Research Article

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

2016, Vol. 8(5) 1–10
Ó The Author(s) 2016
Design and experiments of a DOI: 10.1177/1687814016651371
aime.sagepub.com
self-charged power bank by harvesting
sustainable human motion

Longhan Xie, Jiehong Li, Siqi Cai and Xiaodong Li

Abstract
In this study, a self-charged power bank integrated with an energy harvester was developed to harness human biomecha-
nical energy and sustainably recharge a power bank. In the energy harvester, a spring–mass damping system is used to
transform the human body’s movement during walking into the rotation of a gear train and drive rotary generators to
produce electricity to recharge the battery through a rectifying circuit. A mathematical model was built to examine the
power output of the energy harvester under different excitation conditions. A prototype was built to test the perfor-
mances of the harvester, and experiments on the prototype fixed on the ankle, wrist, and torso were conducted, which
indicated that the measured power output was 0.35 W, 0.16 W, and 10 mW, respectively, when testers walked at 2.0 m/s
(the circular frequency of foot step is about 14.5 rad/s). The experiments indicate that a higher walking velocity as well
as excitation amplitude and frequency could result in higher output power.

Keywords
Energy harvesting, self-charging, human motion

Date received: 13 September 2015; accepted: 30 April 2016

Academic Editor: ZW Zhong

Introduction who acquired an output power of 550 mW and 56 mW

As the popularity of portable electronics increases,
mobile power banks are necessary to ensure that
devices remain available when working outdoors for
long periods of time; for example, a cell phone used on
a trip could be recharged from a mobile power bank.
Although a power bank can extend the electricity
capacity of the devices to a certain degree, it still has a
limited amount of electricity; thus, it needs to be
recharged frequently. However, it is occasionally unfea-
sible to recharge the exhausted power bank on a trip or
in fieldwork. Therefore, it is necessary to find alterna-
tive methods to solve the power supply problem of
mobile devices. Several novel methods have been inves-
tigated to sustainably recharge a battery. A few of these
methods focus on recharging the battery using solar
energy, such as Brogan et al.1 and Wang and Yen,2
using a solar cell, respectively. Although solar cells are
capable of being easily embedded in cloth, a large-sized
solar cell is required to harness considerable energy and
is available only under the condition of sufficient light,
which hinders the widespread use of the solar cell. It is
known that significant kinetic energy dissipates in the
form of heat during human motion, which implies that
the human body can be a tremendous source of energy.
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:
Longhan Xie, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South
China University of Technology, Room 435, Blk 30, SCUT, Tianhe
District, Guangzhou 510640, China.
Email: xielonghan@gmail.com

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open-access-at-sage).
2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
A total of 900 calories can be extracted when just 1 g of
fat is consumed.3 Thus, even if a small fraction of this
energy could be utilized, the human body would
become an enormous and sustainable energy source. In
fact, a few methods extracting energy from human
motion or body heat have already been proposed. Kim
et al.4 reported that a maximum of 224 nW of power
could be obtained using a thermoelectric element, while
Maisam et al.5 used a thermoelectric converter to har-
vest 20 mW of electricity power. In addition to harnes-
sing energy from body heat, a few researchers have
investigated harvesting impact energy from a foot
strike6–9 using micro-generators or piezoelectric materi-
als in the shoe sole. When a human walks, the trail of
the torso (or mass point of body) relative to the ground
appears approximately as a sine wave instead of a
straight line.10 This motion pattern of the torso pro-
vides a possibility of converting considerable kinetic
energy of the human body to electrical power. A few
energy-harvesting devices based on a backpack have
been developed to harvest the kinetic energy of the
torso motion. For example, Rome et al.11 used a
suspended-load backpack to convert human vertical
movement and generated 7.4 W of electric power. Xie
and Cai12,13 developed a suspended backpack harvester
to harness the mechanical energy of the human
body, which increased the energy-harvesting efficiency
by 40%.
The above-mentioned harvesting devices for human
kinetic energy were designed for a special type of
human motion or a designated human body joint;
therefore, they cannot be utilized for daily use. Using a
mobile power bank as an oscillating mass, a new
energy-harvesting device was proposed to harness
human kinetic energy and sustainably recharge the
power bank. This energy-harvesting device consists of a
battery in a power bank, which serves as the oscillating
mass, spring components, gear train to speed up the
motion, generator for mechanical–electrical energy con-
version, and circuit interface to regulate the electricity
from the generator. The battery and spring components
constitute the mass–spring oscillating mechanism,
which is used to harness human motion. During human
walking, the oscillating mechanism is driven by an
external vibration, and the ‘‘captured’’ motion is trans-
ferred to the gear train to increase the frequency and
rotate the generator. The electricity produced by the
generator later recharges the battery after the rectifier
and the regulator. The proposed energy-harvesting
device with a mobile power bank can be used for daily
use, which could spontaneously work anywhere if car-
ried on any part of the human body, including the torso
and the upper and lower limbs.
This report is organized as follows: section ‘‘Patterns
of human motion’’ introduces the pattern of human
motion, section ‘‘Energy harvester’’ describes the design
of the harvester as well as provides the mathematical
model and analysis of the harvester, section ‘‘Prototype
design and experiments’’ introduces the prototype
design and the experiments to validate the theoretical
analysis, and section ‘‘Conclusion’’ draws the conclu-
sions from this study.
Patterns of human motion
When a human walks normally, the motion pattern
appears to be periodic. However, the trunk, upper
limbs, and lower limbs do not share a unique motion
pattern. Thus, the motion patterns of the different
parts will be demonstrated.
The typical human motion in normal walking is
highly complex. Figure 1 provides the human motion
and posture during a normal walking cycle. The motion
of the body’s center of mass (COM), which is nearly at
the same position as the hip, is the basis of the human
movement.11,14 In bipedal human locomotion, the
trunk displacement is achieved by lower limb move-
ments that primarily result in the forward displacement
of the COM. As indicated by the dashed line in
Figure 1, the body’s COM moves forward and down-
ward simultaneously with each step, and it subse-
quently moves upward when the body weight is
transferred from one leg to the other.15 Therefore, dur-
ing a normal walking cycle, the human trunk moves up
and down relative to the mean forward velocity, and it
also displays speed fluctuations in the direction of pro-
gression. Additionally, the motion of the human trunk
can be characterized by a sinusoidal function, in which
the amplitude and frequency are dependent on both the
walking velocity and the human body dimensions. As
depicted in Figure 2, the walking model can be approxi-
mated as an inverted pendulum, and the hip displace-
ment in the vertical direction during walking, which is
of interest for energy harvesting, can be expressed as a
sinusoidal function of the walking frequency v with an
amplitude Y as follows16
y1 = Y1 sinðvtÞ ð1Þ
As a result of the periodical movement in human
torsion in the vertical direction, the energy harvester
Figure 1. Pattern of human motion and posture in a typical
walking cycle.
Xie et al.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of torso motion pattern during
normal human walking.
can be placed on the human trunk to harvest this reci-
procating motion. Figure 2 depicts the schematic dia-
gram of the human trunk motion and the energy
harvester on the torso. Based on Figure 2, the maxi-
mum amplitude of the vertical displacement during
walking is Y1 = R(1  cos umax ), which is related to the
leg length R and the maximum swing angle umax in a
phase. Furthermore, the maximum amplitude can be
corrected for pelvis rotation, knee flexion, foot length,
and other factors, after which the amplitude of displa-
cement for the torso can be given as follows17
0
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
 2
R 0:963pV A
Y1 = @1  1   0:0157R ðmÞ
2 Rv
Additionally, the circular frequency value for walk-
ing can be empirically approximated as a function of
the walking velocity and the leg length as follows18
 0:57
V between a certain position where the harvester is
v = 9:45 ðrad=sÞ
R mounted and the axle of the shoulder joint, and equa-
Based on the above equations, the vertical displace-
ment of the torso can be simply approximated as a
function of the walking velocity and the leg length.
Statistical data19 have demonstrated that the leg length
accounts for 53% of a person’s stature. Assuming that
the walking velocity is approximately 4–7 km/h, or
approximately 1–2 m/s, during normal walking, the
walking frequency and the vertical magnitude can be
obtained with respect to the walking velocity. Figure 3
illustrates the frequency and the magnitude of vibration
in the human trunk with respect to the walking velo-
city. This figure indicates that the relationship between
the walking velocity and the frequency is nearly linear,
which is similar to the relationship between the walking
velocity and the magnitude.
3
Figure 3. Circular frequency and vertical magnitude of normal
walking in terms of walking velocity.
The motion of the upper limbs, which is character-
ized as an out-of-phase swing, is considerably simpler
than that of the trunk. When the right leg and torso
move forward, the left arm moves forward and vice
versa for the opposing leg and arm. The upper limbs
can be modeled as a single simple pendulum that has
its mass concentrated at its COM. Assuming that the
angle a of the swinging arm is a sinusoidal function, as
depicted in Figure 4(b), the angular displacement of
any position on the arm relative to the mean forward
velocity, which is practical for energy harvesting, can
be written as follows
a = A sinðvtÞ ðradÞ ð4aÞ
The maximum amplitude swinging angle is A, and
ð2Þ the upper limb shares the same walking frequency v
with the torso. However, different positions of the arm
result in different displacements along the circular arc,
which accounts for the different excitation magnitudes
of the oscillating system. Thus, both sides of equation
(4a) are multiplied by L1, which represents the distance
ð3Þ
tion (4a) can then be rewritten as follows
y2 = Y2 sinðvtÞ ðmÞ ð4bÞ
where y2 = a  L1 and Y2 = A  L1 represent the angular
displacement and the amplitude, respectively.
During normal walking, gait cycles are repeated,
including the swing phase and the stance phase for each
foot. The right foot’s initial contact with the ground
occurs while the left foot is still on the ground, that is,
there is a period of double support between the initial
contact on the right foot and the toe of the left foot
leaving the ground (toe-off). During the swing phase of
the left foot, only the right foot remains on the ground,
providing a period of right leg singular support that
ends with the initial ground contact by the left foot.
4 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Figure 4. (a) Harvester mounted on the human hand and lower limbs, (b) schematic model of the upper limbs during normal
walking, and (c) schematic model of the lower limbs during normal walking.
Then, there is another period of double support until
toe-off occurs on the right foot. The left leg singular
support period corresponds to the right swing phase.
The cycle ends with the next initial ground contact by
the right foot. Although the lower limb motion pattern
is complex, it could still be seen as a single simple pen-
dulum swinging as a sinusoidal curve, as shown in
Figure 4(c). Similarly, the angular displacement relative
to the mean forward velocity can be expressed as
follows
b = B sinðvtÞ ðradÞ ð5aÞ
where B is the maximum amplitude swinging angle.
The lower limb has the same walking frequency v as
the other two parts. Similar to the upper limbs, the dis-
tance between the installation position of the harvester
and the hip joint should also be considered. Therefore,
equation (5) can be rewritten as follows
y3 = Y3 sinðvtÞ ðmÞ ð5bÞ
where y3 = b  L2 , Y3 = B  L2 , and L2 is the distance
between the installation position of the harvester and
the hip joint.
As discussed above, despite the different motion pat-
terns, the trails of the torso, upper limbs, and lower
limbs could be expressed as a similar simplified
equation (equations (1), (4), and (5)). For the sake of
convenience, a general expression for these three
motion patterns can be given as follows
y = Y sinðvtÞ ð6Þ
8
< Y1 when y = y1
where Y = Y2 when y = y2 .
:
Y3 when y = y3
Energy harvester
Working principle
The energy harvester, which is designed to embed into
a typical power bank, is schematically depicted in
Figure 5. The power bank consists of a dynamic sys-
tem, including chargeable battery, springs, micro-gen-
erator, planetary gear train, and circuit, and a static
structure, which includes a gear rack and a container
shell. The battery and springs constitute an oscillating
system, which can be excited by the external vibration
of the human body, and there is a relative linear motion
between the battery and the container shell. Because
the gear rack is attached to the container shell, the lin-
ear motion of the battery is transformed into rotation
of the gear train. The gear train accelerates the rotation
and drives the generator to produce electricity. Because
the human motion is irregular, the generated voltage
Xie et al.
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the energy harvester.
from the generator is also irregular; therefore, rectifier
and regulator circuit of the harvester is necessary to
regulate the electricity and store it in the battery.
In this energy harvester, as many components as
possible are designed to be the oscillating mass so that
the maximum amount of kinetic energy can be
absorbed by the oscillating system. The battery, gear
train, generator, and circuit are assembled in the con-
tainer, which can oscillate together with the springs. To
keep the oscillation stable, there is a track groove to fit
with the guiding rail attached on the shell; furthermore,
the guiding rail is made of polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) to reduce friction during oscillation.
Dynamic model
When the energy harvester works on the human body,
the oscillating system can be considered approximately
to be a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) oscillating
system, where the damping mass is M, and the total
stiffness coefficient of the springs is K. Then, the gov-
erning equation can be expressed as follows
M ð€z  €yÞ + C ðz_  y_ Þ + K ðz  yÞ =  M€y ð7Þ
where y is the function of the external excitation and C
is the total damping coefficient of the oscillating sys-
tem, which consists of the mechanical damping coeffi-
cient Cm due to the friction among the components and
the electrical coupling coefficient Ce , which represents
the ability of the energy conversion, that is, how much
5
mechanical energy is harnessed from the oscillating sys-
tem and converted to electricity. To simplify the equa-
tion, u = z  y is introduced to express the relative
displacement between the oscillating mass and the
human body parts. Thus, equation (7) can be rewritten
as follows
M€u + C u_ + Ku =  M€y ð8Þ
If the oscillating system is excited by the sinusoidal
excitation, the dynamic response of the system will also
be a sinusoidal function with the same frequency
according to the vibration theory. Therefore, the
response function can be expressed as follows
uðtÞ = U sinðvt  uÞ ð9Þ
By inserting the response function into equation (8),
the response amplitude and phase can be given as
follows
m2
U = Y qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð10Þ
2 2 2
ð1  m Þ + ð2zmÞ
 
2zm
u = tan1 ð11Þ
1  m2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where vn = k=M represents the natural frequency of
the oscillating harvester, m = v=vn is the frequency
ratio, and z = C=(2Mvn ) is based on the total damping
ratio of the system.
In order to capture as much human motion as possi-
ble, the resonant frequency of the spring–mass oscillat-
ing system in the harvester should be matched with
human walking frequency. When a person walks in dif-
ferent velocities, the circular frequency is variable, as
shown in Figure 3. Assume that the average circular
frequency of human normal walking is v  h and then the
total stiffness of the springs should be kd = v  2h M, where
M is the damping mass. In the proposed harvester,
there are four identical springs assembled in parallel, so
the stiffness of each spring is kd =4 = v  2h M=4.
The micro-generator typically achieves a reasonable
efficiency when it gains high speed. However, the
excited velocity of the external motion is extremely low;
therefore, an acceleration gear train is necessary to
speed up the low-speed human motion. Figure 6 illus-
trates the schematic diagram of the transmission in the
harvester. The linear motion is first transformed into
rotation by the rack gear, and the pinion gear Z0 then
transmits the rotation to its coaxial gear train. The
rotator of the generator is then accelerated by the gear
train. The pinion gear has the same module m as the
rack gear. The total gear ratio of the planetary gear
train is i, and assuming that the rack gear moves syn-
chronously with the outer shell relative to the damping
mass at a velocity u, _ the angular velocity of the pinion
6 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the transmission in the
harvester.
gear Z0 is u_ 0 = 2u=(mZ
_ _
0 ). Thus, the angular velocity uG
of the generator can be given as follows
2
u_ G = i   u_ ðrad=sÞ ð12Þ
mZ0
Power output of the energy harvester
The total transient power transferred from the human
motion to the oscillating system is a product of the elec-
trical damping force C u_ and the relative velocity u, _
which can be expressed as follows
Pt = C  u_ 2 = Cv2 U 2 cos2 ðvt  uÞ ð13Þ
Thus, based on the transient power, the average
power can be calculated as follows
3 2
 t = Mv Y  zm3
P ð14Þ
2 ð1  m2 Þ2 + ð2zmÞ2
where Mv3 Y 2 =2 represents the average input power
provided by the human motion. Thus, a weighted
damping mass M results in a greater power imported
by the walking human. Additionally, a higher walking
frequency and amplitude have a positive effect on the
input power. Figure 7 depicts the curves of the power
input with respect to both the walking frequency and
the amplitude, which indicates that the average power
output strongly depends on the amplitude and the fre-
quency of human walking.
Circuit interface of the energy harvester
The electricity produced by the generator will be used
to recharge the battery after the rectifier and the regula-
tor. Considering the input power range is extremely
large, a commercial DC/DC converter LTC 3105,
which has a wide input voltage range (0.25–5 V), is
applied to the recharging circuit. As depicted in
Figure 8, the circuit interface consists of the rectifier,
regulator, and battery. The electronic parameters are
provided in Table 1. The irregular output electricity
from the generator is first rectified by the bridge
Figure 7. Average input power versus walking frequency and
amplitude, where M = 0:1 kg, vn = 9:42 rad=s, and z = 0:5.
Table 1. Value of electronic components.
Symbol Value
C1 10 mF
C2 1 mF
C3 4.7 mF
C4 10 mF
R1 40.2 kO
R2 1020 kO
R3 332 kO
L1 10 mH
Rg 15.8 O
rectifier and then becomes a stable direct current after
the regulator. The output voltage is 4.1 V, which is suit-
able for charging the Li-ion battery.
Prototype design and experiments
A prototype and an experimental setup were built to
validate the theoretical analysis mentioned above. As
indicated in Figure 9, the prototype harvester had a
total weight of 126 g, among which the moving damp-
ing mass weighed 87 g. The overall dimensions of the
prototype harvester are 98 mm in length, 70 mm in
width, and 20 mm in height. The container and the
outer shell were made of ABS plastics. A mini DC
motor (MITSUMI, M15N series) is used as a generator
to produce electricity. The harvester prototype was
fixed to a belt, which made the harvester convenient to
mount on the torso, arms, and feet of the human body.
For the convenience of observing the output power of
the harvester, the cover of the prototype was removed.
A treadmill, capable of tuning the moving velocity, was
used in the experiments to accurately measure the
Xie et al. 7

Figure 8. Rectifier and regulator circuit of the harvester.

Figure 9. Experimental setup and harvester prototype: (a) prototype mounted on the upper limb, (b) prototype mounted on the
lower limb, (c) prototype mounted on the torso, and (d) front view of the prototype.

walking velocity. In the harvester prototype, the total
spring stiffness was set to be approximately 40 N/m so
that it could match the total oscillating mass and work
properly. The mechanical damping coefficient was esti-
mated by experiments. First, set to the open circuit, the
container of the energy harvester (i.e. the oscillator)
was pulled by a displacement and then released, and
the oscillating displacement curve was recorded.
Finally, the free decay curve of the damped oscillation
curve was fitted to obtain damping ratio in MATLAB
8 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Figure 10. Waveforms of the voltages and the current: (a)
waveforms of the output voltage from the micro-generator, (b)
instant power output from the generator, and (c) voltage after
rectifier between points e and f.
using the method in Venuti and Bruno.20 The mechani-
cal damping ratio of the prototype was estimated to be
approximately 0.108. The two-level gear train, which is
used to accelerate the rotation, has a gear ratio of 26.
The rated efficiency of the micro-generator used in the
prototype was 0.51, and the efficiency of the interface
circuit was measured to be approximately 82%.
To measure the transient charging current, a small
resistance R4, which was set to 1 O so that the minimal
voltage dropped, was connected in series with the bat-
tery, as indicated in Figure 9. By measuring the voltage
drop Ui of the small resistance using an oscilloscope,
the charging current could be calculated as ic = Ui =R4.
Meanwhile, the oscilloscope demonstrated the wave of
the charging voltage Uc. Thus, the charging power
could be determined by multiplying the charging vol-
tage and the current. Figure 10 presents the waveform
of the voltage and the current in the interface circuit.
The output voltage from the generator was measured
between points a and b, as indicated in Figure 10(a),
whose waveform is approximately sinusoidal. The out-
put power from the generator could be approximately
Figure 11. Waveforms of the voltages and the current: (a)
waveforms of the charging voltage to the battery after the
rectifier and the regulator circuit interface, (b) waveforms of the
charging current to the battery recorded by indirectly
measuring the voltage on resistance R4, and (c) waveforms of
power to the battery by multiplying the rectified voltage and the
charging current.
2
calculated by Uab =Rg , where Rg is the internal resistance
of the generator. Figure 10(b) shows the waveform of
power output from the generator. After the rectifier cir-
cuit, the voltage was regulated to be positive, and its
waveform is shown in Figure10(c), which was measured
between points e and f. The charging voltage to the bat-
tery after the rectifier and regulator circuit interface was
measured between points c and d, as illustrated in
Figure 11(a), which indicates that the rectified voltage
Ucd can be kept stable at 4.1 V. Figure 11(b) provides
the current waveform charged to the battery, which was
indirectly obtained by measuring the voltage Ui on
resistance R4. Therefore, the power waveform charged
to the battery can be calculated using the product of the
waveforms of the rectified voltage Ucd and the charging
current ic = Ui =R4, which could be used to calculate the
power waveform, as depicted in Figure 11(c).
Xie et al.
Figure 12. Average output power with respect to the walking
velocity when the energy harvester was fixed on (a) ankle, (b)
wrist, and (c) torso.
The experiments performed on the treadmill were
conducted to measure the power output with respect to
the changing walking velocities. Figure 12 provides the
experimental results of the power output for the energy
harvester for walking velocities between 1.4 and 2.0 m/s
when fixed at different positions, where the simulated
data are used as a reference. Each walking velocity
tuned by the treadmill was repeated 10 times, and the
average and standard error were then calculated.
Different walking velocities could result in different
walking frequencies and magnitudes for an individual
participant; therefore, the power output from the
energy harvester changed accordingly. This figure indi-
cates that the experimental data were close to the simu-
lated data, and they followed the same trend, indicating
that the theoretical study was correct; however, there
were a few differences between the experimental and
the simulated data. When the prototype harvester was
fixed on the ankle, the measured average electrical
power to charge the battery was approximately 0.35 W
at a velocity of 2.0 m/s, as indicated in Figure 12(a).
Similarly, in the case of the harvester fixed on the wrist
9
and on the torso, the measured power to the battery
was 0.16 W and 10 mW, respectively. There is a similar
pattern for the power output for different installation
positions of the harvester, and due to the different
amplitudes, the power output at the different installa-
tions is also discrepant. Based on Figure 12, the differ-
ent walking velocities could result in different walking
frequencies, thus the frequency ratio changed.
Therefore, the harvester power output changed accord-
ingly. In order to test the capacity of power supply for
application modules, two typical application experi-
ments were conducted during human daily activities.
First, an iPhone was recharged from the harvester fixed
on ankle. In the second example, the harvester fixed on
wrist was successfully applied to power a Samsung
mobile phone. In the two experiments, these applica-
tion devices worked continuously and with good status.
Conclusion
In this work, an energy harvester integrated with a
power bank was developed to harness human biome-
chanical energy, convert it into electricity, and recharge
the battery of the power bank. A mass–spring–damping
oscillating system, where the weight of the battery acted
as a damping mass, was used to capture human motion
during walking, and a gear train was used to convert
the linear motion into rotation and drive the micro-
generator to produce electricity. A mathematical model
of the energy harvester was built to analyze and opti-
mize the power output. An energy harvester prototype
was built to test the power output. Experiments on the
ankle, wrist, and torso were conducted, which indicated
that the measured power to charge a battery was
0.35 W, 0.16 W, and 10 mW, respectively, and the
results indicated that the experimental data agreed well
with the simulation. The self-charged power bank by
energy harvesting could effectively improve the
usability.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial sup-
port for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article: This work was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51575188), the
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(grant no. 2014ZZ0020), and the Industrial Technology
Research and Development Funds of Guangdong Province
(grant no. 2015A020214007).
10
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