Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TRAINING REPORT
ON
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Session 2014-18
Submitted By:
Submitted To:
Mr. Vishal Sharma Nimisha Goyal (14EJCEE082)
Assistant Professor
i
ABSTRACT
A rapid rise in the use of electricity is placing a very heavy responsibility on electrical
undertaking to maintain their electrical network in perfect condition, young engineers is called
upon to do design, system planning and construction and maintenance of electric system before
he had much experience and practice soon may be responsible for specialize operation in an ever
expending industry. Theoretical knowledge gained in their college courses need to be
supplemented with practical know-how to face this professional challenge, so as a part of our
practical training we have to attempt the rule of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. We took
our practical training at 220 kV G.S.S. Nadbai, Bharatpur.
Since our training center was Grid Sub-Station hence we have included all updated information,
to the extent possible, including general introduction and brief description of starting sub-station
of 220 kV G.S.S. in this study report.
The period of training was from 22/05/2017 to 20/07/2017.
This report deals with the practical knowledge of general theory and technical data/detail of
equipments, which we have gained during the training period at 220 kV GSS Nadbai Bharatpur.
ii
CONTENTS
Page
Chapter name no.
Acknowledgment i
Abstract ii
Contents iii
List of figures v
List of tables vi
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1: 220kV G.S.S. Nadbai, Jaipur 1
1.2: Incoming feeders 2
Chapter 3: Isolators 7
Chapter 4: Insulators 8
4.1: Type of insulators 8
4.1.1: Pin type 8
4.1.2: Suspension type 9
4.1.3: Strain type 9
1
Chapter 5: Protective relays 1
1
5.1: Distance relays 2
1
5.2: Buchholz relay 2
1
Chapter 6: Circuit Breakers 4
1
6.1: Operating principle 4
1
6.2: Classification of circuit breakers 4
1
6.2.1: SF6 Circuit Breaker 5
1
6.2.2: Air Blast Circuit Breaker 6
1
6.2.3: Oil Circuit Breaker 8
1
6.2.4: Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker 9
6.2.5: Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker 1
9
2
Chapter 7: Power Transformers 1
2
7.1: Basic parts of transformer 1
2
Chapter 8: Current transformer 5
iii
Chapter 9: Potential transformer 26
Chapter19: Conclusion 43
Certificates 45
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Figure Name Page No
1.1 Feeders 2
1.2 Single line diagram of 220kV GSS Nadbai 4
2.1 Bus bar 6
4.1 Pin type insulator 9
4.2 Suspension type insulators 9
4.3 Strain insulators 10
5.1 Relays 11
5.2 Buchholz relay 13
6.1 SF6 circuit breaker 15
6.2 Air blast circuit breaker 17
7.1 Power transformer 22
7.2 Radiator with fan 23
7.3 Winding and oil temperature indicator 23
7.4 Silica gel breather 24
8.1 Current transformer 25
10.1 CVT connection 27
10.2 CVT 28
13.1 Control room 33
15.1 Capacitor bank 35
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table No Table Name Page No
1 Outgoing Feeders 3
2.1 Details SF6 Circuit breaker 15
2.2 Details SF6 Circuit breaker 16
3 Specifications of 220kV Lightening arrester 32
4 Transformer Ratings 38
vi
CHAPTER- 1
INTRODUCTION
Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The electric power
produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a large network of
transmission & distribution. The transmission network is inevitable long and high power lines
are necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of generation to the load centers to inter
connected. Power house for increased reliability of supply greater.
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency,
power factor etc.) of electric supply keeping the power constant is called a substation.
Depending on the constructional feature, the high voltage substations may be further subdivided:
(a) Outdoor substation
(b) Indoor substation
(c) Base or Underground substation
1
Incoming feeders
220 kV G.S.S.
Nadbai,
Bharatpur
Outgoing feeders
Fig1.1 Feeders
1.2) 220 kV G.S.S. Nadbai, Bharatpur
2
1.2.2) Outgoing Feeders
132 kV 33 kV
3) Mandawar 3)
4) 4) kherli
5) Manjhi
6) Bani
1. Radial Feeders.
2. Tie Feeders
3
1.3) Single Line Diagram
4
CHAPTER-2
BUS BARS
Bus Bars are the common electrical component through which a large no of feeders operating at
same voltage have to be connected.
If the bus bars are of rigid type (Aluminum types) the structure height are low and minimum
clearance is required. While in case of strain type of bus bars suitable ACSR conductor are
strung/tensioned by tension insulators discs according to system voltages. In the widely used
strain type bus bars stringing tension is about 500-900 Kg depending upon the size of conductor
used.
Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension is achieved. Loose bus bars
would affect the clearances when it swings while over tensioning may damage insulators.
Clamps or even affect the supporting structures in low temperature conditions.
The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp would spark under in full load condition
damaging the bus bars itself.
2.1) Bus bar arrangement may be of following type which is being adopted by
RRVPNL
2.1.1) Single bus bar arrangement
2.1.2) Double bus bar arrangement
a) Main bus with transformer bus
b) Main bus-I with main bus-II
2.1.3) Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.
5
4. The normal bus selection insulators cannot be used for breaking load currents. The
arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance without causing stoppage of supply.
2.1.2) Double bus bar arrangements contains main bus with auxiliary bus:
The double bus bar arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry out
maintenance on the other but provide no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The main
and transfer bus works the other way round. It provides facility for carrying out breaker
maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance. Whenever maintenance is required on any
breaker the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and is controlled through bus coupler
breaker.
6
CHAPTER-3
ISOLATORS
“Isolator" is one, which can break and make an electric circuit in no load condition. These are
normally used in various circuits for the purposes of Isolation of a certain portion when required
for maintenance etc. Isolation of a certain portion when required for maintenance etc. "Switching
Isolators" are capable of
Interrupting transformer magnetized currents
Interrupting line charging current
Load transfer switching
Its main application is in connection with transformer feeder as this unit makes it possible to
switch out one transformer, while the other is still on load. The most common type of isolators is
the rotating center pots type in which each phase has three insulator post, with the outer posts
carrying fixed contacts and connections while the center post having contact arm which is
arranged to move through 90` on its axis.
7
CHAPTER-4
INSULATOR
The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power conductors from the
ground so that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports. The insulators
are connected to the cross arm of supporting structure and the power conductor passes through
the clamp of the insulator. The insulators provide necessary insulation between line conductors
and supports and thus prevent any leakage current from conductors to earth. In general, the
insulator should have the following desirable properties:
High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.
4.1.1) Pin type: Pin type insulator consist of a single or multiple shells adapted to be mounted on
a spindle to be fixed to the cross arm of the supporting structure. When the upper most shell is
wet due to rain the lower shells are dry and provide sufficient leakage resistance these are used
8
for transmission and distribution of electric power at voltage up to voltage 33 KV. Beyond
operating voltage of 33 KV the pin type insulators thus become too bulky and hence
uneconomical.
4.1.2) Suspension type: Suspension type insulators consist of a number of porcelain disc
connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. Its working voltage is 66KV. Each disc
is designed for low voltage for 11KV.
4.1.3) Strain type insulator: The strain insulators are exactly identical in shape with the
suspension insulators. These strings are placed in the horizontal plane rather than the vertical
plane. These insulators are used where line is subjected to greater tension. For low voltage lines
(< 11KV) shackle insulator are used as strain insulator.
9
Fig 4.3 Strain Insulators
10
CHAPTER-5
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Relays must be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective action is
required. Obviously, a relay cannot prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is to detect the fault
and take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or to the system. The
most common parameters which reflect the presence of a fault are the voltages and currents at
the terminals of the protected apparatus or at the appropriate zone boundaries. The fundamental
problem in power system protection is to define the quantities that can differentiate between
normal and abnormal conditions. This problem is compounded by the fact that “normal” in the
present sense means outside the zone of protection. This aspect, which is of the greatest
significance in designing a secure relaying system, dominates the design of all protection
systems.
11
5.1) Distance Relays
Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay location. The
impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between the relay
location and the fault location. As the power systems become more complex and the fault current
varies with changes in generation and system configuration, directional over current relays
become difficult to apply and to set for all contingencies, whereas the distance relay setting is
constant for a wide variety of changes external to the protected line.
12
surge and the surge element in the relay trips the transformer. Size of the relay varies with oil
volume in the transformer and the mounting angle also is specified for proper operation of the
relay.
13
CHAPTER-6
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
6.1) Introduction
The function of relays and circuit breakers in the operation of a power system is to prevent or
limit damage during faults or overloads, and to minimize their effect on the remainder of the
system. This is accomplished by dividing the system into protective zones separated by circuit
breakers. During a fault, the zone which includes the faulted apparatus is de-energized and
disconnected from the system. In addition to its protective function, a circuit breaker is also used
for circuit switching under normal conditions.
Each having its protective relays for determining the existence of a fault in that zone and having
circuit breakers for disconnecting that zone from the system. It is desirable to restrict the amount
of system disconnected by a given fault; as for example to a single transformer, line section,
machine, or bus section. However, economic considerations frequently limit the number of
circuit breakers to those required for normal operation and some compromises result in the relay
protection.
Some of the manufacturers are ABB, AREVA, Cutler-Hammer (Eaton), Mitsubishi Electric,
Pennsylvania Breaker, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Toshiba, Končar HVS and others.
Circuit breaker can be classified as "live tank", where the enclosure that contains the breaking
mechanism is at line potential, or DEAD TANK with the enclosure at earth potential. High-voltage
AC circuit breakers are routinely available with ratings up to 765,000 volts.
14
6.2.1) SF6 Circuit Breaker
Sulphur hexafluoride has proved its-self as an excellent insulating and arc quenching medium. It
has been extensively used during the last 30 years in circuit breakers, gas-insulated switchgear
(GIS), high voltage capacitors, bushings, and gas insulated transmission lines. In SF6 breakers
the contacts are surrounded by low pressure SF6 gas. At the moment the contacts are opened, a
small amount of gas is compressed and forced through the arc to extinguish it.
15
Normal current Rating:
At 50 c ambient: 1120 Amp
At 40 c Ambient: 1250 Amp
Short time current rating: 20 kV for 1 sec.
16
6.2.2) Air blast circuit breaker
The principle of arc interruption in air blast circuit breakers is to direct a blast of air, at high
pressure and velocity, to the arc. Fresh and dry air of the air blast will replace the ionized hot
gases within the arc zone and the arc length is considerably increased. Consequently the arc may
be interrupted at the first natural current zero. In this type of breaker, the contacts are surrounded
by compressed air. When the contacts are opened the compressed air is released in forced blast
through the arc to the atmosphere extinguishing the arc in the process.
The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas the oil deteriorates
with successive operations; the expense of regular oil is replacement is avoided
The growth of dielectric strength is so rapid that final contact gap needed for arc
extinction is very small. this reduces the size of device
17
The arcing time is very small due to the rapid build-up of dielectric strength between
contacts. Therefore, the arc energy is only a fraction that in oil circuit breakers, thus
resulting in less burning of contacts
Due to lesser arc energy, air blast circuit breakers are very suitable for conditions where
frequent operation is required
The energy supplied for arc extinction is obtained from high pressure air and is
independent of the current to be interrupted.
Disadvantages
Air has relatively inferior arc extinguishing properties.
Air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to the variations in the rate of restricting
voltage.
Considerable maintenance is required for the compressor plant which supplies the air
blast
Air blast circuit breakers are finding wide applications in high voltage installations.
Majority of circuit breakers for voltages beyond 110 kV are of this type.
18
2. It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live conductors and earthed
components.
19
bulk oil breakers. This is due to carbonization and slugging from arcs interrupted chamber is
equipped with a discharge vent and silica gel breather to permit a small gas cushion on top of the
oil. Single break minimum oil breakers are available in the voltage range 13.8 to 34.5 KV.
20
CHAPTER-7
POWER TRANSFORMER
Distribution transformers reduce the voltage of the primary circuit to the voltage required by
customers. This voltage varies and is usually:
1) 120/240 volts single phase for residential customers,
2) 480Y/277 or 208Y/120 for commercial or light industry customers.
Three-phase pad mounted transformers are used with an underground primary circuit and three
single-phase pole type transformers for overhead service.
Network service can be provided for areas with large concentrations of businesses. These
are usually transformers installed in an underground vault. Power is then sent via
underground cables to the separate customers.
7.1.1) Windings
Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scales & burrs. Windings shall be made
in dust proof and conditioned atmosphere. Coils shall be insulated that impulse and power
frequency voltage stresses are minimum. Coils assembly shall be suitably supported between
adjacent sections by insulating spacers and barriers. Bracing and other insulation used in
assembly of the winding shall be arranged to ensure a free circulation of the oil and to reduce the
hot spot of the winding. All windings of the transformers having voltage less than 66 kV shall be
fully insulated. Tapping shall be so arranged as to preserve the magnetic balance of the
transformer at all voltage ratio. All leads from the windings to the terminal board and bushing
shall be rigidly supported to prevent injury from vibration short circuit stresses.
21
Fig. 7.1 Power Transformer
22
Fig. 7.2 Radiator with fan
23
transformer. To minimize this conservator is allowed to breathe only through the silica gel
column, which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the conservator air surface.
7.4.4) Conservator
With the variation of temperature there is corresponding variation in the oil volume. To account
for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to the transformer with a connecting
pipe to the main tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to atmosphere through
dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). In larger transformers, an air bag is mounted inside
the conservator with the inside of bag open to atmosphere through the breathers and the outside
surface of the bag in contact with the oil surface.
24
CHAPTER-8
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary current
passing through the line/bus main circuit. Such as primary current 60A, 75A, 150A, 240A, 300A,
400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A.
When connecting the jumpers, mostly secondary connections is taken to three unction boxes
where star delta formation is connected for three phase and final leads taken to protection
metering scheme.
It can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical inputs for the
operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and distribution circuit or for
power transformer. These current transformers have the primary winding connected in series
with the conductor carrying the current to be measured or controlled. The secondary winding is
thus insulated from the high voltage and can then be connected to low voltage metering circuits.
25
CHAPTER-9
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a lower
value, which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac voltmeter. The
voltage transformers are classified as under:
Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type
Electromagnetic type.
Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in high
voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above where it
becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to earth voltage to be
made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling, which has reached wide
application in modern high voltage network for tele-metering remote control and telephone
communication purpose.
26
CHAPTER-10
CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT)
use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C 1, is often
replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across
the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop
across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.
The porcelain in multi-unit stack, all the potentials points are electrically tied and suitably
shielded to overcome the effect of corona RIV etc. Capacitive voltage transformers are available
for system voltage.
27
CVT is affected by the supply frequency switching transient and magnitude of connected
Burdon. The CVT is more economical than an electromagnetic voltage transformer when the
nominal supply voltage increases above 66KV.
The carrier current equipment can be connected via the capacitor of the CVT. There by there is
no need of separate coupling capacitor. The capacitor connected in series act like potential
dividers, provided, the current taken by burden is negligible compared with current passing
through the series connected capacitor.
Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in high
voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above where it
becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to earth voltage to be
made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling, which has reached wide
application in modern high voltage network for tele-metering remote control and telephone
communication purpose.
The capacitance type voltage transformers are of two type:
Coupling Capacitor type
Pushing Type
28
CHAPTER-11
TRANSFORMER OIL & ITS TESTING
The insulation oil of voltage- and current-transformers fulfills the purpose of insulating as
well as cooling. Thus, the dielectric quality of transformer is a matter of secure operation of a
transformer.
Since transformer oil deteriorates in its isolation and cooling behavior due to ageing and
pollution by dust particles or humidity, and due to its vital role, transformer oil must be subject
to oil tests on a regular basis.
In most countries such tests are even mandatory. Transformer oil testing sequences and
procedures are defined by various international standards.
Periodic execution of transformer oil testing is as well in the very interest of energy
supplying companies, as potential damage to the transformer insulation can be avoided by
well-timed substitution of the transformer oil. Lifetime of plant can be substantially increased
and the requirement for new investment may be delayed.
To assess the insulating property of dielectric transformer oil, a sample of the transformer oil is
taken and its breakdown voltage is measured.
The transformer oil is filled in the vessel of the testing device. Two standard-compliant test
electrodes with a typical clearance of 2.5 mm are surrounded by the dielectric oil.
A test voltage is applied to the electrodes and is continuously increased up to the breakdown
voltage with a constant, standard-compliant slew rate of e.g. 2 kV/s.
At a certain voltage level breakdown occurs in an electric arc, leading to a collapse of the test
voltage.
29
An instant after ignition of the arc, the test voltage is switched off automatically by the
testing device. Ultra fast switch off is highly desirable, as the carbonization due to the
electric arc must be limited to keep the additional pollution as low as possible.
The transformer oil testing device measures and reports the root mean square value of the
breakdown voltage.
After the transformer oil test is completed, the insultaion oil is stirred automatically and the
test sequence is performed repeatedly. (Typically 5 Repetitions, depending on the standard)
30
CHAPTER-12
LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
12.1) Introduction
A lightning arrester (in Europe: surge arrester) is a device used on power systems and
telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the
damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a
ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along
the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most
cases to earth.
In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrestor is placed where wires enter a structure,
preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near
them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are devices that are
connected between each electrical conductor in power and communications systems and the
Earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a
path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their
purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by lightning
or is near to a lightning strike.
If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of
kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to
transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage
spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances.
Potential target for a lightning strike, such as a television antenna, is attached to the terminal
labeled A in the photograph. Terminal E is attached to a long rod buried in the ground. Ordinarily
no current will flow between the antenna and the ground because there is extremely high
resistance between B and C, and also between C and D. The voltage of a lightning strike,
however, is many times higher than that needed to move electrons through the two air gaps. The
31
result is that electrons go through the lightning arrester rather than traveling on to the television
set and destroying it.
A lightning arrester may be a spark gap or may have a block of a semi conducting material such
as silicon carbide or zinc oxide. Some spark gaps are open to the air, but most modern varieties
are filled with a precision gas mixture, and have a small amount of radioactive material to
encourage the gas to ionize when the voltage across the gap reaches a specified level. Other
designs of lightning arresters use a glow-discharge tube (essentially like a neon glow lamp)
connected between the protected conductor and ground, or voltage-activated solid-state switches
called varistors or MOVs.
Lightning arresters built for power substation use are impressive devices, consisting of a
porcelain tube several feet long and several inches in diameter, typically filled with disks of zinc
oxide. A safety port on the side of the device vents the occasional internal explosion without
shattering the porcelain cylinder.
Lightning arresters are rated by the peak current they can withstand, the amount of energy they
can absorb, and the break over voltage that they require to begin conduction. They are applied as
part of a lightning protection system, in combination with air terminals and bonding
32
CHAPTER-13
CONTROL PANEL
Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control building, also
called the dog house. These are used to control the substation equipment to send power from one
circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when needed.
33
CHAPTER-14
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS USED
12.1.1) ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted energy meters are fitted to the
panel to different feeders the energy transmitted is recorded after one hour regularly
for it MWHr, meter is provided.
12.1.2) WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power exported from
GSS.
12.1.3) FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder there is the
provision of analog or digital frequency meter.
12.1.4) VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage .It is also
available in both the analog and digital frequency meter.
12.1.5) AMMETER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available in both the
forms analogue as well as digital.
12.1.6) MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the control panel to
record the average power over successive predetermined period.
34
CHAPTER-15
CAPACITOR BANK
The capacitor bank provides reactive power at grid substation. The voltage regulation problem
frequently reduces so of circulation of reactive power.
Unlike the active power, reactive power can be produced, transmitted and absorbed of course
with in the certain limit, which have always to be workout. At any point in the system shunt
capacitor are commonly used in all voltage and in all size.
Benefits of using the capacitor bank are many and the reason is that capacitor reduces the
reactive current flowing in the whole system from generator to the point of installation.
1 .Increased voltage level at the load
2. Reduced system losses
3. Increase power factor of loading current
35
CHAPTER-16
EARTHING OF THE SYSTEM
The provision of the earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the following reason.
1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightening discharge or other system fault.
These parts of equipment, which are normally dead, as for as voltage, are concerned do not attain
dangerously high potential
2. In a three phase circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the potential
of the circuit w.r.t earth
3.The resistance of earthing system is depending on:
4. Shape and material of earth electrode used.
5. Depth in the soil.
Specific resistance of soil surrounding in the neighbourhood of system electrodes.
36
The earth fault protection is based on the method of neutral earthing.
37
CHAPTER-17
RATINGS
17.1) Transformer
Total No of transformers = 6 MVA Rating No. of transformers Make
220/132 KV 100MVA 2 TELK, ALSTOM
132/33 KV 20/25MVA 2 TELK, BBL
132/33KV 40/50MVA 1 T&R
132/11 KV 10/12.5 MVA 1 EMCO
17.2.1) SF6 CB
Breaker serial no. 030228
Rated voltage 145kv
Normal current 1250a
Frequency 5ohz
Lightning impulse withstand 650kv (peak)
First pole to clear to clear factor 1-2
Short time withstand current 31.5ka
Duration of short circuit 3 sec.
(Short circuit) Sym. 31.5ka
38
(Breaking current) Asym. 37.5ka
Short time making current 8.0ka
Out of phase breaking current 7.9ka
Operating sequence 0-0.3-co-3min-co
SF6 gas pressure at 20c 6.3 bar
Total mass of CB 1300kg
Mass of SF6 gas 8.7kg
39
HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE 245kV
PRIMARY VOLTAGE 22OkV/1.732
TYPE OUTDOOR Wgt. 850kg
PHASE SINGLE TBONP.CAT 50C
SECONDARY VOLTAGE 110/1.732 110/1.732
RATED BURDON 220Va 110Va
FREQUENCY 49.5-50.5Hz
40
CHAPTER-18
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
18.1) Introduction
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) provides for signal transmission down transmission
line conductors or insulated ground wires. Protection signaling, speech and data transmission for
system operation and control, management
information systems etc. are the main needs which are met by PLCC.
PLCC is the most economical and reliable method of communication because of the higher
mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power line which contribute to the
increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over the larger distances involves.
High frequency signals in the range of 50 KHZ to 400 KHZ commonly known as the carrier
signal and to result it with the protected section of line suitable coupling apparatus and line traps
are employed at both ends of the protected section. Here in
Mansarovar and also in other sub-station this system is used. The main application of power line
carrier has been from the purpose of supervisory control telephone communication, telemetering
and relaying.
41
18.3) Merits
1. The severity that a power line can withstand is much more than that odd communication line
due to higher mechanical strength of transmission line.
2. Power lines generally provide the shortest route between the Power Station and the Receiving
Stations.
3. The carrier signals suffer less attenuation, owing to large cross sectional area of power line.
4. Larger spacing between conductors reduces the capacitances which results in lesser
attenuation of higher frequencies.
5. Large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a certain extent.
6. The construction of a separate communication line is avoided.
18.4) Demerits
1. Utmost care is required to safeguard the carrier equipment and persons using them against
high voltage and currents on the line.
2. Noise introduced by power line is far more than in the case of communication line. This is due
to the discharge across insulators and corona etc.
3. Induced voltage surges in the power line may affect the connected carrier equipment.
42
CHAPTER-18
CONCLUSION
An engineer needs to have not just theoretical but practical as well and so every student is
rd
supposed to undergo practical training session after 3 year where we have imbibed the
knowledge about transmission, distribution, generation and maintenance with economic issues
related to it.
During our 60 days training session, we were acquainted with the repairing of the transformers
for example when there was leakage of oil. We were taught the actual procedure for taking a
transformer shutdown. This gave us a chance to peep into actual practices used and also the
formal procedure for it. There were also classes related to various equipment used in a
substation. Our mentors taught us about a different equipment each day. We were also able to
learn about various testing procedures for measurement and protection purposes. We were taught
how important megger test is for a transmission system and how is it done. Also we learnt about
different type of cables which were being used there. Also, Gas Insulated Substation was a
completely new area for us and learning about it at Mansarovar GSS helped us to know about
and to keep up with the new emerging technologies.
At last I would like to say that practical training taken at 220 kV GSS has broadened our
knowledge and widened our thinking as a professional. It was a completely new experience as
we were able to look outside the regular books of our curriculum.
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CHAPTER-20
REFERENCES
1. energy.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/energy-department/en/home.html
2. Electrical Technology by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja
3. Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badri Ram & D N Vishwakarma
4. Power System by J.B.Gupta
5. http://www.electrical4u.com/
6. http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/plcc-power- line-carrier- communication
7. Electrical Machine by P.S.Bhimbra
8. IEEE paper on A Three Phase Transformer Modelling For Distribution System by
Debojyoti Sen, Aditi Dixit and Anshul Tiwari, Department of Electrical and Electronics,
IMEC, Ghaziabad, India
9. IEEE paper on SF6 Circuit Breaker Design and Performance by J.S. Stewart, NEI Rey-
rolle Ltd.
10. IEEE paper On Development and Applications of Lightening Arrester for Transmission
Line by S. Furukawa, Kansai Electr. Power Co. Inc., Osaka, Japan.
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CERTIFICATES
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