Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
be one cultural or historical that possesses value, natural or man-made excellence and
amusement opportunities. Attractions may also bring visitors to specific destinations for
shopping, amusement, gaming, and culture, sight-seeing and recreational play. (Goeldner &
Ritchie, 2012)
In accordance to (Maria, 2016) Tourism potential of an area can be characterized as all the
components that make up the sights with facilities to get tourists agent. The primary types of
tourism are: tourism, recreation and relaxation, medical tourism, tourism or healing spa, socio-
cultural tourism, educational tourism. Tourism travel motivations of visitors separated in the
following forms: leisure tourism, spa medicines or cures, sports, shopping, specialized or
logical or religious.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
Philippines as a tropical country has a part to offer to the traveler since it has a part of little
islands. Numerous of the attractions are in the nation without any ventures. The marvelous
natural environment, the tall mountains, the tropical seas, and the beaches, all are there.
Other things that attract visitors are the homes, other traditional settlements, and the culture
habits. These attractions are moreover free of ventures. It communicated that to energize the
Being dynamic and competitive industry, there are various types of tourism that tourists and/or
potential tourists to choose from and one of them is dark tourism. According to (Brenda
University of Applied Sciences, 2016) “Dark tourism is the act of travel and visitation to sites,
attractions and exhibitions which have real or recreated death, suffering or the seemingly
macabre as a main theme”. (Vacaholics.com, 2018) explained that “this kind of tourism is also
referred to as grief tourism, black tourism, and Thana tourism, and involves visiting those
places and sites, which have been witnesses to some of the major tragedies in history. Apart
from their tragic histories of human suffering and bloodshed, most of these locations are also
popular for their historical value. The curious human mind is often more attracted to places
that are associated with things far from normal, and hence, sites bearing violent pasts have
become popular tourist destinations, receiving a large inflow of visitors year after year”.
The Capital of the Philippines, its heart and soul, is Manila. It set's the archipelago's beat and
is throbbing center that mixes the Oriental with the Occidental, the interesting with the present
day, the day-to-day standard with the extraordinary. (Globescope, n.d) At the heart of Metro
Manila’s history is Intramuros moreover called the Walled City, is the original location of the
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Spanish city of Manila, with Fort Santiago serving as its citadel. Intramuros is considered the
oldest locale of advanced Manila and the as it were put in the capital where Spanish-era
impacts have remained. Fort Santiago serves as an exhibition hall of the Spanish colonial
bequest and a holy place to the national legend, Dr. Jose Rizal, who was detained in the
Travel motivation can impact tourists by two powers which are the internal and external
forces. Internal forces are the variables of motivation that empower tourists to travel while
external forces are the factors in which tourists depend in the highlights of a destination.
Tourists must firstly develop their needs and desires before they choose to travel in a certain
destination.
Travel and Tourism Management, wishes to successfully study about the Motivation of
motivation in engaging with dark tourism. The learning will help the dark tourism sites to
attract more tourists, know the motivation of tourists in engaging with dark tourism and to help
them strengthen their weaknesses. For tourists, they will benefit in a way that they will gain
more knowledge about the dark tourism sites. For future researchers, it will help them to have
more information and basis regarding the study, at the same time, future researchers will also
(McIntosh and Goeldner, n.d) stated that tourism is compose of services, activities, and
and other hospitality services provided for individuals or groups travelling away from home.
The sum of this phenomenon arises from the interaction of business suppliers, tourist, host
communities and host governments in the process of hosting and attracting these tourists and
other visitors.
As per UNWTO (2016), over the previous decades, tourism has been encountering steady
the world. Tourism needs the ability to adapt easily to customers' shifting wants and needs, as
the clients' safety and satisfaction are the main focal point of tourism businesses since it is a
combative and vital industry. There is a wide range sector that gives different services and
In accordance with (International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism, n.d) tourism can
be partitioned into two categories―educational and recreation. All things considered, the line
of distinction between the two appears to go on diminishing when a visit to an obscure place
makes an individual learn and appreciate, both at the same time. The tourism segment
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nowadays points to cater to the needs and preferences of all sorts of visitors, and hence,
appears to take into consideration particular areas of their interest. In this manner, nowadays
we have a plenty of tourism sorts and endless choices to select from. The diverse categories
of tourism are as beneath: Adventure Tourism, Business Tourism, Cultural Tourism, Dark
Tourism, Eco Tourism, Religious Tourism, Sex Tourism and Sports Tourism.
Dark Tourism
Appearance to destinations related with death and enduring is of importance in the tourism
business. The wonder, known as "dark tourism", has pulled in the consideration of scholastic.
First, According to (Tarlow, nd) individuals look for the weird and distinctive in the assurance
of what is known. This could be one inspiration to visit dark tourism as the guest can
encounter something unsafe inside the well-being of the tourism condition. Second there is a
high demand in the tourism market to make new and extraordinary attractions, third travelers
are looking for spiritual renewal which can be accomplished by going up against obnoxious
occasions to which we have no private or particular connection and lastly the media opens us
to new places and every individuals would not know about under different conditions,
therefore producing enthusiasm for going to such destinations. According to (Thomas, 2012)
interest in past history, nature lovers, for academic purposes and individuals who look for
Dark tourism is an exceptional kind of tourism business which isn’t popular to everybody but it
has an important role in giving the information and to bring on the past to present. Going to
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dark sites not only a feeling but as well as more extensive discourse and consideration about
the dark side of the past and to the people. (Niemela, 2012)
The most appealing characteristic of Dark Tourism is their murderous, opposing, historical
past. A lot of people are willing to be engaged on this. Dark Tourism exist long time ago but it
is still new to the tourism phenomenon because a lot of people are still unaware, and
2014)
Instead of seeing dark tourism as a “sectional pathology” and a freak interest with death, we
need to acknowledge that death is a certain piece of everyone's lives, and this is reflected in
tourism as well. In this way maybe to comprehend dark tourism, to understand it we need to
keep to be an open minded and oppose the compulsion to oblige it to a strict definition. (Biran,
2017)
Dark tourism can fill a couple of intentions including education, political reasons, for think of
back purposes, to give recreation. It is additional info that through dark tourism tourist can
value to live more and feel sympathy with casualties. Dark tourism is a mind blowing that has
its own particular benefits. The part of dark tourism emotions are important and worth to
observe by investigating. This implies that the emotions you get in visiting dark sites is
probably has something else. According to (Tarlow, 2012) Not all dark sites is full of
excitement also not all dark tourism are leads to negative way. (Chang, 2017)
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In this cutting edge society, it demonstrates plainly that dark tourism has turned out to be
prominent among sightseers confronting and devouring passing through tourism write in view
of for the most part instruction and amusement purposes (Cuka and Chovancova, 2013)
According to Tarlow(2005) the intention of why people do visit dark sites is by suggesting dark
tourism is from a variety of idea including to understand at your own age, standards,
romanticism, part of the citizen identity, sign of becoming decadent, having of mysterious and
spiritual experiences. These form is to give the impression of visitors to motives based on
The dark tourism sites have been short identified pull factors of visitors. Depending on class
of context, politics, ideas and operation of ethics, dark sites can inspire the visitors to
appreciate the immoral act of death, trauma and the experience of suffering in an increasing
of real and true world. These emotions and feelings may occur at real place or scene where
Conduct aim can be watched and it discloses to us how a tourist will perform later on in view
of his or her subjective judgment and practices partitioned comprehensively into positive and
The Philippine government has recognized tourism as an imperative contributor to the era of
foreign trade profit, ventures, income, and employment and to the development of the
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development engine for the country. (Department of Tourism, 2015). The Department of
Tourism reports tourist entries in 2015 at 5.4 million with tourism revenue of as much as PHP
306. 6 Billion. (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016). Manila is the fundamental portal to the
nation with the Ninoy Aquino International Airport serving more than 30 airlines flying to and
from cities around the world (Department of Tourism, n.d.) Given its magnitude, tourism
cannot be marginalized and its validity as an industry should be defended. Tour guiding is a
significant angle of a reasonable tourism industry and the data given by tourist guides must be
Dark Tourism is the kind of tourism that includes going by historical destinations that are
associated to occasions of catastrophe and death. Sample areas that drop beneath this
definition include prisons and dungeons, battle fields and war sites. So how is this distinctive
from the normal tourism that happens in historical places? It isn’t—which is why it truly
shouldn’t be an issue with institutions like, say, the Department of Tourism (Dot). To be
reasonable, in spite of the fact that, most individuals in the department don’t even know that
There is no other place in Manila where historical and supernatural meets than Intramuros.
(Cana, 2016) In 1945 during the war in Manila between Filipino, Japanese forces and
America Intramuros was demolished. Instead of reconstruction most of the religious and
educational institutions was moved in other places. First the Rizal Shrine in Fort Santiago,
The 16th century fort is should be seen for the people who is ardently attached by the history
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of the colonial past in the Philippines. Construct by the Spaniards the fort’s prisons, sleeping
shelter and mystery gate narrate the story of their own. Inside the fort is the Rizal shrine that
shows the art and memory of our national hero before his execution held in Fort Santiago.
(Morales, 2015) Fort Santiago was embraced with darkness that’s why it is now also
extremely haunted, imprinted with the agony and sufferings. This is the most haunted building
Motivational Factors
Tourist motivation can be defined “as the global integrating network of biological and cultural
forces which gives value and direction to travel choices, behavior and experience.” Motivation
has also been referred to as psychological, biological, social needs and wants, including
internal or emotional and external forces. These forces describe how individuals are pushed
by motivation variables into making travel decisions and how they are pulled or attracted by
destination attributes. (Uysal and Hagan, n.d) stated that Push Factors are defined as origin-
related and refer to the intangible, intrinsic desires of the individual traveller, such as the
desire to escape, rest and relaxation, adventure, health and prestige. Pull Factors are defined
as mainly relating to the attractiveness of a given destination and tangible characteristics such
as beaches, accommodation and recreation facilities and cultural and historic resources.
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Demographic Profile
(Nugent, R. & Seligman, B., 2016) Stated that demographics are key essential to
advancement, yet this connection is repeatedly unnoticed. With academics and writers
contending about what lies assist on if worldwide populace difficulties are not powerfully
strategy are animating. Inside and among nations, statistic components affect imbalance and
poverty levels in fundamental ways. At the general level, the “statistic opportunity” related with
the move from larger part youth populace to a huge gainful age populace impacts financial
development rates and unemployment; at the miniaturized scale level, ripeness levels control
family monetary prosperity; and globally, migration is both an inspiration and an impact of
imbalance and neediness requires eager linkages to demographic change at each level.
At an essential level aging is correlated with major turn down in cognitive functions. Older
adults achieve in simple decision situations just as well as younger adults reported by
psychologists from the Max Planck Institute for Human Development and University of Basel.
However, aging may have an effect on decision performance in more compound decision
Frey & Hertwig also stated that in economics and politics, significant decisions and often
made by order people: 61 years was the common age of the world’s most powerful people in
2013 that is according to Forbes magazine. The assortment of older individual into such
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powerful roles my even be more intensified as population across the world age. ( Frey, R., et
al. 2016)
Another demographic profile needed is the gender. In history, the terms “gender” and “sex”
have been used interchangeably, but in present society, their meaning are becoming more
and more distinguishing. Being evident on the differences between the two concepts is more
crucial than ever. In common terms, the biological differences between females and males,
such as the genetic differences and genitalia are referred to as “sex”. “Gender” is more
complex to define but can refer to female’s or male’s role in society (gender roles), or an
assigned sex does not line up with their gender identity. This person’s might refer to
Agreeing to Hubbard L.R., (2014), the religion is the primary sense of group. He expressed
that feeling of community happen by reason of boundless involvement with others. Where the
religions feeling of group and with it legitimate trust and trustworthiness can be broken then
that society resembles and sand mansion not ready to safeguard itself against the
unavoidable ocean. Throughout the previous hundred years or so religion has been assaulted
with a persistent assault. The general population has been advised it’s the “sedative of the
masses,” that it’s informal; to up it plainly, that it is a phantom. In the overall population or has
stopped to be, the state acquires the entire weight: of wrongdoing, open profound quality and
narrow mindedness when religion is not compelling. It then should, honest, and sense of pride
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now effectively intrinsic in the individual, cannot be constrained with any awesome
accomplishment.
While occupation encompassed enjoying life, every action that people do to occupy
themselves, including looking after themselves, and contributing to the social and economics
fabric of their communities. The human capacity to settle on occupations and execute them
pleasingly within the context of one’s life is referred to as occupation performance, which the
result of the active relation between the occupation, environment, and the person (Bar, M.A &
Self
Determined
Theory
Identified Regulation
Psychological
Relatedness
Integrated Regulation
Theoretical Perspective
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aims to explain individuals’ goal-directed behavior (Deci & Ryan 1985; Ryan & Deci 2000 as
cited by Sportlyzer Academy, n.d.). The theory proposes universal, innate psychological
needs:
activity;
they are engaging in sport because they choose to do so, not because they feel
Thus, people feel motivated by activities, which allow them to satisfy those three needs.
Those activities are enjoyable and driven by intrinsic motivation. Originally, the theory
differentiated between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations were. Later, a continuum with varying
degrees of individual autonomy was proposed (Deci & Ryan, 2000 as cited by Sportlyzer
behavior regulation by inherent interest, enjoyment, and satisfaction. There are three types of
intrinsic motivation:
Differently, extrinsic or controlled motivation characterizes those activities that yield specific
outcomes in terms of rewards or avoided punishments whereas perceived autonomy is low.
Within extrinsic motivation there is a continuum of behavioral regulations reflecting the degree
to which the behavior has been integrated into the individual’s sense of self. The continuum
includes:
1. External regulation, where behavior is controlled by external incentives such as
praise, rewards, and punishment avoidance;
2. Introjected regulation, when the external contingencies have been internalized and
the individual acts to facilitate self-esteem (e.g. exhibit ability) or lessen guilt and
avoid demonstration of failure;
3. Identified regulation, where the behavior is explicitly recognized and valued by the
individual;
4. Integrated regulation which is then the most autonomous kind of extrinsic motivation
and appears when the behavior is fully integrated into personal values and beliefs.
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Conceptual Framework
Based from the Self-Determined Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) , the researcher arrived
at the following conceptual framework which will serve as a foundation on how the study will
progress.
The conceptual framework as shown above take into account the perceptions of
tourists on dark tourism that are influenced by their intrinsic and extrinsic motivation towards
attraction to dark tourism sites. In identifying the attitude of tourists, it will be simply on how
they react on these sites when they get to visit it. Such sites has history on it, people are
fond of discovering new things . Then comes the value of every individual towards these dark
tourism sites. Values will depend on the places they get to visit; war zones, battlefields or
tragic places will trigger this certain emotion of every individual. Their beliefs can be
misconcepted at times specifically on how they’ll interpret what they felt about these Dark
Tourism sites. Social class is simply the mass who will get to explore or visit these Dark
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Tourism sites, the more they are capable to explore or visit these Dark Tourism sites, the
more they are capable to explore these sites the bigger the mass they’ll attract.
To determine if there is significant difference in the level of motivation when grouped
according to profile, as mentioned in the objectives of the study, the presentation of result
would be the following:
1. By level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, by Gender
2. By level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, by Place of Origin
3. By level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, by Age Group
4. By level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, by Religion
5. By level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, by Occupation
6. By level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, by Monthly Income