CHAPTE Fiber-Optics an AID converter, a light 14. Wavelength rather than 21.
When a light ray passes
R 13 Communicatio source transmitter, a fiber frequency is used to express from one medium to another, ns optic cable, a photo- or light the place of light in the it is bent. This is detector with amplifier and spectrum. called refraction. 1. The information-carrying shaper, and a DIA converter. capacity of a cable or radio 15.The wavelength of 22. The amount of channel is directly 8. Because of the great light is expressed in terms refraction is called the proportional to its bandwidth. attenuation of light in a fiber- of nanometers (1 nm = 10- index of refraction n and is optic cable, repeater 9 m) or micrometers (1m = 10- the ratio of the speed of light 2. The RF spectrum is units are used to amplify and 6 m). Micrometers are also in air to the speed of light in heavily used and occupied. regenerate the signals over called microns. another medium, such as Only in the microwave region long distances. water, glass, or plastic (n = 1 is there room for expansion. 16. The visible light in air, n = 1.3 in water, n = 1.5 9. The primary spectrum is from 700 nm in glass). 3. Light is an electromagnetic application of fiber-optic (red) to 400 nm (violet). signal like a radio wave but is communications is in long- 23. The angle of the much higher in frequency. It distance telephone 17. The optical spectrum is incident light ray determines can be used as a carrier for systems. made up of visible light, whether the ray will be information signals. infrared at lower frequencies reflected or refracted. 10. The primary advantages and ultraviolet at higher 4. Because of the very high of fiber-optic cables over frequencies. 24. The critical angle is the frequency of light compared conventional cables and radio angle of incidence that to typical information signals, are wider bandwidth, lower 18. Infrared rays cannot be causes the refracted light to tremendous bandwidth is loss, lightweight, small seen, but they act like light travel along the interface easily available. size, strength, security, waves and can be between two different media. interference immunity, and manipulated in similar ways 5. Light waves carrying data as with a lens or mirrors. 25. If the angle of safety. signals can be transmitted in incidence is made greater free space but are greatly 11. The 19. Light waves, like than the critical angle, attenuated by atmospheric main disadvantage of fiber- microwaves, travel in a reflection occurs instead of effects and require pinpoint optic cable is that its small straight line. refraction. alignment. size and brittleness make it 20. The angle at which light more difficult to work with. 26. Light entering a fiber-optic 6. Most light-wave strikes a surface is called cable has an angle of communication is by way of 12. Light waves, like radio the angle of incidence. The incidence such that the light a glass or plastic fiber cable waves, are a kind angle at which light is is reflected or bounced off the that acts as a "light pipe" to of electromagnetic reflected from a surface is boundary between the fiber carry light modulated by radiation. called the angle of and the external media. This information signals. reflection. The angle of is called total internal 13.Light waves occur at very incidence is equal to the reflection. 7. The main components of a high frequencies in the range angle of reflection. light-wave communications of 3 x 1011 to 3 x 1616 Hz. 27. Fiber-optic cables are system are made from glass and plastic. Glass has the lowest loss but and thus the information 42. Fiber-optic cables can be structure form a cavity is brittle. Plastic is cheaper bandwidth. spliced by gluing. resonator for the light waves. and more flexible, but has high attenuation. 35. Multiple light paths in a 43. Special connectors are 50. The most commonly used graded-index core are used to connect cables to one light sensor is a photodiode. 28. A popular fiber-optic cable controlled so that they another and to the with a glass core and plastic converge at multiple points equipment. 51. A photodiode is a PN cladding is called plastic along the cable. Modal junction that is reverse-biased clad silica (PCS). dispersion does occur, but it 44. Fiber-optic systems use and exposed to light. Light is not as severe as that light-emitting diodes (LEDs) increases the leakage current 29. The cladding surrounding caused by a step-index core. and semiconductor lasers as across the junction. This the core protects the core and the main light sources. current is converted into a provides an interface with a 36. Modal dispersion does voltage pulse. controlled index of refraction. not occur in single mode 45. Light-emitting cores. diodes are used in short 52. PIN junction diodes are 30. Step index means there distance low-speed systems. faster and more sensitive is a sharp difference in the 37. The three most widely Injection laser diodes (ILDs) than conventional index of refraction between used types of fiber optic are used in long distance, photodiodes. the core and cladding. cables are multimode step- high-speed systems. index, single-mode step- 53. The fastest and most 31. Graded index means that index, and multimode 46.Most LEDs and ILDs emit sensitive light detector is the index of refraction of the graded-index. light in the in. visible near- the avalanche photodiode core varies over its cross infrared range (0.82 to 1.55 (APD). section, highest in the center 38. The primary specification m). and lowest at the edges. of a fiber-optic cable 54. The APD operates with a is attenuation which is 47.A popular operating high reverse bias so that 32. A single-mode cable is usually expressed as the loss frequency is 1.3 m because when light is applied. very small in diameter and in decibels per kilometer. fiber-optic cable has an Breakdown occurs and essentially provides only a attenuation null at this produces a fast, high-current single path for light. 39. Light loss in a fiber-optic wavelength. pulse. cable is caused 33. Multimode cores are by absorption, scattering, 48. Laser diodes emit 55. The receiver portion of a large and provide multiple and dispersion. monochromatic or single- fiber-optic system is made up paths for the light. frequency light. The light of a photodiode, amplifier, 40. Cable attenuation is waves are coherent, so they and shaper. 34. Multiple light paths directly proportional to its reinforce one another to through a step-index length. create an intense and finely 56. Fiber-optic systems are core cause a light pulse to be focused beam. rated by the speed and the stretched and attenuated. 41. Cable losses range from product of the bit rate and the This is called modal 1 dB/km in glass single-mode 49. Intense laser light is distance. dispersion and it limits the step-index cable to 100 produced by an ILD because upper pulse repetition rate dB/km for plastic multimode reflecting surfaces in the 57. A measure of the quality step-index cable. of a fiber-optic system is the maximum distance being transmitted by a light 20. Infrared light has a ray strikes the surface at the between repeaters. beam. wavelength that is _____ angle. 11. The device that converts a. Less than 400 nm 29. When the incident ray the light pulses into an b. More than 700 nm strikes the interface at an electrical signal is a(n) _____. angle greater than the critical c. Less than 700 nm 1. Fiber-optic cables carry angle, _____ occurs. 12. Regenerative units called 21. The optical spectrum is _____ rather than electrical _____ are often used to 30. The critical angle signals. made up of what three parts? compensate for signal depends upon the value of 2. The three main types of attenuation over long 22. The speed of light in air is the _____ of _____. information carried by fiber distances. _____ m/s or _____ mi/s. 31. Which material has the optic-cables are _____, 13. Light is a type of _____ 23. True or false. The speed best optical characteristics _____, and _____. radiation. of light is slower in glass or and lowest loss? 3. The major use of fiber-optic water than it is in air. 14. A fiber-optic cable can be a. Plastic cables is in _____. viewed as a light _____. 24. The number that tells how b. Glass 4. Fiber-optic cables are fast light travels in a medium 15. Light travels in a compared to air is the _____ c. they are equal made of _____ or _____. a. Circle of _____. 32. The core is protected by 5. The main benefit of fiber- the _____. optic cable over electric cable b. Straight line 25. Light beams can be is its _____. c. Curve bounced or their direction can 33. In PCS cable, the core is be changed by _____ with _____ and the cladding is 6. True or false. Fiber-optic d. Random way a(n) _____. _____. cable has more loss than 16. The wavelength of light is electric cable over long usually expressed in _____ or 26. The bending of light rays 34. The index of refraction is distances. _____. due to speed changes when highest in the moving from one medium to 7. True or false. Fiber-optic 17. The lowest-frequency a. Core another is called _____. cable is smaller, lighter, and visible light is b. Cladding stronger than electric cable. 27. If a light ray strikes a a. Red mirror at an angle of 30° from 35. List the three main types 8. List the two main the normal, it is reflected at of fiber-optic cable. b. Violet disadvantages of fiber optic an angle of _____ ° from the 36. Stretching of the light 18. A micrometer, or micron, cable. normal. pulse is called _____. is a length of _____ of a 9. The two most commonly _____. 28. When the angle of 37. List the two types of cable used light sources in fiber- refraction is 90° to the in which light pulse stretching 19. The wavelength range of optic systems are _____. normal, the ray travels along occurs. visible light is _____ to _____ the _____ between the two 10. Voice and video signals nm. media. Therefore, the incident are converted into before 38. High-frequency pulses 48. A cable with a loss of 5 57. Usually LEDs are made of 68. 68-.The two main circuits can be best transmitted over dB will have _____ percent of _____. in a fiber-optic receiver are _____ cable. the input appear at the output _____. (see Fig. 13-19). (page 365- 58. Single frequency light is 39. Pulse stretching causes Frenzel) called _____. 69. The product of the bit rate the information capacity of a and distance of a system is cable to 49. True or false. A kilometer 59. The condition of all 90 Mbits·km/s. The rating at 3 is longer than a mile. emitted light waves being in km is _____ Mbits/s. a. Increase phase is known as _____. b. Decrease 50. Which cable length will 70. In today's systems, the have the least attenuation? 60. A single-frequency average maximum distance 40. Graded index means that intense light source is known between repeaters is the _____ of _____ of the a. 40 ft as a(n) _____. between _____ and _____ core varies over its cross b. 120 ft 61. The reflective surfaces on mi. section c. 1780 ft a laser diode structure form 1. light 41. Single-mode step-index d. 1 km a(n) _____ that produces in- cable has a Core diameter in phase light waves. 2. voice, video, computer 51. Three cables with the range of data attenuations of 9, 22, and 45 62. For normal operation, a. 100 to 1000 m dB are spliced together. The LED and ILDs are _____ 3. telephone systems b. 50 to 100 m total attenuation is _____ dB. (reverse, forward)-biased. 4. glass, plastic c. 2 to 15 m 52. True or false. Fiber-optic 63. Which is faster, an LED or cables may be spliced. ILD? 5. wide bandwidth 42. A _____ is applied over the cladding to protect 53. To conveniently link and 64. Which produces the 6. false against moisture, damage, attach fiber-optic cables to brightest light, an LED or 7. true etc. one another and related ILD? 43. A common protective equipment, _____ are used. 8. brittleness, difficult to work 65. During normal operation, with layer in a cable is made of 54. The two most common all photodiodes are _____ _____ mesh. light sources used in fiber- (reverse, forward)-biased. 9. LEDs, semiconductor 44. Fiber-optic cables are optic transmitters are _____. lasers 66. Light falling on the PN available with the following 55.The most popular light junction of a photodiode 10. binary or digital pulses number of cores: _____. wavelength is _____ m causes the diode's _____ 11. photocell or light detector 45. Light loss in a cable is because fiber-optic cable current to increase. called _____. attenuation is lowest at that 12. repeaters wavelength. 67. The most sensitive and 46. Light loss is caused by fastest light detector is the 13. electromagnetic _____. 56.True or false. The light _____. from a 1.55 m LED is visible. 14. pipe 47. Light loss is measured in 15. b (Straight line) _____ per_____. 16. micrometers (microns), 39. b (Decrease) 64. ILD nanometers 40. index, refraction 65. reverse 17. a (Red) 41. c (2 to 15 m) 66. leakage 18. one-millionth, meter 42. protective coating 67. avalanche photodiode 19. 400, 700 43. Kevlar 68. amplifier, comparator-or 20. b (More than 700 nm) shaper 44. 2, 6, 12, 18, 24 21. visible, infrared, ultraviolet 69. 30 45. attenuation 22. 300,000,000; 186,000 70. 6.17. 18.5 (10 and 30 km) 46. dispersion, absorption, 23. true scattering 24. index, refraction 47. decibels, kilometer 25. reflection, mirror 48. 31 26. refraction 49. false 27. 30 50. a (40 ft.) 28. critical 51. 76 29. reflection 52. true 30. index, refraction 53. connectors 31. b (Glass) 54. LED. laser 32. cladding 55. 1.3 33. glass, plastic 56. false 34. a (Core) 57. gallium arsenide 35. multimode step-index, 58. monochromatic single-mode step-index, multimode graded-index 59. coherence