Beruflich Dokumente
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h
λ≡ √ .
2πmkB T
we obtain λ = 1Å.
The typical wavelength of a phonon in a solid is λ = 0.01 m, which is much longer
than the neutron wavelength. The minimum wavelength is, however, of the order of atomic
spacing (3 − 5 Å), which is comparable to the neutron thermal wavelength.
(b) Degeneracy criterion: Quantum mechanical effects become important if nλ3 ≥ 1. In
the high temperature limit the ideal gas law is valid, and the degeneracy criterion can be
reexpressed in terms of pressure P = nkB T , as
nh3 P h3
nλ3 = = 1.
(2πmkB T )3/2 (kB T )5/2 (2πm)3/2
It is convenient to express the answers starting with an imaginary gas of ‘protons’ at room
temperature and pressure, for which
The quantum effects appear below T = TQ , at which nλ3 becomes order of unity. Using
m 3/2
3 3 p
nλ = (nλ )proton , and TQ = Troom (nλ3 )3/2 ,
m
1
(c) Dispersion relation: A spectrum of low energy excitations scaling as
E(k) ∝ k s ,
C ∝ T d/s .
corresponding to sound waves of speed cs . Inserting all the numerical factors, we have
3 1/3
12π 4 N kB 6π 2 N
T h̄cs
CV = , where Θ= .
5 Θ kB V
Hence, we obtain
1/3
2π 2 kB V T 3
E = h̄cs k = kB k = (2 × 10−32 Jm) k,
5 CV
Ss kB ln(2N )
ss = = = kB ln 2.
N N
(b) Fermi temperature for liquid 3 He may be obtained from its density as
2/3
h2
εF 3N
TF = =
kB 2mkB 8πV
2/3
(6.7 × 10−34 )2
3
≈ ≈ 9.2 o K.
2 · (6.8 × 10−27 )(1.38 × 10−23 ) 8π × 46 × 10−30
(c) Heat capacity comes from the density of excited states at the fermi surface, and is given
by
π2 π2 2 3N π2 T
CV = k B kB T D(εF ) = kB T = N kB .
6 6 2kB TF 4 TF
2
(d) Entropy can be obtained from the heat capacity as
T
T dS 1 CV dT π2 T
Z
CV = , ⇒ s` = = kB .
dT N 0 T 4 TF
results in
∂P s` − s s
= .
∂T melting v` − v s
(f) The negative slope of the phase boundary results from the solid having more entropy
than the liquid, and can be calculated from the Clausius-Clapeyron relation
π2 T
∂P
s` − s s 4 TF
− ln 2
= ≈ kB .
∂T melting v` − v s v` − v s
3
3. Boson Ferromagnetism:
(a) Average occupation numbers of the one-particle states in the grand canonical ensemble
of chemical potential µ, are given by the Bose-Einstein distribution
1
ns (~k) = , (for s = −1, 0, 1)
eβ [H(s)−µ] − 1
1
= h 2 i .
k2
exp β h̄2m − µ0 sB − βµ − 1
V 1
Z
ns (~k),
X
Ns = =⇒ Ns = d3 k .
(2π)3
h 2 i
h̄ k 2
{~
k}
exp β 2m − µ0 sB − βµ − 1
√
After a change of variables, k ≡ x1/2 2mkB T /h, we get
V +
f3/2 zeβµ0 sB ,
Ns = 3
λ
where
∞
1 dx xm−1 h
Z
+
fm (z) ≡ , λ≡ √ , z ≡ eβµ .
Γ(m) 0 z −1 ex − 1 2πmkB T
M (T, µ) = µ0 (N+ − N− )
V h + βµ0 B
+ −βµ0 sB
i
= µ0 3 f3/2 ze − f3/2 ze .
λ
+ + + ∂ +
ze±βµ0 B ≈ f3/2
f3/2 (z[1 ± βµ0 B]) ≈ f3/2 (z) ± z · βµ0 B f3/2 (z).
∂z
+ +
Using zdfm (z)/dz = fm−1 (z), we obtain
V + 2µ20 V +
M = µ0 (2βµ 0 B) · f 1/2 (z) = · B · f1/2 (z),
λ3 k B T λ3
and
2µ20 V
∂M +
χ≡ = 3
· f1/2 (z).
∂B B=0
kB T λ
4
+
(d) In the high temperature limit, z is small. Use the Taylor expansion for f m (z) to write
the total density n(B = 0), as
N+ + N0 + N− 3 +
n(B = 0) = = 3 f3/2 (z)
V
B=0 λ
z2 z3
3
≈ 3 z + 3/2 + 3/2 + · · · .
λ 2 3
Inverting the above equation gives
3 3 2
nλ 1 nλ
z= − 3/2 + ···.
3 2 3
The susceptibility is then calculated as
2µ20 V
χ= · f + (z),
kB T λ3 1/2
2µ20 1 z2
χ/N = z + 1/2 + · · ·
kB T nλ3 2
2
3
2µ0 1 1 nλ 2
= 1 + − 3/2 + 1/2 +O n .
3kB T 2 2 3
(e) Bose-Einstein condensation occurs when z = 1, at a density
3 +
n = 3 f3/2 (1),
λ
or a temperature
2/3
h2
n
Tc (n) = ,
2πmkB 3 ζ 3/2
+
where ζ 3/2 ≡ f3/2 (1) ≈ 2.61.
+
Since limz→1 f1/2 (z) = ∞, the susceptibility χ(T, n) diverges on approaching Tc (n)
from the high temperature side.
−1
(f) Chemical potential for T < Tc : Since ns (~k, B) = z −1 eβ E s (k,B) − 1
~
is a positive
~
number for all k and sz , µ is bounded above by the minimum possible energy, i.e.
for T < Tc , and B finite, zeβµ0 B = 1, =⇒ µ = −µ0 B.
Hence the macroscopically occupied one particle state has ~k = 0, and sz = +1.
(g) Spontaneous magnetization: Contribution of the excited states to the magnetization
vanishes as B → 0. Therefore the total magnetization for T < Tc is due to the macroscopic
occupation of the (k = 0, sz = +1) state, and
M (T, n) = µ0 V n+ (k = 0)
3V
= µ0 V n − nexcited = µ0 N − 3 ζ 3/2 .
λ
********