HIGH CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION

IMPACT ON BAHRAIN, QATAR AND

KUWAIT

ASSIGNMENT # 2

SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM AYESHA RAZZAQ

SUBMITTED BY:-
 FAIZA ARSHAD (01-161161-068)
 AMNA SALEEM (01-161161-125)
 ANS IQBAL (01-161161-067)
CARBON DIOXIDE
 It is the colorless gas with a density of about 60%
higher than dry air.
 Formula : CO2
 Concentration in air: 0.04 % (410 PPM) by volume.

CO2 PRODUCED

NATURALLY ANTHROPOGENICALLY

It is produced both naturally and anthropogenic ally (by human)

NATURALLY: sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, and it is freed from
carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in
water, it occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, ice caps, glaciers and
seawater.

ANTHROPOGENIC: CO2 sources are part of our everyday activities and include those
from power generation, transportation, industrial sources, chemical production,
petroleum production, and agricultural practices. Many of these source types burn fossil
fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), which are the leading cause of CO2emissions.
TOP PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS COUNTRIES

 KUWAIT
 BAHRAIN
 QATAR

1. KUWAIT
The State of Kuwait is located at the northwestern end of the
Arabian Peninsula and has an area of 17,818 square kilometers.
Kuwait has approximately 500km of coastline along its mainland
And islands. Kuwait has an arid climate with average annual
Rainfalls of approximately 116 millimeters and average daily high
Temperatures in the summer typically above 40°C (Kuwait's
Initial Communication to the UNFCCC, 2012). Humidity in August and September
months can reach levels above 95% and dust storms can be common in summer
months which result in increased health risks (Kuwait's Initial Communication to the
UNFCCC, 2012).0Kuwait has a population of 4.2 million people; 1.3 million are Kuwaitis
and 2.9 million are expatriates. Expatriates account for 70% of the population

HISTORY
The environment of Kuwait was severely damaged during the Iraqi invasion of the State
in 1990-1991.During this time period, Iraq embarked on a systematic destruction of the
State’s oil industry and eventually setting fire to 789 oil wells, resulting in catastrophic
impacts on the environment and the economy. Studies have indicated that the
ecological landscape of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf was irrevocably damaged due to
the burning oil wells.

Kuwait is known as oil rich country and has many oil refineries which contribute mostly
in the pollution specially Carbon dioxide and many other pollutants.
The State of Kuwait is located at the northwestern end of the
CO2 EMISSIONS VALUES
The value for CO2 emissions (kt) in Kuwait was 95,408 as of 2014
The value for CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt) in Kuwait was 34,591

The latest value for CO2 emissions (kg per 2010 US$ of GDP) in Kuwait was 0.696 as
of 2014
CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (% of total) in Kuwait was 61.31 as of 2014
The value for CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) in Kuwait was 25.22

CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of
total fuel combustion) in Kuwait was 0.64 as of 2014.
CO2 EMISSIONS SOURCES

Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from
use of natural gas as an energy source.

Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the
manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of
solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
 Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from
use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source.

Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from
use of coal as an energy source

CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services contains
all emissions from fuel combustion in households

GLOBALLY CO2 EFFECT

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) have been determined to be the reason behind the global
warming phenomenon. Of all GHGs, carbon dioxide (CO2) has been considered one of
the major GHGs; referenced as a ‘chemical-print’ in industrial facilities; and utilized in
many ways to reduce its impact. Yet still, in Kuwait and many countries in the region, a
proper analysis of its sources and emission rates are still lacking.
IMPACT ON TEMPERATURE

In Kuwait, under a high emissions scenario, mean annual temperature is projected to

rise by about 6.2oC on average from 1990 to 2100. If global emissions decrease
rapidly, the temperature rise is limited to about 1.7oC. Due to main factor temperature
rise climate is changing rapidly

Climate change, through higher temperatures, land and water scarcity, flooding, drought
and displacement, negatively impacts
Agricultural production and causes breakdown in food systems. These disproportionally
affect those most vulnerable people at risk
To hunger and can lead to food insecurity. Vulnerable groups risk further deterioration
into food and nutrition crises if exposed to
Extreme climate events. Without considerable efforts made to improve climate
resilience, it has been estimated that the global risk of hunger and malnutrition could
increase by up to 20 percent by 2050.
In Kuwait, the prevalence of underweight children under age 5 was 3% in 2014
IMPACT ON SEA LEVEL
In Kuwait, under a high emissions scenario, and without large investments in
adaptation, an annual average of 594,500 people is projected to be affected by flooding
due to sea level rise between 2070 and 2100. If global emissions decrease rapidly and
there is a major scale up in protection (i.e. continued construction/rising of dikes) the
annual affected population could be limited to about 300 people. Adaptation alone will
not offer sufficient protection, as sea level rise is a long-term process, with high
emissions scenarios bringing increasing impacts well beyond the end of the century
IMPACT ON ELDERLY

In Kuwait, under a high emissions scenario heat-related deaths in the elderly (65+
years) are projected to increase to about 51 deaths per 100,000 by 2080 compared to
the estimated baseline of under 3 deaths per 100,000 annually between 1961 and 1990.
A rapid reduction in global emissions could limit heat-related deaths in the elderly to
about 11 deaths per 100,000 in 2080.

2. BAHRAIN:
The State of Bahrain is located in the Arabian Gulf at longitude 50.58E and latitude
26.24N. It is a group of small islands, the largest being the Manama Island. The overall
area of Bahrain is about 700 km2 with nearly 600 000 inhabitants. The Directorate of
Meteorology (DM) routinely collects weather data. It is based in Muharraq Island, which
is nearly 10 km away from Manama City on Manama Island.

Using the full range of IPCC 2001 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
carbon dioxide emission scenarios, the global mean temperature change relative to
1990 was calculated up to 2010. These climate models show that the global mean
surface temperature could rise by about 1.4C to 5.8C by 2100. The topmost value
assumes constant aerosol concentrations and high climate sensitivity beyond 1990 and
the lowest value is for the same but a much lower climate sensitivity
CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (% of total)

CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (% of total) in Bahrain were 90.55 as of
2014. Its highest value over the past 54 years was 91.53 in 2012, while its lowest value
was 0.00 in 1960. Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to
emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source.

Carbon dioxide
emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of
cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and
gas fuels and gas flaring. Above figure shows that CO2 emissions had an upward trend
until 1998, after which it started to decrease sharply, and this decreasing trend
continued until 2010. Over this 50-year period, some short-term reversals took place in
1963, 1966, 1974, 1983, and 1992, probably connected to the overall economic growth.
Sustainability 2016, 8, 923 6 of 10 Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from
the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide
produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.

CO2 EMISSIONS IMPACT GLOBALLY:

The effects of climate change are complex and include increased average
temperatures, rising sea levels, changes in rainfall, and more frequent extreme weather
events. While climate change is a serious risk to the Kingdom, the total net national
emissions in Bahrain in the year 2000 was 22,374 CO2e, which contributes a relatively
small amount of global emissions at less than 0.1%. Approximately 77% are associated
with the combustion of fossil fuels or the release of fugitive emissions from oil and gas
operations. Industrial processes accounted for about 11% of all GHG emissions, followed by the
waste sector, which accounted for about 12% of total emissions.

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
EMITIONS:

Industrial processes are the second largest emitter of anthropogenic GHG emissions in
Bahrain, accounting for 2,515Gg of CO2 e, or about 11% of national CO2 e emissions
in 2000. Metal production (i.e., aluminum production) accounted for the largest share of
industrial process emissions, about 75%; followed by chemical production at about
25%.

IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH:

These emissions pose a significant threat to public health. Increased exposures to

thermal extremes, changing disease vector dynamics, an increased incidence of food-
related and waterborne infections are likely to be experienced throughout the Bahraini
population, with the elderly, patients with pre-existing medical conditions, and children,
likely among those hit the hardest.

Vulnerability and Adaptation:

With climate change, it is expected that future increases in climatic variability will lead to
adverse impacts on a number of vulnerable sectors, systems, and livelihoods in
Bahrain. During the past several years, impact assessments were undertaken in four
key sectors; coastal zones, water resources, human health, and biodiversity. The
results of the assessments have been shared with a wide range of stakeholders in
Bahrain, including both the general public and private sector. It is providing the basis for
initial efforts to incorporate climate change into planning decisions made by
policymakers, national agencies, and other stakeholder

Future carbon emissions:

In the absence of high penetration of energy efficiency and renewable energy, future
energy sector GHG emissions through 2030 are expected to rise rapidly. As shown in
Figure ES-3, annual GHG emissions from the energy sector are projected to increase to
about 46 million tons of CO2 by 2030, an increase of over 37 million tons from levels in
the year 2000, or a growth rate of about 5.6% per year.

3. QATAR

Qatar is a peninsular Arab country whose terrain

comprises arid desert and a long Persian (Arab)
Gulf shoreline of beaches and dunes. Also on the
coast is the capital, Doha, known for its futuristic
skyscrapers and other ultramodern architecture
inspired by ancient Islamic design, such as the
limestone Museum of Islamic Art,
POLLUTION IN QATAR

The level of air pollution in Qatar is very alarming as it has frequently exceeded local
and international recommended standards. In fact, compared to the world health
organization’s (WHO) standards of the 24-hour and annual averages concentration of
50 μg/m3and 20 μg/m3 for PM10, Qatar’s national air quality standards are far from
these values. For instance, the values for PM10 is around 150 μg/ m3 for 24 hours
average concentration and around 50 μg/m3 for the annual average concentration .
These high levels have increased the likelihood of diseases related to the respiratory
system such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among many others. Air
pollution is caused by Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). GHG are gases that trap heat
in the atmosphere and lead to global warming which has many negative consequences.
In Qatar, the level of GHG emission is very high when it is measured in per capita basis
compared to other countries in the world. For example, Qatar is ranked the first in the
world in term of CO2 emissions per capita (World Bank Indicators, 2011). The value for
CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) in Qatar was 45.42 as of 2014
 GHG Emission By Gas for The period 1990- 2012

In 2012 carbon dioxide (CO2) was the major contributor to GHG in Qatar with a
percentage of 93% of total emissions, followed by methane (CH4) which accounted for
5 %, and nitrous oxide (N2O) for 2%.

Qatar GHG Emissions by Gas 2012.

 CO2 Emissions by Energy sub-sector 2012

Qatar is highly vulnerable to various adverse impacts that may result from climate
change mainly because of Carbon Dioxide emissions; these threats are summarized in
the following points
• If the temperature rise is accompanied with a decrease, there will be moisture losses
from Qatar’s water-stressed land.

• If a moisture loss happens then further desertification and increased water demand
will take place

. • Increased water demand will require more production of desalinated water and
consequently more energy consumption and CO2 emissions.

• Increased temperatures will increase the degradation of air quality and adversely
affect the human health.

• Qatar is one of three Arabian Gulf countries (along with Bahrain and Kuwait) and
among the 10 countries in the world that would be affected by rise in sea level. This
would damage the coastline and the marine life.

• Having shallow marine depths, Qatar’s ecosystems will be adversely affected by

climate change. This will cause negative impacts on mangroves, coral reefs and sea
grass beds.
REFRENCES:

http://www.tefkuwait.com/Documents/103%20CO2%20emission/103%20Full%20paper-
CO2%20emission.pdf
http://www.carboun.com/energy/carbon-footprint-of-electricity-in-the-middle-east/

https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/kuwait/indicator/EN.CO2.ETOT.ZS

http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246149/WHO-FWC-PHE-EPE-15.24-
eng.pdf;jsessionid=4CC427B3925CD9E89A3993BBE71BF1E8?sequence=1

https://journal.gnest.org/sites/default/files/Submissions/gnest_02269/gnest_02269_published.pdf

https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/30/qatar-environmental-impact-climate_n_2213298.html

https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/qatar/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC