT
PRODUCE AND SECRETE HORMONES, CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
PRODUCED IN THE BODY THAT REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF
CELLS OR ORGANS.
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

OVARY - A FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

ORGAN IN WHICH OVA OR EGGS
ARE PRODUCED, PRESENT IN
HUMANS AND OTHER VERTEBRATES
AS A PAIR

FALLOPIAN TUBE - (IN A FEMALE

MAMMAL) EITHER OF A PAIR OF
TUBES ALONG WHICH EGGS TRAVEL
FROM THE OVARIES TO THE
UTERUS.

UTERUS - THE ORGAN IN THE

LOWER BODY OF A WOMAN OR
FEMALE MAMMAL WHERE
OFFSPRING ARE CONCEIVED AND IN
WHICH THEY GESTATE BEFORE
BIRTH; THE WOMB.
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

VAGINA - THE MUSCULAR TUBE

LEADING FROM THE EXTERNAL
GENITALS TO THE CERVIX OF THE
UTERUS IN WOMEN AND MOST
FEMALE MAMMALS.

CERVIX- THE ORGAN IN THE LOWER

BODY OF A WOMAN OR FEMALE
MAMMAL WHERE OFFSPRING ARE
CONCEIVED AND IN WHICH THEY
GESTATE BEFORE BIRTH; THE
WOMB.
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

COLON - THE COLON IS ALSO

CALLED THE LARGE INTESTINE. THE
ILEUM (LAST PART OF THE SMALL
INTESTINE) CONNECTS TO THE
CECUM (FIRST PART OF THE COLON)
IN THE LOWER RIGHT ABDOMEN.

VAS DEFERENS - THE DUCT THAT

CONVEYS SPERM FROM THE
TESTICLE TO THE URETHRA.
PROSTATE - A GLAND
SURROUNDING THE NECK OF THE
BLADDER IN MALE MAMMALS AND
RELEASING PROSTATIC FLUID.

SEMINAL VESICLE - EACH OF A

PAIR OF GLANDS THAT OPEN INTO
THE VAS DEFERENS NEAR ITS
JUNCTION WITH THE URETHRA AND
SECRETE MANY OF THE
COMPONENTS OF SEMEN.
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

TESTICLE - EITHER OF THE TWO

OVAL ORGANS THAT PRODUCE
SPERM IN MEN AND OTHER MALE
MAMMALS, ENCLOSED IN THE
SCROTUM BEHIND THE PENIS.

EPIDIDYMIS - A HIGHLY
CONVOLUTED DUCT BEHIND THE
TESTIS, ALONG WHICH SPERM
PASSES TO THE VAS DEFERENS.

URETHRA -THE DUCT BY WHICH

URINE IS CONVEYED OUT OF THE
BODY FROM THE BLADDER, AND
WHICH IN MALE VERTEBRATES
ALSO CONVEYS SEMEN.
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

PENIS - THE MALE GENITAL ORGAN

OF HIGHER VERTEBRATES,
CARRYING THE DUCT FOR THE
TRANSFER OF SPERM DURING
COPULATION. IN HUMANS AND
MOST OTHER MAMMALS, IT
CONSISTS LARGELY OF ERECTILE
TISSUE AND SERVES ALSO FOR THE
ELIMINATION OF URINE

BLADDER -A MEMBRANOUS SAC IN

HUMANS AND OTHER ANIMALS, IN
WHICH URINE IS COLLECTED FOR
EXCRETION.
 EXCRETORY SYSTEM

URETER - THE URETER IS A TUBE

THAT CARRIES URINE FROM THE
KIDNEY TO THE URINARY BLADDER.
THERE ARE TWO URETERS, ONE
ATTACHED TO EACH KIDNEY. THE
UPPER HALF OF THE URETER IS
LOCATED IN THE ABDOMEN AND
THE LOWER HALF IS LOCATED IN
THE PELVIC AREA.

URINARY BLADDER -THE URINARY

BLADDER IS A MUSCULAR SAC IN
THE PELVIS, JUST ABOVE AND
BEHIND THE PUBIC BONE. WHEN
EMPTY, THE BLADDER IS ABOUT THE
SIZE AND SHAPE OF A PEAR.

KIDNEY - THE KIDNEYS ARE TWO

BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS IN THE
RENAL SYSTEM. THEY HELP THE
BODY PASS WASTE AS URINE. THEY
ALSO HELP FILTER BLOOD BEFORE
SENDING IT BACK TO THE HEART.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM

URETHRA - URETHRA, DUCT THAT

TRANSMITS URINE FROM THE
BLADDER TO THE EXTERIOR OF THE
BODY DURING URINATION. THE
URETHRA IS HELD CLOSED BY THE
URETHRAL SPHINCTER, A
MUSCULAR STRUCTURE THAT HELPS
KEEP URINE IN THE BLADDER UNTIL
VOIDING CAN OCCUR.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

PINEAL GLAND - THE PINEAL GLAND

IS A SMALL, PINECONE SHAPED
GLAND OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
A STRUCTURE OF THE
DIENCEPHALON OF THE BRAIN, THE
PINEAL GLAND PRODUCES THE
HORMONE MELATONIN. MELATONIN
INFLUENCES SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
AND SLEEP-WAKE CYCLES.

PITUARY GLAND -THE PITUITARY

GLAND IS CALLED THE MASTER
GLAND OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
THIS IS BECAUSE IT CONTROLS
MANY OTHER HORMONE GLANDS IN
THE BODY. ACCORDING TO THE
PITUITARY FOUNDATION, WITHOUT
IT, THE BODY WOULDN'T
REPRODUCE, WOULDN'T GROW
PROPERLY AND MANY OTHER
BODILY FUNCTIONS JUST WOULDN'T
FUNCTION.

THYMUS GLAND - THE THYMUS IS

AN ORGAN THAT IS SECRETORY IN
PRE-PUBESCENCE, WHICH EARNS
ITS STATUS AS A GLAND. THE
THYMUS GLAND HAS AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN IMMUNE
FUNCTION. ONE OF ITS MAIN
SECRETIONS IS THE HORMONE
THYMOSIN.THYMOSIN STIMULATES
THE MATURATION OF T CELLS,
WHICH ARE DERIVATIVES OF THE
WHITE BLOOD CELLS THAT
CIRCULATE OUR SYSTEM.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ADRENAL GLAND - THE ADRENAL

GLANDS ARE NO BIGGER THAN A
WALNUT AND THEY SIT ON TOP OF
THE KIDNEYS. THEY PRODUCE MORE
THAN 150 DIFFERENT HORMONES,
INCLUDING ADRENALINE
(SOMETIMES CALLED EPINEPHRINE),
CORTISOL, NOREPINEPHRINE AND
DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE
(DHEA), THE MAJOR STRESS
HORMONES IN OUR BODIES,
ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL TO HEALTH
AND VITALITY.

OVARIES -OVARIES ARE THE

FEMALE GONADS — THE PRIMARY
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.
THESE GLANDS HAVE THREE
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS: THEY
SECRETE HORMONES, THEY
PROTECT THE EGGS A FEMALE IS
BORN WITH AND THEY RELEASE
EGGS FOR POSSIBLE
FERTILIZATION.

TESTIS - THE TESTES (PLURAL) ARE

THE MOST ESSENTIAL ORGANS OF
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
THEY ARE THE GLANDS WHERE
SPERM AND TESTOSTERONE ARE
PRODUCED.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THYROID GLAND GLAND - THE

FUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND
IS TO TAKE IODINE, FOUND IN
MANY FOODS, AND CONVERT IT
INTO THYROID HORMONES:
THYROXINE (T4) AND
TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3). THYROID
CELLS ARE THE ONLY CELLS IN THE
BODY WHICH CAN ABSORB IODINE.
THESE CELLS COMBINE IODINE AND
THE AMINO ACID TYROSINE TO
MAKE T3 AND T4.

PANCREAS -THE PANCREAS IS AN

ORGAN LOCATED IN THE ABDOMEN.
IT PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN
CONVERTING THE FOOD WE EAT
INTO FUEL FOR THE BODY'S CELLS.
THE PANCREAS HAS TWO MAIN
FUNCTIONS: AN EXOCRINE
FUNCTION THAT HELPS IN
DIGESTION AND AN ENDOCRINE
FUNCTION THAT REGULATES BLOOD
SUGAR.
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

MOUTH - THE FLESHY MUSCULAR

ORGAN IN THE MOUTH OF A
MAMMAL, USED FOR TASTING,
LICKING, SWALLOWING, AND (IN
HUMANS) ARTICULATING SPEECH.

TOUNGE - THE PART OF THE

ALIMENTARY CANAL THAT
CONNECTS THE THROAT TO THE
STOMACH; THE GULLET. IN HUMANS
AND OTHER VERTEBRATES IT IS A
MUSCULAR TUBE LINED WITH
MUCOUS MEMBRANE.

OESOPHAGUS - A LARGE LOBED

GLANDULAR ORGAN IN THE
ABDOMEN OF VERTEBRATES,
INVOLVED IN MANY METABOLIC
PROCESSES.
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

LIVER - THE SMALL SAC-SHAPED

ORGAN BENEATH THE LIVER, IN
WHICH BILE IS STORED AFTER
SECRETION BY THE LIVER AND
BEFORE RELEASE INTO THE
INTESTINE.

GALLBLADDER - MAJOR FUNCTION

OF THE LARGE INTESTINE. THE
MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE LARGE
INTESTINE IS TO ABSORB WATER
FROM THE REMAINING
INDIGESTIBLE FOOD MATTER AND
TRANSMIT THE USELESS WASTE
MATERIAL FROM THE BODY.

LARGE INTESTINES - THE PART OF

THE INTESTINE THAT RUNS
BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND THE
LARGE INTESTINE; THE DUODENUM,
JEJUNUM, AND ILEUM
COLLECTIVELY.
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

SMALL INTESTINES - THE PART OF

THE INTESTINE THAT RUNS
BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND THE
LARGE INTESTINE; THE DUODENUM,
JEJUNUM, AND ILEUM
COLLECTIVELY.

ANUS - THE ANUS IS THE LAST

PART OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. IT
IS A 2-INCH LONG CANAL
CONSISTING OF THE PELVIC FLOOR
MUSCLES AND THE TWO ANAL
SPHINCTERS (INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL). THE LINING OF THE
UPPER ANUS IS SPECIALIZED TO
DETECT RECTAL CONTENTS.

PANCREAS - A LONG, IRREGULARLY

SHAPED GLAND IN VERTEBRATE
ANIMALS THAT IS LOCATED BEHIND
THE STOMACH AND IS PART OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

STOMACH - THE STOMACH IS A

MUSCULAR ORGAN LOCATED ON
THE LEFT SIDE OF THE UPPER
ABDOMEN. THE STOMACH RECEIVES
FOOD FROM THE ESOPHAGUS. THE
STOMACH SECRETES ACID AND
ENZYMES THAT DIGEST FOOD.
RIDGES OF MUSCLE TISSUE CALLED
RUGAE LINE THE STOMACH.

RECTUM - THE AVERAGE LENGTH OF

THE HUMAN RECTUM MAY RANGE
BETWEEN 10 AND 15 CM. ITS
DIAMETER CAN BE COMPARED TO
THAT OF THE SIGMOID COLON (THE
PART OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
NEAREST THE RECTUM) AT ITS
ONSET. CERTAIN TYPES OF
CANCERS MAY BE DIAGNOSED BY
PERFORMING AN ENDOSCOPY IN
THE RECTUM.
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

PHARYNX - THE PHARYNX IS PART

OF BOTH THE DIGESTIVE AND
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS. FOR THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, ITS MUSCULAR
WALLS FUNCTION IN THE PROCESS
OF SWALLOWING, AND IT SERVES
AS A PATHWAY FOR THE
MOVEMENT OF FOOD FROM THE
MOUTH TO THE ESOPHAGUS.

NASAL CAVITY - THE NASAL

CAVITY IS A HOLLOW SPACE
WITHIN THE NOSE AND SKULL THAT
IS LINED WITH HAIRS AND MUCUS
MEMBRANE. THE FUNCTION OF THE
NASAL CAVITY IS TO WARM,
MOISTURIZE, AND FILTER AIR
ENTERING THE BODY BEFORE IT
REACHES THE LUNGS.

MOUTH - MOUTH, ALSO CALLED

ORAL CAVITY, OR BUCCAL CAVITY,
IN HUMAN ANATOMY, ORIFICE
THROUGH WHICH FOOD AND AIR
ENTER THE BODY.
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

DIAPHRAGM - THE DIAPHRAGM IS

THE PRIMARY MUSCLE USED IN THE
PROCESS OF INSPIRATION, OR
INHALATION. IT IS A DOME-SHAPED
SHEET OF MUSCLE THAT IS
INSERTED INTO THE LOWER RIBS.
LYING AT THE BASE OF THE
THORAX (CHEST), IT SEPARATES
THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY FROM THE
THORACIC CAVITY

LUNGS - THE LUNGS ARE A PAIR OF

SPONGY, AIR-FILLED ORGANS
LOCATED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE
CHEST (THORAX). THE TRACHEA
(WINDPIPE) CONDUCTS INHALED
AIR INTO THE LUNGS THROUGH ITS
TUBULAR BRANCHES, CALLED
BRONCHI.

RIB CAGE - THE RIB CAGE IS PART

OF THE HUMAN BODY CONSISTING
OF CHEST BONES. IT CONSISTS OF
TWELVE VERTEBRAE, TWELVE
PAIRS OF RIBS AND THE STERNUM.
THE RIB CAGE HAS THE FUNCTION
OF PROTECTING THE LUNGS, HEART,
ESOPHAGUS, INTESTINES,
TRACHEA, NERVES AND LYMPH.
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

BRONCHIAL TUBES - WHEN A

PERSON BREATHES AIR PASSES
THROUGH BRONCHIAL TUBES,
WHICH ARE IN THE LUNGS. THESE
TUBES LET AIR IN AND OUT OF
YOUR LUNGS, SO YOU CAN
BREATHE. THE BRONCHIAL TUBES
ARE SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS
BRONCHI OR AIRWAYS.

TRACHEA - THE TRACHEA (OR

WINDPIPE) IS A WIDE, HOLLOW
TUBE THAT CONNECTS THE LARYNX
(OR VOICE BOX) TO THE BRONCHI
OF THE LUNGS. IT IS AN INTEGRAL
PART OF THE BODY'S AIRWAY AND
HAS THE VITAL FUNCTION OF
PROVIDING AIR FLOW TO AND
FROM THE LUNGS FOR
RESPIRATION.
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

EPIDERMIS LAYER - THE EPIDERMIS

LAYER PROVIDES A BARRIER TO
INFECTION FROM ENVIRONMENTAL
PATHOGENS AND REGULATES THE
AMOUNT OF WATER RELEASED
FROM THE BODY INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE THROUGH
TRANSEPIDERMAL WATER LOSS.

DERMIS -DERMIS IS THE THICK

LAYER OF LIVING TISSUE BELOW
THE EPIDERMIS THAT FORMS THE
TRUE SKIN, CONTAINING BLOOD
CAPILLARIES, NERVE ENDINGS,
SWEAT GLANDS, HAIR FOLLICLES,
AND OTHER STRUCTURES.

HYPODERMIS - THE HYPODERMIS IS

BENEATH DERMIS WHICH IS
BENEATH EPIDERMIS. IT IS USED
MAINLY FOR FAT STORAGE.