Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel

INDLAB Equipments Pvt Ltd
Computerized
Subsonic Wind Tunnel
Aerodynamics
Plot No 11F, (P-II), 2nd Cross, KIADB,

Doddaballapur Industrial Area,
Bashettihally, Village, Kasaba Hobli,
Doddaballapur Taluk,
Bangalore - 561203
www.indlabequipments.com indlabequipment@yahoo.co.in
INDLAB Equipments Pvt Ltd 2
Aerodynamics
Contents
1. Aim .............................................................................................................................................3
2. Introduction .................................................................................................................................3
3. Theory .........................................................................................................................................3
4. Specifications ..............................................................................................................................4
5. Material of Construction .............................................................................................................5
6. Modules of Subsonic Wind Tunnel ............................................................................................5
7. Wind Tunnel Balance .................................................................................................................6
8. Multi Bank Manometer ...............................................................................................................6
9. General Instructions ....................................................................................................................7
10. Experimental Procedure (For Manual Operation) ....................................................................8
11. Smoke Generator for Flow Visualization ...............................................................................10
12. Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel Instrumentation ..........................................................11
13. HyperTerminal Connection ....................................................................................................12
14. Experimental Procedure (Computerization) ...........................................................................14
15. List of Formulae ......................................................................................................................20
16. List of Graph ...........................................................................................................................22
Observation Table.........................................................................................................................23
Tabulation .....................................................................................................................................26
Sample Readings (only for reference)...........................................................................................29
Graphs...........................................................................................................................................34
Installation ....................................................................................................................................36
Simple Trouble Shooting ...............................................................................................................36
Caution..........................................................................................................................................38
Appendix .......................................................................................................................................39
Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Aerodynamics
Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel

1. Aim
 To study pressure distribution over symmetrical & unsymmetrical airfoil and to calculate
the pressure coefficients
 To study pressure distribution over smooth cylinder and to calculate the pressure
coefficients
 To measure and determine the force and moment using wind tunnel balance and to
calculate the coefficients
 To measure the drag force acting on different bluff bodies
 To find the Reynolds number in the test section
 To investigate the profile drag by using 2-D wake rake
 To investigate the boundary layer on the tunnel wall by using boundary layer rake.
 To study flow visualization over different models
2. Introduction
Subsonic wind tunnels are used for operations at very low Mach number, with speeds in the test
section up to approximately 100 m/s (M ≈0.3). The air is moved with a propulsion system made
of a large axial fan that increases the dynamic pressure to overcome the viscous losses.
The information useful for solving aerodynamic problems of Aeronautical, Space,
Automobile and Civil Engineering structures, are best obtained rapidly and accurately by
testing the scaled models, and sometimes actual structure in Wind tunnels .The size, speed
and other environmental conditions of tunnel are determined by the actual users. Leaving
the size and environmental conditions to the actual users, the speed determines the type of
tunnel namely, Subsonic (low speed ),Transonic, Super-sonic and Hyper-sonic. While the
speeds of these tunnels are obviously named with reference to the sonic (sound)velocity, the
low speed (subsonic) tunnel which is of our concern is below 200 mph. An alternative definition
to the low speed tunnel would be the tunnel where the compressibility of air is negligible. The
wind tunnel may be open or closed circuits.
3. Theory
The working principle is based on the continuity and Bernoulli’s equations, in which the latter is
derived from the momentum equation for an inviscid incompressible flow with no body forces.
The former states that the mass flow through the tunnel is constant:
ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2 = ρ3 A3 V3 … … . . (1)
Equation 1 is the quasi-one-dimensional continuity equation which applies to both compressible

and incompressible flow. Consider incompressible flow only, where the flow density is constant.
Equation 1 becomes:
A1 V1 = A2 V2 = A3 V3 … … . . (2)

Aerodynamics
From figure 1, the airflow with pressure p1 enters the nozzle at a low velocity V1, where the area
is A1. The nozzle converges to a smaller area A2 at the test section, where the velocity has
increased to V2 and the pressure has decreased to p2. After flow over an aerodynamic model, the
air passes into a diffuser, where the area increases to A3, velocity decreases to V3, and the
pressure increases to p2. From equation 2, the test section air velocity is
A
V2 = A1 x V1 … … … . . (3)
2
The pressure at various locations in the wind tunnel is related to the velocity by Bernoulli’s
Equation,
1 1 1
P1 + ρV12 = P2 + ρV22 = P3 + ρV33 … … … . (4)
2 2 2
From equations 3 and 4, we obtain
2(P1 − P2 )
V2 = √ … … … … … . . (5)
A2 2
ρ (1 − (A ) )
1
The area ratio A2/A1 is a fixed quantity of a wind tunnel of given design. Moreover, the density
is a known constant for incompressible flow. Therefore equation 5 demonstrates that the test
section velocityV2 is governed by the pressure difference p1− p2
4. Specifications
 Wind Tunnel Type : Low Speed Subsonic, Open Circuit, Suction type
 Contraction Ratio : 9:1
 Honey Comb Construction : Square Cross-Section
 Test Section Size : 600 X 600 X 2000 mm
 Test Section Velocity : 50 m/s
 Velocity Measurement : Pitot tube connected to digital air velocity indicator
 Speed Measurement : Proximity sensor connected to digital speed indicator
 Force Measurement : using Load cell and Strain gauge connected to digital
Load/Force Indicator
 Pressure Measurement : using pressure sensor and multibank manometer
 Angle Changing :DC Motor connected to digital indicator
(Force & Pressure Airfoil Model)
 Pitot Displacement : DC Motor connected to digital indicator
 Fan Type : Axial Flow
 Number of Blades : 18
 Motor Capacity : 20HP AC Motor
 Motor Control : AC Drive (50Hz Frequency)
 Power Requirement : AC 3Ph, 440V,32A with Earth &Neutral Connection

Aerodynamics
Airfoil Data
 Basic Airfoil : NACA 2415, NACA 0015
 Chord length : 195mm
 Span : 585mm
 Aspect Ratio :3
For NACA 2415

 Max Camber :2%
 Max Camber Location : 40% from leading edge
 Max Thickness : 15%
For NACA 0015

Bluff Bodies Data

 Diameter of Circular Flat Plate = 125 mm
 Diameter of Sphere = 150 mm
 Diameter of hemisphere = 150 mm
5. Material of Construction
 Effuser, Test section & Diffuser : Wood
 Blower Frames & Supporting Frame : Mild Steel
 Airfoil Pressure & Force Models : Wood
 Smooth Cylinder Model : Mild Steel
 Bluff Bodies : Mild Steel & Stainless Steel
 Flow Visualization Models : Mild Steel
6. Modules of Subsonic Wind Tunnel

6.1 Inlet Duct (Effuser)
The effuser module starts with the dimension of 2100 X 2100 mm which is aerodynamically
contoured to 600 X 600mm hence having a contraction ratio of 9:1. The module has four
sections of different dimension which enable to incorporate screen for effective air flow from the
effuser module. The honey comb section incorporated with a fine wire screen is installed in the
upstream portion of the module which in turn enhances to achieve smooth flow of air through
the module free from axial and lateral turbulence. The honey comb unit is of 1800 X 1800 mm
and has a square cross section cell of 25 x 25 mm with a depth of 75mm. The overall length of
the effuser module is estimated to about 3200mm.
6.2 Test Section

The test section module located between the effuser and the diffuser module is of 2000mm
length and has a square cross section of 600 X 600 mm. The module is fabricated by using fine
plywood at its base supported by the rectangular cross section rib of teak wood make. The
module is provided with transparent acrylic wall on the either side which enhances clear
Aerodynamics
visibility into the module to conduct experiments. The pitot traversing mechanism is located
downstream of the test section having the tendency to move in only direction along the Y-axis.
A slot has been made at the center enabling to mount the models under force study. A provision
has been incorporated on the front facing wall of the module to change the orientation, say angle
of attack of the model under experimentation.
6.3 Diffuser
The diffuser module located downstream of the test section has a total length of 3800mm
comprising a diffuser angle of 70. The module starts with 600 X 600 mm square cross section at
the test section end and enlarges to 800mm diameter. The module skin is of fine plywood of
8mm thickness supported by a teak wood rib of rectangular cross section.
6.4 Axial Flow Fan Unit

Followed by the diffuser module is the axial fan casing of mild steel make. The casing used for
housing an axial fan is of 1200 mm diameter. The axial fan located at the downstream end of the
tunnel has eighteen blades in total which is of aluminium make is fixed to the AC motor of
20HPcapacity. The fan unit is controlled by using an AC drive setup provided with a
potentiometer for regulating the speed.
7. Wind Tunnel Balance

The wind tunnel balance is of three component type (two forces and moment) designed using
electrical strain gauges to indicate forces and moments separately on the digital load/force
indicator. The balance is intended for indicating the lift, drag and pitching moment in case of
airfoil and whereas only drag force in case of bluff bodies Viz., spherical, hemi-spherical and
circular flat disc. These models are mounted on the string (vertical rod) situated exactly beneath
the test section. The output of lift, drag and pitching moment from the load cell or strain gauge
are connected to the respective indicators using multi-pin sockets provided at control panel.
7.1 Strain Gauge

The load cells which are assembled beneath the test section functions using the strain gauge
bonding made on the surface of specially treated aluminium alloy. These strain gauges are of full
bridge circuit which works on the principle of wheatstone bridge. The models are mounted on
the load cell using a vertical mechanical member called “String” for measuring the lift, drag
&pitching moment acting on the model kept for experimentation.
8. Multi Bank Manometer

This manometer is used for studying the pressure distribution across the various models. This
unit is mounted separately on a table with a provision for changing its orientation to required
angle. It contains 34 Nos. of tubes mounted on board with adjustable inclination. Bottom of all
tubes are interconnected and in turn to the balancing reservoir filled with colored water. First 33
tubes from the manometer are connected to the model whereas the last tube is connected to the
test section using a tube to read the tunnel static head. The required model is held in the test

Aerodynamics
section between holes provided front and back side perplex windows. The pressure tapings (tube
outlets) are connected to the glass limbs of the respective serial number. The required degree of
angle of inclination can be given to the model and angle is measured with respect to the
horizontal.
9. General Instructions
Follow the general instruction detailed below whenever the wind tunnel experimentation is
carried out at your laboratory.
 Connect the power card to 3Ph, 400V, 64A, AC power supply with proper neutral and
earth connection. The specified power supply should mandatorily be maintained
irrespective of tunnel velocity
 Check all the switches and controllers (Heater ON & Heater controller, Lights ON,
Blower ON & Controller) are in OFF position before operating the wind tunnel
 Keep the motor speed controller knob or potentiometer at minimum level before
switching ON the wind tunnel
 Ensuring the above mentioned instructions, put ON the mains followed by console ON
switch and observe the respective indication lights are ON
 Select any particular experiment (pressure or force) and fix the required model in the test
section.
 Observe that no tools or loose parts are left in the test section and then close the
transparent acrylic window.
 Now increase the speed control knob slowly in the clock-wise direction and observe the
AC Motor picking up the speed gradually with indication of test section velocity from
the pitot-static probe in the velocity indicator.
 Observe the movement of manometer liquid in manometer, when liquid variation is low
set the required value of air velocity by adjusting the knob on the AC drive.
 Note the readings or log data in the respective experiments detailed in later pages.
 Once the experiment is completed gradually decrease the speed and then switch OFF the
AC motor controller.

Aerodynamics
10. Experimental Procedure (For Manual Operation)

10.1 Pressure Characteristics
Pressure Distribution over Airfoil & Cylinder
 Fix the required pressure model say symmetric or Unsymmetric or cylinder in the test
section.
 Connect the respective pressure probes to the model coming from the multi bank
manometer
 Now set the required angle of attack (for airfoil) using digital angle of attack indicator
provided on the panel board.
 After setting the required angle of inclination to the model tighten the knobs properly so
that the angle will not vary while conducting the experiment at high test section velocity.
 Before switching ON the tunnel observe the displacement of manometer liquid in all
tubes are maintained at same level if not adjust the level by adjusting the manometer
liquid reservoir kept behind the manometer
 Set the required inclination for the manometer, if required.
 Now set the required air velocity using AC motor controller knob or potentiometer
 Repeat the above procedure for different models and note the reading and tabulate the
values.
 While changing the angle of attack for airfoil model, ensure that the air velocity is
maintained minimum or even zero.
10.2 Wake Rake Survey

 Fix the required pressure model say symmetric or Unsymmetric or cylinder in the test
section (close all the pressure ports on the model while conducting experiment)
 Place the wake rake along with the stand (to avoid lateral disturbance during operation)
at the downstream end of the model and tighten the rake properly using the knob
provided.
 Connect the respective pressure probes to the wake rake coming from the multi bank
manometer
 Now set the required angle of attack (for airfoil) using digital angle of attack indicator
values.

Aerodynamics
 While changing the angle of attack for airfoil models, ensure that the air velocity is
10.3 Boundary Layer Rake

 Place the boundary layer rake on the test section wall
 Connect the respective pressure probes to the rake coming from the multi bank
manometer
provided on the panel board and ensure that the position of the rake is not disturbed or
varied due to wind velocity throughout the experiment
10.4 Force Characteristics

Airfoils
 Fix the required force model in the vertical sting and tighten the bolts properly in such a
way that the orientation will not be varied due to wind velocity.
 Ensure that the model is not in contact (touching) with the side walls of the test section
 Now set the required angle of attack for airfoil (initially set it to 00) using digital angle of
attack indicator provided on the panel board.
 Set the force and moment indicators to zero before starting the experiment
 Make a note of lift, drag and pitch moment values indicated on the corresponding digital
indicators
 Repeat the above procedure for different airfoil models at different angle of attack and
note the reading and tabulate the values.
Spherical, Hemi-Spherical & Circular Flat Disc Models

way that the orientation will not be varied due to wind velocity.
 Fix the model in such a way that it always faces upstream direction of the tunnel
 Set the force and moment indicators to zero before starting the experiment
 Make a note of drag value indicated on the corresponding digital indicator
values.

Aerodynamics
11. Smoke Generator for Flow Visualization

The smoke generator unit is used for producing dense white smoke for the purpose of flow
visualization across the different models. Essentially, it consists of filament heater, paraffin
liquid, smoke collector, air supply pipe with control valve for controlling the air flow from
blower and smoke distributor (smoke rake).
11.1 Experimental Procedure

 Fill the overhead bottle with paraffin and check the level.
 Fix the smoke distributor (rake) at the upstream portion of the test section.
 Connect the hose pipe of the distributor to the smoke generator.
 Fix the required model in the test section, at required orientation.
 Now switch ON the light by using the switch provided on the panel board
 Now switch ON the heater and adjust the heater controller knob to certain limit. After the
initial heating is done red hotness will appear on the ceramic guard.
 Switch ON the blower and observe the smoke is being generated in the long glass
column and starts to fill the smoke reservoir.
 Once it gets filled up the smoke starts coming out of the smoke distributor (rake) at the
entry to the test section and starts flow past the model.
 Now again adjust the heater controller and balance it in such a way that there is no fire in
the smoke generator while doing experiment.
 Now observe the smoke being forced out of the smoke distributor simultaneously switch
ON the main flow of air in test section by controlling the AC motor to minimum speed,
so that the smoke flow pattern will persist across the model.(Higher velocities will
defuse the smoke)
 Observe the flow pattern of different models at different orientation
 Check periodically that adequate amount of paraffin oil is available in the over head
bottle, if not fill or adjusts the level by using the knob.
 Never switch on the heater when experiment is not being conducted.
 After the experiment is over, close the valve, switch OFF the heater controller and allow
the blower to run for some time to drive out unused smoke.
 During the experiment, check blockage of condensed oil in the smoke outlet pipe leading
to the distributor and drain it to the sump bottle.

Aerodynamics
12. Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel Instrumentation

The computerization of low speed subsonic wind tunnel is implemented by having all the
instruments measuring different parameters of interest like air velocity, pressure, speed, Pitot
displacement, angle of attack and forces acting on airfoil has to be RS485 compatible and
having a suitable Windows based software running on a dedicated PC to acquire data from these
instruments on user command at different conditions, saving the data in a file and plotting
graphs of different airfoil testing parameters depicting force and pressure coefficients. An
external RS232 to Rs485 converter is used to convert PC side RS232 port to RS485 compatible
port.
Instrumentation
Following different Individual micro controller based Instruments (RS485 compatible) are used:
 Digital Air Velocity Indicator with Controller
 Digital Multi Channel Pressure Indicator with Sensors
 Digital Displacement Indicator with Motor
 Digital Load/ Force Indicator
 Digital Speed Indicator (RPM)
 Digital Angle of Attack Indicator with Motor
Digital Air Velocity Indicator with Controller

The micro controller based air velocity indicator has a calibrated pressure sensor of 1psi capacity
to sense the static and dynamic pressure from pitot probe placed in the test section to measure
the air velocity. The air velocity in the test section is controlled via computer and can also be
controlled directly in the indicator using the buttons provided. The pressure head value in terms
of mm of water column can also be viewed using the down arrow button.
Digital Multi Channel Pressure Indicator with Sensors

The micro controller based 8 channel pressure indicators are connected to calibrated pressure
sensor of 1psi capacity to sense the total pressure (dynamic) from the model ports and tunnel
static pressure. All the provided pressure sensor output are connected to the respective indicators
individually and is interfaced with the computer by using suitable converters (RS 485). The
power input to sensors is by switched-mode power supply (SMPS) an electronic power supply
that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently.
Digital Displacement Indicator with Motor

The micro controller based displacement indicator is provided to control the movement of pitot
inside the test section. The pitot movement (displacement) is by using the high-torque DC motor
with metal gearbox and gears with 100RPM options. It houses an in-built 0.2deg resolution
quadrature optical encoder on its output shaft with a sensor that allows for superior position and
speed control. The position of the DC motor is controlled by a step/pulse and direction digital
interface.

Aerodynamics
Digital Angle of Attack Indicator with Motor

The micro controller based angle of attack indicator is provided to change the angle of attack of
the airfoil model kept under experimentation. The airfoil model used for pressure study is
coupled directly with the motor shaft by means of hexagonal shaft with housing whereas the
angle control for the force model is by using the gear assembly. The angle control of model
stated in the previous lines in both the cases is by using the high-torque DC motor with metal
gearbox and gears with 10RPM options. It houses an in-built 0.2deg resolution quadrature
optical encoder on its output shaft with a sensor that allows for superior position and speed
control. The position of the DC motor is controlled by a step/pulse and direction digital
interface.
13. HyperTerminal Connection

HyperTerminal connection is required to check the computer hardware interface with the
experimental setup via RS 485. Following are the procedures to be carried out:
a. Connect the RS 485 cable to the equipment and to the computer hardware either directly
or by using a USB adapter, if provided.
b. Select the Hyper Terminal software provided in the CD.
c. Once the Hyper terminal software is open, a Connection Description dialog box will
appear asking for the New Connection as shown in the figure.
d. Type any name or character in the name selection box and click OK
e. Another Connect to dialog box will appear asking for the Connect Using option as
shown in the figure.

Aerodynamics
f. Select the required COM port from the drop down box and click OK
g. Another COM Properties dialog box will appear asking for the Port Setting option as
shown in the figure and enter the following data mentioned below in the respective boxes
by using the drop down box as shown in the figure
i. Bit per second : 9600

ii. Data bits :7
iii. Parity : Even
iv. Stop bits :1
v. Flow control : None
h. After entering the relevant data in the appropriate field click APPLY and then click OK
i. Now press the assigned hyper terminal key on the keyboard and check for the
connectivity between the panel board and the computer hardware. If the connectivity is
proper, the values displayed in the indicator should display on the computer too, if not
check for the proper connectivity.
j. If the connection is proper close and save the hyper terminal connection.

Aerodynamics
Note:
If any USB adapter is provided, (usually white cable) initially run the setup file of that particular
adapter for proper connectivity.
14. Experimental Procedure (Computerization)

14.1 Pressure Characteristics
Pressure Distribution over Airfoil & Cylinder
 Fix the required pressure model say symmetric airfoil or Unsymmetric airfoil or cylinder
in the test section.
 Connect the respective pressure probes to the model coming from the pressure sensor
 Now open the software and right click on the application file and click “Run as
Administrator”. Wind Tunnel Computer interface opens. Showing the different
experimental study tabs as shown below
 Now click on the “Abort Execution” button on the top and then click “Run” button.
 Now click on “Comm Sel” option “Serial Port Setting” dialog box open as shown
below showing “Com Port Setting”. Select the appropriate com port by clicking on the
drop down button and click “OK”
 Now click on any experimental study tab as shown in step 3, say Pressure study. Pressure
study computer interface opens.

Aerodynamics
 Now click on “Start Test” button as shown below. “Test Detail” dialog box displaying
“File name & Path “ opens as shown below asking for “File Name”. Click on the folder
like button and enter the file name and click “OK”
 Now select the model say Symmetric aerofoil by clicking the drop down box button from
the “Select Model” option as shown below
 Now set the required angle of attack for airfoil using up or down arrow button from “Set
Angle” option and click “Set”. The entered angle will be displayed on the indicator in
both software as well as in the indicator on the panel board.
 Before switching ON the tunnel press “down arrow” button in the entire five pressure
indicator provided. Now you can observe all the indicator starts displaying as “tare” and
all the pressure points starts showing “Zero” (tolerance ±5mV)
 Now set the required air velocity using up or down arrow button from “Set Air Velocity”
option and click “Set AV” The entered air velocity value will be displayed on the
indicator in both software as well as in the indicator on the panel board.
 Now the values start displaying in the respective indicators. Now click on “Log Data”
button as shown in step 7 the values get entered in the respective tabular column
provided along with the graph being plotted on the next window.
 To save the logged values click “Save to Excel” button as shown in step 7.
 Repeat the above procedure for different models and log data and save the file.
 Once the experiment is done click the “Stop Test” button and then proceed to next
experimental study.

Aerodynamics
14.2 Wake Rake Survey

 Fix the required model say symmetric airfoil or Unsymmetric airfoil or cylinder in the
test section (close all the pressure ports on the model while conducting experiment) and
tighten the knobs properly so that the angle will not vary while conducting the
experiment at high test section velocity.
 Place the wake rake along with the stand (to avoid lateral disturbance during operation)
at the downstream end of the model and tighten the rake properly using the knob
provided also fix the stand properly by proper bolting.
 Connect the respective pressure probes to the wake rake coming from pressure sensor
 Now click on wake rake survey tab as shown below. Wake rake survey computer
interface opens.
 Now select the model placed in the test section by clicking the drop down box button
from the “Select Model ” option as shown below
Aerodynamics
button as shown in step 6 the values get entered in the respective tabular column
 To save the logged values click “Save to Excel ” button as shown in step 6
 Repeat the above procedure for different models and log data and save the file
experimental study.
14.3 Boundary Layer Rake

 Place the boundary layer rake on the test section wall (bottom wall)
 Connect the respective pressure probes to the rake coming from pressure sensor
 Now click on Boundary layer Rake tab as shown below. Boundary Layer rake computer
interface opens.

Aerodynamics
button as shown below. The values get entered in the respective tabular column provided
along with the graph being plotted on the next window.
 To save the logged values click “Save to Excel” button as shown in above Fig.
experimental study.
14.4 Force Characteristics

Airfoils
way that the orientation will not be varied due to wind velocity. Initially set the model to
zero angle of attack (in case of airfoil only) with reference to the protractor provided on
the transparent acrylic window.
 Fix the model in such a way that it always faces upstream direction of the tunnel
 Ensure that the model is not in contact (touching) with the side walls of the test section
and also in contact with the rubber padding provided underneath
 Now click on force study tab as shown below. Force study computer interface opens.

Aerodynamics
 Now set the force and moment indicators to zero before starting the experiment
 Now select the model placed in the test section by clicking on the drop down box button
from the “Select Model” option as shown below.
 Now set the required angle of attack for airfoil using up or down arrow button from “Set
Angle” option and click “Set”. The entered angle will be displayed on the indicator in
both software as well as in the indicator on the panel board.
button as shown in step 5. The values get entered in the respective tabular column
 To save the logged values click “Save to Excel” button as shown in above Fig. in step 5
 Repeat the above procedure for different airfoil models at different angle of attack and
also for other force model provided.
experimental study.

Aerodynamics
15. List of Formulae

Pressure Distribution over an Airfoil
Coefficient of Pressure
(P0 − P∞ )
Cp = 1 2
2
ρV∞
Where,
P0 = Total pressure (Dynamic pressure)
P∞ = Free Stream Pressure (Static)
ρ = Density of Air in Kg⁄m3
V∞ = Test Section Velocityin m⁄s
Coefficient of Lift and Drag Forces

FA
CL , CD =
FT
Where,
FA = Actual Force Measured
FT = Theoretical Force
ρAV 2
Force, FT = x Cos α
2g
Where,
ρ = Density of Air (1.165) in Kg⁄m3
A = Wing area in m2
V = Test Section Velocity in m⁄s
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81) in m⁄s2
α = Angle of Attack in degrees
Pitch Moment Coefficient
M = Actual Moment
Actual Moment
CM = 1
2
ρV2∞ S
Where,
V∞ = Free stream air velocity in m⁄s
S = Wing Planform Area in m2
Pressure Distribution over Circular Cylinder

Coefficient of Pressure
(P0 − P∞ )
Cp =
(Pi − P∞ )
Where,
P0 = Total pressure (Dynamic pressure)
P∞ = Free Stream Pressure (Static)
Pi = Initial Pressure , (20cm of water column)

Aerodynamics
Coefficient of Pressure for Cylinder (Theoretical Approach)

CP(Theo) = 1 − 4Sin2 θ
Drag Coefficient for Cylinder
2π
CD = ∫ CP Cosθ d
0
Where,
CP = Total Coefficient of pressure
dθ = Interval between the pressure points
θ = Angular location of Surface pressure ports around the cylinder
Note:
As we do not have continuous pressure distribution; therefore we evaluate drag coefficient with
a numerical summation.
Coefficient of drag on Circular Flat Plate

Actual Drag Measured
CD = 1 2
ρV∞ S
2
2
πd 2
Area, S = m
4
Diameter, d = 125mm
Coefficient of drag on Sphere
CD = 1 2
2
ρV∞ S
Area, S = 4πr 2
Diameter, d = 150mm
Coefficient of drag on Hemi-Sphere
CD = 1 2
2
ρV∞ S
Area, S = 2πr 2
Diameter, d = 150mm
2-D Wake Rake
Total Drag Coefficient (Profile Drag)
32
qi q i ∆y
Cd(Total) = ∑ 2 (√( )− )
q∞ q∞ c
i=1
Rake Span
∆y =
32 − 1
Where,
q i = Dynamic Pressure at each port
q ∞ = Freestream Dynamic Pressure
C = Circumference in case of cylinder and Chord in case of airfoil
Rakespan = Distance from centerline of top probe to centerline of bottom probe
Boundary Layer Rake

Aerodynamics
Displacement Thickness
∆hr Pi − P∞
δ∗ = (1 − √ ) dy = (1 − √( )) dy
∆hf P0 − P∞
Momentum Thickness
∆hr ∆hr
θ = ((√ ) x (1 − √ )) dy
∆hf ∆hf
Reynolds Number
ρVL
Re =
μ
Where,
V = Freestream air velocity m⁄s
L = Overall length of the test section in m
μ = Dynamics Viscosity in m⁄s 2
Tunnel Calibration
ρw
Velocity = √2 x g x ∆h x ( − 1) = 129.7√∆h m⁄s
ρa
Where,
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81) in m⁄s 2
∆h = Manometer column reading in m of water
ρw = Density of water (1000 Kg⁄cm2 )in Kg⁄cm2
ρa = Density of air (1.165 Kg⁄cm2 ) in Kg⁄cm2
(Va − Vc )
% Error in Velocity = x 100
Va
Where,
Va = Actual Velocity in m⁄s
Vc = Calculated Velocity in m⁄s
Actual Frequency
Factor, F =
Indicated Fan Speed
16. List of Graph
 X/C location Vs Coefficient of Pressure
 Angle of Attack Vs Coefficient of Lift
 Angle of Attack Vs Coefficient of Drag
 Angle of Attack Vs Coefficient of Pitch Moment
 Theta Vs Coefficient of Pressure
 Pressure Vs Pressure Port Location (Wake Rake)
 Pressure Vs Pressure Port Location (Boundary Layer Rake)

Aerodynamics
Observation Table
Pressure Distribution over Symmetric& Unsymmetric Airfoil
Angle of Attack X/C Location

in Degrees 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
(0.63) (1.25) (1.88) (2.50) (3.13) (3.75) (4.38) (5.00) (5.63) (6.25) (6.88) (7.50) (8.13) (8.75) (9.38) (10.0) (10.0)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Angle of Attack 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
in Degrees (9.38) (8.75) (8.13) (7.50) (6.88) 6.25) (5.63) (5.00) (4.38) (3.75) (3.13) (2.50) (1.88) (1.25) (0.63) (0.00) (Static)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Note
1 to 16 = Pressure Points on the Suction Surface of Airfoil (Upper)
17 to 32 = Pressure Points on the Pressure Surface of Airfoil (Lower)
33 = Pressure measurement at the leading edge of the airfoil
34 = Tunnel Static Pressure

Aerodynamics
Pressure Distribution over Smooth Cylinder Model

Pressure Angle  Velocity Manometer
Tapping in m/s Column Reading
No in mm of Water
1 0.00
2 10.91
3 21.82
4 32.73
5 43.64
6 54.55
7 65.45
8 76.36
9 87.27
10 98.18
11 109.09
12 120.00
13 130.91
14 141.82
15 152.73
16 163.64
17 174.55
18 185.45
19 196.36
20 207.27
21 218.18
22 229.09
23 240.00
24 250.91
25 261.82
26 272.73
27 283.64
28 294.55
29 305.45
30 316.36
31 327.27
32 338.18
33 349.09
34(Static) -

Aerodynamics
Boundary Layer Rake 2-D Wake Rake

Pressure Velocity Manometer
Port No in m/s Column Reading Pressure Velocity Manometer
in mm of Water Port No in m/s Column Reading
1 in mm of Water
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 5
7 6
8 7
9 8
10 9
11 10
12 11
13 12
14 13
15 14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

Aerodynamics
Tabulation
Pressure Distribution over an Airfoil (Symmetric & Cambered)
Pressure Model Angle of Velocity Manometer Coefficient X/C
Tapping No Attack,  in m/s Column Reading of Pressure Location
in mm of Water (CP)
1 0.63
2 1.25
3 1.88
4 2.50
5 3.13
6 3.75
7 4.38
8 5.00
9 5.63
10 6.25
11 6.88
12 7.50
13 8.13
14 8.75
15 9.38
16 10.00
17 -10.00
18 -9.38
19 -8.75
20 -8.13
21 -7.50
22 -6.88
23 -6.25
24 -5.63
25 -5.00
26 -4.38
27 -3.75
28 -3.13
29 -2.50
30 -1.88
31 -1.25
32 -0.63
33 At Leading Edge
34(Static) -

Aerodynamics
Pressure Distribution over Circular Cylinder

Pressure Angle  Velocity Manometer Coefficient Coefficient Drag
Tapping in m/s Column of Pressure of PressureCoefficient
No Reading in mm (𝑪𝒑(𝑬𝒙𝒑) ) (𝑪𝒑(𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐) ) CD
of Water
1 0.00
2 10.91
3 21.82
4 32.73
5 43.64
6 54.55
7 65.45
8 76.36
9 87.27
10 98.18
11 109.09
12 120.00
13 130.91
14 141.82
15 152.73
16 163.64
17 174.55
18 185.45
19 196.36
20 207.27
21 218.18
22 229.09
23 240.00
24 250.91
25 261.82
26 272.73
27 283.64
28 294.55
29 305.45
30 316.36
31 327.27
32 338.18
33 349.09
34(Static) -

Aerodynamics
Force Measurement Study

S.No Model Angle of Velocity Lift Force Drag Force Pitching
Attack,  in m/s in Kgf in Kgf Moment in Nm
1 Symmetric
2 Unsymmetric
3 Circular Flat Plate
4 Sphere
5 Hemi-sphere
Airfoil Data
 Span : 585mm
 Aspect Ratio :3
For NACA 2415

 Max Camber :2%
For NACA 2415

Bluff Bodies Data

 Diameter of Circular Flat Plate =125mm
 Diameter of Sphere = 150mm
 Diameter of hemisphere = 150mm

Aerodynamics
Sample Readings (only for reference)

Total Static Coefficient
Air Angle of Pressure
Sl.No Airfoil Type Pressure, Pressure, of Pressure, X/C
Velocity Attack, α Points
Po P Cp
1 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P1 335 114 0.156 0.63
2 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P2 301 114 0.132 1.25
3 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P3 265 114 0.107 1.88
4 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P4 247 114 0.094 2.50
5 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P5 231 114 0.083 3.13
6 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P6 223 114 0.077 3.75
7 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P7 209 114 0.067 4.38
8 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P8 197 114 0.059 5.00
9 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P9 197 114 0.059 5.63
10 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P10 189 114 0.053 6.25
11 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P11 170 114 0.04 6.88
12 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P12 162 114 0.034 7.50
13 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P13 159 114 0.032 8.13
14 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P14 149 114 0.025 8.75
15 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P15 134 114 0.014 9.38
16 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P16 124 114 0.007 10.00
17 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P17 114 114 0.000 10.00
18 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P18 112 114 -0.001 9.38
19 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P19 107 114 -0.005 8.75
20 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P20 111 114 -0.002 8.13
21 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P21 108 114 -0.004 7.50
22 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P22 112 114 -0.001 6.88
23 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P23 106 114 -0.006 6.25
24 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P24 105 114 -0.006 5.63
25 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P25 104 114 -0.007 5.00
26 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P26 107 114 -0.005 4.38
27 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P27 111 114 -0.002 3.75
28 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P28 105 114 -0.006 3.13
29 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P29 104 114 -0.007 2.50
30 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P30 95 114 -0.013 1.88
31 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P31 156 114 0.03 1.25
32 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P32 59 114 -0.039 0.63
33 49.3 Assymmetric 100 P33 134 114 0.014 0.00

Aerodynamics

Po P Cp
1 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P1 39 110 -0.049 0.63
2 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P2 61 110 -0.034 1.25
3 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P3 78 110 -0.022 1.88
4 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P4 84 110 -0.018 2.50
5 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P5 87 110 -0.016 3.13
6 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P6 96 110 -0.010 3.75
7 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P7 102 110 -0.006 4.38
8 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P8 113 110 0.002 5.00
9 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P9 114 110 0.003 5.63
10 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P10 117 110 0.005 6.25
11 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P11 113 110 0.002 6.88
12 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P12 114 110 0.003 7.50
13 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P13 116 110 0.004 8.13
14 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P14 117 110 0.005 8.75
15 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P15 116 110 0.004 9.38
16 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P16 111 110 0.001 10.00
17 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P17 117 110 0.005 10.00
18 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P18 123 110 0.009 9.38
19 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P19 124 110 0.010 8.75
20 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P20 130 110 0.014 8.13
21 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P21 139 110 0.020 7.50
22 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P22 150 110 0.028 6.88
23 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P23 155 110 0.031 6.25
24 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P24 167 110 0.040 5.63
25 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P25 172 110 0.043 5.00
26 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P26 190 110 0.056 4.38
27 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P27 211 110 0.070 3.75
28 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P28 224 110 0.079 3.13
29 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P29 246 110 0.095 2.50
30 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P30 264 110 0.107 1.88
31 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P31 525 110 0.288 1.25
32 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P32 280 110 0.118 0.63
33 49.7 Assymmetric -100 P33 217 110 0.074 0.00

Aerodynamics

Po P Cp
1 44.3 Symmetric 100 P1 293 115 0.156 0.63
2 44.3 Symmetric 100 P2 265 115 0.131 1.25
3 44.3 Symmetric 100 P3 300 115 0.162 1.88
4 44.3 Symmetric 100 P4 282 115 0.146 2.50
5 44.3 Symmetric 100 P5 252 115 0.120 3.13
6 44.3 Symmetric 100 P6 234 115 0.104 3.75
7 44.3 Symmetric 100 P7 215 115 0.087 4.38
8 44.3 Symmetric 100 P8 196 115 0.071 5.00
9 44.3 Symmetric 100 P9 178 115 0.055 5.63
10 44.3 Symmetric 100 P10 166 115 0.045 6.25
11 44.3 Symmetric 100 P11 157 115 0.037 6.88
12 44.3 Symmetric 100 P12 159 115 0.038 7.50
13 44.3 Symmetric 100 P13 147 115 0.028 8.13
14 44.3 Symmetric 100 P14 144 115 0.025 8.75
15 44.3 Symmetric 100 P15 132 115 0.015 9.38
16 44.3 Symmetric 100 P16 134 115 0.017 10.00
17 44.3 Symmetric 100 P17 126 115 0.010 10.00
18 44.3 Symmetric 100 P18 126 115 0.010 9.38
19 44.3 Symmetric 100 P19 123 115 0.007 8.75
20 44.3 Symmetric 100 P20 120 115 0.004 8.13
21 44.3 Symmetric 100 P21 125 115 0.009 7.50
22 44.3 Symmetric 100 P22 130 115 0.013 6.88
23 44.3 Symmetric 100 P23 122 115 0.006 6.25
24 44.3 Symmetric 100 P24 120 115 0.004 5.63
25 44.3 Symmetric 100 P25 123 115 0.007 5.00
26 44.3 Symmetric 100 P26 114 115 -0.001 4.38
27 44.3 Symmetric 100 P27 116 115 0.001 3.75
28 44.3 Symmetric 100 P28 108 115 -0.006 3.13
29 44.3 Symmetric 100 P29 102 115 -0.011 2.50
30 44.3 Symmetric 100 P30 93 115 -0.019 1.88
31 44.3 Symmetric 100 P31 140 115 0.022 1.25
32 44.3 Symmetric 100 P32 18 115 -0.085 0.63
33 44.3 Symmetric 100 P33 133 115 0.016 0.00

Aerodynamics

Po P Cp
1 49.3 Symmetric -100 P1 5 106 -0.071 0.63
2 49.3 Symmetric -100 P2 42 106 -0.045 1.25
3 49.3 Symmetric -100 P3 56 106 -0.035 1.88
4 49.3 Symmetric -100 P4 69 106 -0.026 2.50
5 49.3 Symmetric -100 P5 79 106 -0.019 3.13
6 49.3 Symmetric -100 P6 85 106 -0.015 3.75
7 49.3 Symmetric -100 P7 93 106 -0.009 4.38
8 49.3 Symmetric -100 P8 98 106 -0.006 5.00
9 49.3 Symmetric -100 P9 91 106 -0.011 5.63
10 49.3 Symmetric -100 P10 111 106 0.004 6.25
11 49.3 Symmetric -100 P11 105 106 -0.001 6.88
12 49.3 Symmetric -100 P12 110 106 0.003 7.50
13 49.3 Symmetric -100 P13 114 106 0.006 8.13
14 49.3 Symmetric -100 P14 114 106 0.006 8.75
15 49.3 Symmetric -100 P15 112 106 0.004 9.38
16 49.3 Symmetric -100 P16 107 106 0.001 10.00
17 49.3 Symmetric -100 P17 112 106 0.004 10.00
18 49.3 Symmetric -100 P18 121 106 0.011 9.38
19 49.3 Symmetric -100 P19 127 106 0.015 8.75
20 49.3 Symmetric -100 P20 139 106 0.023 8.13
21 49.3 Symmetric -100 P21 149 106 0.030 7.50
22 49.3 Symmetric -100 P22 163 106 0.040 6.88
23 49.3 Symmetric -100 P23 158 106 0.037 6.25
24 49.3 Symmetric -100 P24 171 106 0.046 5.63
25 49.3 Symmetric -100 P25 180 106 0.052 5.00
26 49.3 Symmetric -100 P26 193 106 0.061 4.38
27 49.3 Symmetric -100 P27 208 106 0.072 3.75
28 49.3 Symmetric -100 P28 227 106 0.085 3.13
29 49.3 Symmetric -100 P29 257 106 0.107 2.50
30 49.3 Symmetric -100 P30 294 106 0.133 1.88
31 49.3 Symmetric -100 P31 632 106 0.372 1.25
32 49.3 Symmetric -100 P32 380 106 0.194 0.63
33 49.3 Symmetric -100 P33 244 106 0.097 0.00

Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics
Graphs
Unsymmetric Airfoil
α = 100 α = -100

Aerodynamics
Symmetric Airfoil
α = 100 α = -100

Aerodynamics
Installation
 The tunnel does not require any civil work whatsoever, and is completely self-reacting
stand-alone type.
 Normally, the first time installation of the tunnel is done by our experienced
engineers unless it is required to be re-installed in another place .
 While installing the tunnel, the following things are to be borne in mind. It is
recommended to install the tunnel facing the inlet (effuser) and the exhaust (diffuser
& blower end) of the tunnel towards the windows . This is to facilitate clear
movement of air in the test section and also pushing out the smoke during the
flow visualization experiment using smoke generator .
 There should not be any obstruction in front of the effuser
 The electric power supply to the control panel should be according to the
specification.
Simple Trouble Shooting

If the motor (for axial fan) does not start:
 Main not “ON”
 Console not “ON”
 Controller not “ON”
 Motor fuse blown off
 Field fuses blown off
 Mains fuse in your laboratory blown off.
Digital Lift, Drag and pitch moment indicators not getting balanced and does not show proper
reading
 Multi-pin connector not properly connected to strain gauge balance.
 The model or model fixing tube is touching the tunnel wall.
 Calibration is to be done.
Air velocity indicator shows negative value or abrupt values

 The static and dynamic pressure tube connections might have interchanged
 The pressure probes may not be connected
Angle of attack indicators, displacement indicators viz motors not functioning

 No proper ground connection to the indicator
 Loose connection or power fluctuation problem
 Indicator defect or motor defect

Aerodynamics
Pressure distribution in multi-bank manometer is not indicating properly:

 The holes in models are blocked. If so, clean it with fine gauge S.S wire supplied.
 The air velocity is too low.
 The angle of inclination of manometer bank is very high with respect to horizontal.
 The air is leaking through the connecting tubes at the model terminals or at some other
point in the tube line.
 The tubes may not be connected properly to the model or to the manometer or the tubes
might have pinched
Smoke does not appear out of distributor:

 Heater not “ON”
 No fuel in overhead bottle.
 Heater burnt / damaged.
 Fuel supply too fast.
 Air velocity too high, the smoke gets diffused.
 The holes in fuel air pipes are blocked if so, take out the till it and clean.
Unable to operate the tunnel via computer

 No proper communication between the system and the experimental setup due to failure
to RS 485 convertor or the RS 485 cable
 Serial communication connection to the indicators via RS 485 not connected properly or
loose connection or not connected at all.

Aerodynamics
Caution
 Do not stand near the blower end when the wind tunnel is under operation
 Do not clean transparent test section windows with petrol, kerosene or any other chemical
detergents just use soap water.
 Do not operate the wind tunnel or even switch ON the panel board when there is power
fluctuation (continuous blinking of mains ON indicators)
 Do not pull the flexible pipes connected to the pressure sensors which may likely result in
damage of pressure sensor ports.
 Do not rotate the model (pressure models) by hand to change its orientation (angle of
attack) as it may affect the motors internal gear box setup
 Always use the indicators to change the orientation of the model kept for experimentation
 Always keep the pressure ports of the pressure models (Airfoils & Cylinder) closed with
soft clean paper wrapped round with rubber band. This is very mandate because making
pressure ports on the model is done by special process and not easily be cleaned or made.
 Lubricate the movable or rotating parts on regular interval for smooth operation of the
wind tunnel
 Don’t bring any fire near the smoke generator during flow visualization experiment.
 Always keep the pressure ports of the rakes in closed condition in order to avoid
blockage by any external means.
 Handle the switches and indicators gently
 While changing the orientation of the pressure or force model, say angle of attack do it at
very low air velocity speed as it may cause malfunction of the system due to impact
loading.
 Handle the glass articles provided for smoke generator very carefully
 Switch to the respective mode of operation, say manual or computerized by using the
change over switch
 In case of faults beyond routine repair / understanding, please write to the manufacturer
at indlabequipment@yahoo.co.in or to service@indlabequipments.com and do not
attempt to repair.
 Manufacturer will be not responsible for any damage incurred due to mishandling of the
equipment.

Aerodynamics
Appendix
Location of Pressure Points on Symmetric and Unsymmetric Airfoil
Suction Surface (Upper) Pressure Surface (Bottom)

Pressure X distance Pressure X distance
Tappings (Along Chord) X/C Tappings (Along Chord) X/C
No. mm No. mm
1 11.00 0.63 17 11.00 0.63
2 22.00 1.25 18 22.00 1.25
3 33.00 1.88 19 33.00 1.88
4 44.00 2.50 20 44.00 2.50
5 55.00 3.13 21 55.00 3.13
6 66.00 3.75 22 66.00 3.75
7 77.00 4.38 23 77.00 4.38
8 88.00 5.00 24 88.00 5.00
9 99.00 5.63 25 99.00 5.63
10 110.00 6.25 26 110.00 6.25
11 121.00 6.88 27 121.00 6.88
12 132.00 7.50 28 132.00 7.50
13 143.00 8.13 29 143.00 8.13
14 154.00 8.75 30 154.00 8.75
15 165.00 9.38 31 165.00 9.38
16 176.00 10.00 32 176.00 10.00
Pressure Tapping No: 33 at leading edge of an airfoil

Airfoil Data
 Span : 585mm
 Aspect Ratio :3
For NACA 2415

 Max Camber :2%
For NACA 2415


Aerodynamics
Location of Pressure Points on Boundary Layer Rake and 2-D Wake Rake
Boundary Layer Rake Wake Rake

Tube No. Distance in mm Tube No. Distance in mm
1 1.8 1 9.15
2 2.6 2 6.0
3 2.6 3 5.3
4 2.6 4 4.8
5 2.6 5 4.8
6 2.6 6 5.3
7 2.6 7 5.3
8 4.1 8 5.3
9 4.1 9 5.3
10 3.6 10 5.8
11 4.1 11 4.8
12 3.1 12 4.3
13 4.6 13 5.8
14 4.1 14 5.8
15 5.6 15 5.3
16 4.3
17 5.8
18 4.8
19 5.3
20 5.3
21 5.3
22 5.8
23 5.8
24 5.8
25 4.8
26 5.3
27 5.3
28 5.8
29 5.8
30 5.3
31 5.3
32 6.0

Aerodynamics
Pressure Distribution over Smooth Cylinder Model
Pressure Angle,  Pressure Angle, 

Points Points
1 0.00 18 185.45
2 10.91 19 196.36
3 21.82 20 207.27
4 32.73 21 218.18
5 43.64 22 229.09
6 54.55 23 240.00
7 65.45 24 250.91
8 76.36 25 261.82
9 87.27 26 272.73
10 98.18 27 283.64
11 109.09 28 294.55
12 120.00 29 305.45
13 130.91 30 316.36
14 141.82 31 327.27
15 152.73 32 338.18
16 163.64 33 349.09
17 174.55 34 (Static) -

Aerodynamics
HyperTerminal Connection
The below mentioned are the assigned keys to check the connectivity between the panel board
indicators with that of computer interface.
I = Air velocity indicator

J = Pressure Indicator (P1 to P8)
K = Pressure Indicator (P9 to P16)
M = Pressure Indicator (P17 to P24)
N = Pressure Indicator (P25 to P32)
O = Pressure Indicator (P33 to P34)
T = Pitot Displacement Indicator
L = Lift Force Indicator
D = Drag Force Indicator
P = Pitch Moment Indicator
R = Speed Indicator (RPM)
U = Angle of Attack Indicator
X = Angle of Attack Indicator

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INDLAB Equipments Pvt Ltd

Plot No 11F, (P-II), 2nd Cross, KIADB,

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel

Equation 1 is the quasi-one-dimensional continuity equation which applies to both compressible

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

For NACA 2415

For NACA 0015

Bluff Bodies Data

6. Modules of Subsonic Wind Tunnel

6.2 Test Section

6.4 Axial Flow Fan Unit

7. Wind Tunnel Balance

7.1 Strain Gauge

8. Multi Bank Manometer

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

10. Experimental Procedure (For Manual Operation)

10.2 Wake Rake Survey

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

10.3 Boundary Layer Rake

10.4 Force Characteristics

Spherical, Hemi-Spherical & Circular Flat Disc Models

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

11. Smoke Generator for Flow Visualization

11.1 Experimental Procedure

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12. Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel Instrumentation

Digital Air Velocity Indicator with Controller

Digital Multi Channel Pressure Indicator with Sensors

Digital Displacement Indicator with Motor

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Digital Angle of Attack Indicator with Motor

13. HyperTerminal Connection

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

i. Bit per second : 9600

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

14. Experimental Procedure (Computerization)

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

14.2 Wake Rake Survey

14.3 Boundary Layer Rake

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

14.4 Force Characteristics

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

15. List of Formulae

Coefficient of Lift and Drag Forces

Pressure Distribution over Circular Cylinder

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Coefficient of Pressure for Cylinder (Theoretical Approach)

Coefficient of drag on Circular Flat Plate

Boundary Layer Rake

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Angle of Attack X/C Location

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Pressure Distribution over Smooth Cylinder Model

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Boundary Layer Rake 2-D Wake Rake

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Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com

Pressure Distribution over Circular Cylinder

Computerized Subsonic Wind Tunnel www.indlabequipments.com