Experiment Number : 4

Experiment Title : SYSTEM REPRESENTATION

Date Performed : January 15, 2018

Date Submitted : January 22, 2018

Instructor : Engr. Pocholo James M. Loresco, PECE

Subject/Section : FEEDBACKLAB/E41

Submitted by : RAZALAN, VINCE ALDRENE D

Presentation: ____________
Data & Results: ____________
Analysis & Conclusion: ____________
Total: ____________

Remarks: ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Instructor’s Signature: ______________

Activity 4

Exercise 1

Exercise 2
Exercise 3

Exercise 4
Exercise5

Exercise 6
Analysis

A continuous-time can be represented in many ways. However, the physics behind these
systems would result to an integro-differential equation, which is then transformed in state-space
form or transfer function while assuming zero initial conditions and linearity. With this,
MATLAB functions are developed that will help you perform continuous-time system
representation and modeling operations. Moreover, a mathematical model of a physical system
as a set of input, output and state variables related by first-order differential equations. State
space refers to the Euclidean space in which the variables on the axes are the state variables. The
state of the system can be represented as a vector within that space. To abstract from the number
of inputs, outputs and states, these variables are expressed as vectors. Additionally, if
the dynamical system is linear, time-invariant, and finite-dimensional, then the differential and
algebraic equations may be written in matrix form. The state-space method is characterized by
significant algebraization of general system theory, which makes it possible to use Kronecker
vector-matrix structures. The capacity of these structures can be efficiently applied to research
systems with modulation or without it.
Conclusion

The state space representation of a system is a common and extremely powerful

method of representing a system mathematically. There are several cases when it is not so
straightforward to develop a state space model from a system diagram. In a state space system,
the internal state of the system is explicitly accounted for by an equation known as the state
equation. The system output is given in terms of a combination of the current system state, and
the current system input, through the output equation. These two equations form a system of
equations known collectively as state-space equations. The state-space is the vector space that
consists of all the possible internal states of the system. In a state-space system representation,
we have a system of two equations: an equation for determining the state of the system, and
another equation for determining the output of the system. We will use the variable y(t) as the
output of the system, x(t) as the state of the system, and u(t) as the input of the system. We use
the notation x'(t) (note the prime) for the first derivative of the state vector of the system, as
dependent on the current state of the system and the current input. The beauty of state equations,
is that they can be used to transparently describe systems that are both continuous and discrete in
nature. Some texts will differentiate notation between discrete and continuous cases, but this text
will not make such a distinction. Instead we will opt to use the generic coefficient
matrices A, B, C and D for both continuous and discrete systems.