“Gh.

Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi Structural Statics – Statically Determinate Structures

Department of Structural Mechanics Senior Lecturer Cezar Aanicăi, Dr. Eng.

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS

Let solve the following statically indeterminate beam (EI = constant):
20 kN 40 kN
The equilibrium equation system for the chosen primary
system PS is (N≈0 → 2 unknowns M’, M”):

θ'=0 θ"=0 ⎧⎪θ ' = 0 → α ′M ' + β M " + ϕ ′ = 0

EI=const.
⎨
⎪⎩θ " = 0 → β M ' + α ′′M " + ϕ ′′ = 0
3m 4m 3m

20 kN 40 kN The main terms of the equations are:

M' M"

∫
m' m' 1 1 2 l 10
P.S. α′ = dx = 1⋅ l ⋅ 1 = =
θ' θ" EI EI 2 3 3 EI 3 EI
l

∫
M' m" m" 1 1 2 l 10
α" = dx = 1⋅ l ⋅ 1 = =
α'M' βM' EI EI 2 3 3 EI 3 EI
l

M'=1 It is obvious that if EI = constant

α′ = α"
real load case

α' β

∫ ∫
0.7 0.3 m' m" m" m'
m' β' = β" = β = dx = dx =
1 EI EI
l l
1 1 1 1 l 10
= 1⋅ l ⋅ 1 = =
virtual load case

EI 2 3 6 EI 6 EI
0.7 0.3
m'
1 The free terms of the equation system are:

1 ⎡3
∫
M"=1 M p m'
ϕ' = dx = ( 2 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ 78 + 1 ⋅ 78 ) +
β α" EI EI ⎢⎣ 6
l

4
M"=1 + ( 2 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ 78 + 2 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅102 + 0.7 ⋅102 + 0.3 ⋅ 78 ) +
6
1
( 2 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅102 )⎤⎥ =
3 301
0.3 0.7 1 +
m" m" 6 ⎦ EI
SR SV
⎡3
∫
M p m" 1
ϕ" = dx = ⎢ 6 ( 2 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅102 + 1 ⋅102 ) +
20 kN 40 kN
EI EI ⎣
l

4
ϕ' ϕ"
+ ( 2 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅ 78 + 2 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅102 + 0.3 ⋅102 + 0.7 ⋅ 78 ) +
6
V'=26 V"=34
( 2 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅ 78 )⎤⎥ =
3 329
78 102 +
Mp 6 ⎦ EI
SR

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“Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi Structural Statics – Statically Determinate Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Senior Lecturer Cezar Aanicăi, Dr. Eng.

78 102 The free terms could also be solved using

the loading factors m’ and m”,
respectively, as follows:
l l
ϕ' = m' , and ϕ" = m"
6 EI 6 EI
R'M R" M where
40 kN 6R'M 6R"M
m' = , and m" =
M'=54.6 kNm 20 kN M"=71.4 kNm l l
and R’M and R”M are the reactive forces
given by the bending moment diagram
considered as a load for the primary
V'=24.32 kN V"=35.68 kN system.
6 R' M 6 1 ⎡1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
m' = = ⋅ ⎢ ⋅ 78 ⋅ 3 ⎜ 7 + ⋅ 3 ⎟ + 78 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 +
l 10 10 ⎣ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠
24.32 + 4.32
Qf 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 2 ⎤
+ ⋅ 24 ⋅ 4 ⎜ 3 + 4 ⎟ + 102 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ⋅ 3⎥ = 180.6
-
35.68
2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 3 ⎦

54.6 71.4 6 R" M 6 1 ⎡1 2

m" = = ⋅ ⎢ ⋅ 78 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ⋅ 3 + 78 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 +
l 10 10 ⎣ 2 3
Mf
1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
18.36 + ⋅ 24 ⋅ 4 ⎜ 3 + 4 ⎟ + 102 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ⎜ 7 + ⋅ 3 ⎟ ⎥ = 197.4
35.64 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦

10 301 10 329
Hence: ϕ' = 180.6 = , and ϕ" = 197.4 = - the same values.
6 EI EI 6 EI EI
Solving the equation system, the bending moments are as follows:
α " ϕ ' − βϕ " α ' ϕ " − βϕ '
M' =− = −54.60 kNm , and M" = − = −71.40 kNm .
α 'α"− β 2 α 'α "− β 2

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 “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi Structural Statics – Statically Determinate Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Senior Lecturer Cezar Aanicăi, Dr. Eng.

Let solve the following statically indeterminate beam with step variable stiffness:
20 kN 40 kN
The equilibrium equation system for the chosen
primary system PS is (N≈0 → 2 unknowns M’, M”):

θ'=0 θ "=0 ⎧⎪θ ' = 0 → α ′M ' + β M " + ϕ ′ = 0

EI0
4EI0 4EI0 ⎨
3m 4m 3m
⎪⎩θ " = 0 → β M ' + α ′′M " + ϕ ′′ = 0

20 kN 40 kN Because the beam is geometrically and

M' M" mechanically symmetric the main terms of the
equations are equal, α ′ = α " , Hence:
P.S.
θ' θ"

∫ ∫
m' m' m" m"
M' α′ = α" = dx = dx =
EI EI
α'M' β M' l l

1 3 ⎞
M'=1 = ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 0 . 7 ⋅ 0 .7 + 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 0 .7 ⎟ +
4 EI 0 6 ⎠
real load case

α' β

0.7 0.3
+
1 4
EI 0 6
( 2 ⋅ 0 .7 2 + 2 ⋅ 0 . 32 + 2 ⋅ 0 .7 ⋅ 0 .3 ) +
m'
1
1 1 2 4.5099
1 + ⋅ 0 .3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ⋅ 0 .3 =
4 EI 0 2 3 3 EI 0
virtual load case

∫ ∫
m' m" m" m'
0.7 0.3 β = dx = dx =
m' EI EI
1 l l

1 3
M"=1 = ( 2 ⋅ 0 .7 ⋅ 0 .3 + 1 ⋅ 0 .3 ) +
4 EI 0 6
β α"

M"=1
+
1 4
EI 0 6
( 2 ⋅ 0 . 7 ⋅ 0 . 3 + 2 ⋅ 0 .3 ⋅ 0 .7 + 0 . 7 2 + 0 . 32 ) +

1 1 3 1.1267
0.3 0.7 1
+ ( 2 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ 0.3 + 0.3 ⋅1) =
m" m"
4 EI 0 6 EI 0
SR SV The free terms of the equation system are:
20 kN 40 kN
⎡3
∫
M p m' 1
ϕ' = dx = ⎢ 6 ( 2 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ 78 + 1 ⋅ 78 ) +
EI 4 EI 0 ⎣
l

ϕ' ϕ" 1 4
+ ( 2 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ 78 + 2 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅102 + 0.7 ⋅102 +
V'=26 V"=34 EI 0 6
78 102
1 3 ⎤ 207.85
+0.3 ⋅ 78 ) + ( 2 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅102 )⎥ =
Mp
SR 4 EI 0 6 ⎦ EI 0

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 “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi Structural Statics – Statically Determinate Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Senior Lecturer Cezar Aanicăi, Dr. Eng.

1 ⎡3
∫
M p m" 1 4
ϕ" = dx = ⎢ ( 2 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ 102 + 1 ⋅ 102 ) + ( 2 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅ 78 + 2 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ 102 +
EI 4 EI 0 ⎣ 6 EI 0 6
l

1 3 ⎤ 219.65
+ 0.3 ⋅ 102 + 0.7 ⋅ 78 ) + ( 2 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅ 78 )⎥ =
4 EI 0 6 ⎦ EI 0
20 kN 40 kN The free terms could also be solved using the
loading factors m’ and m”, respectively, as
follows:
l l
ϕ' = m' , and ϕ" = m"
ϕ' ϕ" 6 EI 6 EI
V'=26 V"=34 where
78 102 6R'M 6R"M
Mp m' = , and m" =
l l
SR and R’M and R”M are the reactive forces given
by the reduced bending moment diagram
102 (proportionally with the bending stiffness)
78 considered as a load for the primary system.
25.5
19.5
6 1 ⎡1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
R' M = ⋅ ⎢ ⋅ 19.5 ⋅ 3 ⎜ 7 + ⋅ 3 ⎟ + 78 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 +
10 10 ⎣ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠

R'M R"M 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 2 ⎤
+ ⋅ 24 ⋅ 4 ⎜ 3 + 4 ⎟ + 25.5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ⋅ 3⎥ = 207.85
40 kN
2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 3 ⎦
6 1 ⎡1 2
M'=65.61 kNm 20 kN M"=96.95 kNm R" M = ⋅ ⎢ ⋅ 19.5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ⋅ 3 + 78 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 +
10 10 ⎣ 2 3

1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
+ ⋅ 24 ⋅ 4 ⎜ 3 + 4 ⎟ + 25.5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ⎜ 7 + ⋅ 3 ⎟ ⎥ = 219.65
V'=22.87 kN V"=37.13 kN 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦

Solving the equation system, the bending

22.87 moments are as follows:
+ 2.87
Qf α " ϕ ' − βϕ "
M' =− = −65.61 kNm ,
- α 'α"− β 2
37.13
α ' ϕ " − βϕ '
M' =− = −96.95 kNm .
65.61 96.95 α 'α "− β 2

Mf
2.99
14.45

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 “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi Structural Statics – Statically Determinate Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Senior Lecturer Cezar Aanicăi, Dr. Eng.

20 kN 40 kN

Let solve the following statically indeterminate beam

with linear voussoirs at the ends:
θ'=0 θ"=0
EI 0
4EI0
The equilibrium equation system for the chosen primary
4EI0
system PS is (N≈0 → 2 unknowns M’, M”):
3m 4m 3m
⎧⎪θ ' = 0 → α ′M ' + β M " + ϕ ′ = 0
20 kN 40 kN
M" ⎨
⎪⎩θ " = 0 → β M ' + α ′′M " + ϕ ′′ = 0
M'
P.S.
θ' θ" Because the beam is geometrically and
M'=1 mechanically symmetric the main terms of the
equation system are equal, α ′ = α " :
1 α' β
l l l
m' = m '
α′ = c' , α" = c" , β= c
0.7 0.3 3 EI 0 3 EI 0 6 EI 0
1 SR = SV
where c’=c”, and c are voussoir influence coefficients
M"=1 which depend on the voussoir type (linear, parabolic,
β α" 1 symmetrically disposed or not etc.) and length,
stiffness ratio between the moment of inertia in the
0.3 0.7 1 current span and the moment of inertia at the ends of the
m" = m" beam, respectively, are given in specific tables, and the
SR = SV values in this case are:
20 kN 40 kN I span
lv 3 I0
λv = = = 0 .3 , n= = = 0.25
l 10 I m ax 4I0
and
ϕ' ϕ"
c' = c" = 0.644 , c = 0.832 .
V'=26 V"=34
78 102 For the free terms, the following relationships are
Mp used:
SR l l
ϕ' = m' k ' , ϕ " = m" k ",
6 EI 0 6 EI 0
40 kN
M'=62.08 kNm 20 kN M"=87.08 kNm where m’k’ and m”k” depend on the load
characteristics (concentrated or distributed forces
etc.) and by the voussoirs type (linear, parabolic,
symmetrically disposed or not etc.) and its
V'=23.5 kN V"=36.5 kN
mechanical properties as mentioned above and are
given in tables. For this particular case, two distinct
23.5 sets of values must be extracted because the beam
+ 3.5
is loaded with two concentrated forces – F1 = 20
Qf kN, and F2 = 40 kN. Consequently, considering
-
36.5 valid the load superposition hypothesis, these
influences could be added as follows:
62.08 87.08
m' k ' = ( m' k ' ) + ( m' k ' )
F1 F2
= v1F 1 F1l + v1F 2 F2 l
Mf
m" k " = ( m" k " ) + ( m" k " )
8.42 F1 F2
22.42 = v2F 1 F1l + v2F 2 F2l
Fi
the coefficients vi being obtained by corresponding linear interpolation, and the final values are:

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 “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi Structural Statics – Statically Determinate Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Senior Lecturer Cezar Aanicăi, Dr. Eng.

v1F 1 = 0.292 , v1F 2 = 0.235

v2F 1 = 0.235 , v2F 2 = 0.292

Hence,
m' k ' = 0.292 ⋅ 20 ⋅10 + 0.235 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 10 = 152.40

m" k " = 0.235 ⋅ 20 ⋅10 + 0.292 ⋅ 40 ⋅10 = 163.80

and the free terms are:
l l 254
ϕ' = m' k ' = 152.40 = ,
6 EI 0 6 EI 0 EI 0

l l 219.65
ϕ" = m" k " = 163.80 =
6 EI 0 6 EI 0 EI 0
Replacing all these values in the equation system, the ends bending moments are:
⎧ l
⎪ ( 2 M ' c' + M " c + m' k ' ) = 0
⎧⎪ α ′M ' + β M " + ϕ ′ = 0 ⎪
6 EI 0
⎨ →⎨
⎪⎩ β M ' + α ′′M " + ϕ ′′ = 0 ⎪ l
⎪ 6 EI ( M ' c' + 2 M " c + m" k " ) = 0
⎩ 0

from which:
2c" m' k ' − cm" k " 2 ⋅ 0.644 ⋅152.4 − 0.832 ⋅163.8
M' =− =− = −62.08 kNm ,
4c' c" − c 2
4 ⋅ 0.644 ⋅ 0.644 − 0.832 2
2c' m" k " − cm' k ' 2 ⋅ 0.644 ⋅163.8 − 0.832 ⋅152.4
M" =− =− = −87.08 kNm
4c' c" − c 2
4 ⋅ 0.644 ⋅ 0.644 − 0.832 2

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 “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi Structural Statics – Statically Determinate Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Senior Lecturer Cezar Aanicăi, Dr. Eng.

Let solve the following statically indeterminate beams subjected to the shown support settlements.
a) Fully fixed beam subjected to an imposed unit rotation of a beam end

θ'=1

i j
EI=const.
θ"=0
l
M' M"
P.S.
θ' θ"
M'=1

α' β
M"=1

β α"

The equilibrium equation system for the chosen primary system PS is (N≈0 → 2 unknowns M’, M”):

⎧θ ' = 1 → α ′M ' + β M " = 1 ⋅ θ ' + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle

⎪⎪ k
⎨
⎪θ " = 0 → β M ' + α ′′M " = 1 ⋅ θ " + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle
⎪⎩ k

The main terms of the equation system are:

l l l
α′ = , α" = , β=
3 EI 3 EI 6 EI
Consequently, the equation system becomes:
⎧ l l 1
⎪ 3 EI M ' + 6 EI M " = 1 ⋅ θ ' + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle = 1 ⋅ 1 + l ⋅ 0 = 1
⎪ k
⎨
⎪ l l 1
⎪ 6 EI M ' + 3 EI M " = 1 ⋅ θ " + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle = 0 ⋅ 0 + ⋅ 0 = 0
l
⎩ k

and bending moments are

4 EI 2 EI
M ' = kij = and M ' = k ji = −
l l
also known as rotation stiffness and transmitted rotation stiffness, respectively of a fully fixed beam
with a constant bending stiffness along the whole length.

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“Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi Structural Statics – Statically Determinate Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Senior Lecturer Cezar Aanicăi, Dr. Eng.

b) Fully fixed beam subjected to an imposed unit vertical displacement of a beam end

i j
θ"=0
EI=const. Δ"=1
θ"=0
l
M' M"
P.S.
θ' θ"
M'=1

α' β
1/l 1/l
M"=1
β α"
1/l 1/l

The equilibrium equation system for the chosen primary system PS is (N≈0 → 2 unknowns M’, M”):

⎧θ ' = 0 → α ′M ' + β M " = 1 ⋅ θ ' + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle

⎪⎪ k
⎨
⎪θ " = 0 → β M ' + α ′′M " = 1 ⋅ θ " + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle
⎪⎩ k

The main terms of the equation system are:

l l l
α′ = , α" = , β=
3 EI 3 EI 6 EI
Consequently, the equation system becomes:
⎧ l l 1 1
⎪ 3 EI M ' + 6 EI M " = 1 ⋅ θ ' + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle = 0 ⋅ 0 − l ⋅1 = − l
⎪ k
⎨
⎪ l l 1 1
⎪ 6 EI M ' + 3 EI M " = 1 ⋅ θ " + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle = 0 ⋅ 0 + ⋅1 =
l l
⎩ k

and bending moments are

6 EI 6 EI
M ' = kijΔ = − 2
and M ' = kijΔ = 2
l l

also known as translation stiffness of a fully fixed beam with a constant bending stiffness
along the whole length.
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 “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi Structural Statics – Statically Determinate Structures
Department of Structural Mechanics Senior Lecturer Cezar Aanicăi, Dr. Eng.

c) Fixed-hinged beam subjected to an imposed unit rotation of a beam end

θ'=1 The elastic equilibrium equation for the chosen

primary system PS is (N≈0 → one unknown M’):

i j θ ' = 1 → α ′M ' = 1 ⋅ θ ' + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle

EI=const. k

l
Knowing that α ′ = ,
l 3 EI
M' the equilibrium equation becomes:
P.S. l 1
θ' θ" M ' = 1 ⋅ θ ' + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle = 1 ⋅1 + ⋅ 0 = 1
3 EI k l
M'=1 and bending moment is:
3 EI
α' M ' = kij =
β l

also known as rotation stiffness of a fixed-hinged beam with a constant bending stiffness along the
whole length.

d) Fixed-hinged beam subjected to an imposed unit vertical displacement of a hinged end

i j
θ"=0 The elastic equilibrium equation for the same
chosen primary system PS is (N≈0 → one
EI=const. Δ"=1 unknown M’):
1 1
α ′M ' = 1 ⋅ θ ' + ∑ ± Rk ⋅ Δk ,settle = 1 ⋅ 0 − ⋅1 = −
l k l l
M'
P.S. l
θ' θ" replacing α ′ = , and solving for the
3 EI
M'=1 unknown bending moment M’, the translation
stiffness is:

α' β
l 1 Δ 3 EI
1/l 1/l M ' = − → M ' = k ij = − 2
3 EI l l

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