Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CEN 323
Ultimate Strength Design (USD) of Beam:
The nominal strength of a proposed member is calculated based on the best current knowledge of
member and material behavior. That nominal strength is modified by a strength reduction factor, less
than unity, to obtain the design strength.
The required strength, should the hypothetical overload stage actually be realized, is found by
applying load factors, greater than unity.
Flexural Design
The distribution of concrete compressive stresses at or near ultimate load have no well-defined shape
–parabolic, trapezoidal, or other shape. For this and other reasons, wholly rational flexural theory for
reinforced concrete has not yet been developed. Present methods of analysis, therefore, are based in
part on known laws of mechanics and are supplemented, where needed, by extensive test
information.
It has been mentioned before that an exact criterion for concrete compression failure is not yet
known, but that for rectangular beams, strains of 0.003 to 0.004 have been measured immediately
preceding failure. If one assumes, usually slightly conservatively, that the concrete is about to crush
when the maximum strain reaches = 0.003.
(1)
(2)
Then
For a given distance c to the neutral axis, the location of C can be defined as some fraction of the
distance. Thus, as indicated in Fig. 1 for a concrete of given strength it is necessary to know only and
to completely define the effect of the concrete compressive stresses.
Extensive direct measurements, as well as indirect evaluations of numerous beam tests, have shown
that the following values for and are satisfactorily accurate.
If this experimental information is accepted, the maximum moment can be calculated from
the laws of equilibrium and from the assumption that plane cross sections remain plane.
Equilibrium requires that
Also, the bending moment, being the couple of the forces C and T, can be written as either
(4)
(5)
For failure initiated by yielding of the tension steel, . Substituting this value in Eq. (3), one obtain the
distance to the neutral axis
(6)
(7)
giving the distance to the neutral axis when tension failure occurs. The nominal moment is then
obtained from Eq. (4), with the value for c just determined, and ; that is
(8)
With the specific, experimentally obtained values for and given previously, this becomes
The above equation is valid only for a steel ratio less than the balance steel ratio, (9)
(10)
A equivalent rectangular stress distribution of concrete stress was proposed by C. S. Whitney and
was subsequently elaborated and checked experimentally by others and accepted in many countries
are presented below
(12)
Overerreinforced Beams
A compression failure in flexure, should it occur, gives little if any warning of distress.
That is why to design a beam, which fail by yielding of steel, reinforcement ration, is chose less the
balance reinforcement ration.
To ensure underreinforced behavior, ACI Code 10.3.4 establishes a minimum net tensile strain at the
nominal strength of 0.005 for members subjected to axial loads less than . By way of comparison, the
steel strain at the balanced condition, is 0.00207 for
Using in Eq. (12) provides the maximum reinforcement ratio allowed by ACI code for beam
The value of reduction factor depend upon the net tensile strain of steel of which can be
determined by following figure.
Example 1
A rectangular beam has the dimensions and is reinforced with three No.
8 (No. 25) bars. The concrete cylinder strength and yield point of steel
is Compute the nominal and design strength of the section.
Solution:
Nominal Moment,
Design Moment,
Example 2
A rectangular beam must carry a distributed live load of 680 plf and support the dead load of a wall
weighing 380 plf, in addition to its own weight, on a simple span of 24 ft. Design the beam for
flexure, using
Solution 1:
The total load acting on the beam includes its own weight, which must be estimated. As a trial a total
depth equal to 1 in. per ft of span and a width of one-half that amount are assumed; the beam weight
is estimated as ,
Dead load
Live load
Factored load
Factored Moment,
assume,
This could be provided by two No. 6 (No.19) and two No.5 (No.16) bars in a row which provide a
steel area , which is sufficiently close to the required steel.
The total load acting on the beam includes its own weight, which must be estimated. As a trial a total
depth equal to 1 in. per ft of span and a width of one-half that amount are assumed; the beam weight
is estimated as ,
Dead load
Live load
Factored load
Factored Moment,
Taking
Now we have,
Assume
Then
6#6 bars
(2.64)
An improved economy may be possible, refining the steel area based on the actual larger
effective depth and smaller concrete section.
Dead load
Live load
Factored load
Factored Moment,
Now we have,
solving this two degree equation
assume,
This could be provided by three No. 6 (No.19) and three No.5 (No.16) bars in two row which provide
a steel area, which is sufficiently close to the required steel.
Overreinforced Beams
According to the ACI Code, all beams are to be designed for designed for yielding of the
tension steel with not less than 0.004 and, thus, . Occasionally, however, such as when
analyzing the capacity of existing construction, it may be necessary to calculate the flexural
strength of an overreinforced compression controlled member, for which is less than at
flexural failure.
Substituting the steel strain from in the last equation, and defining one obtains a quadratic equation
in as follows:
The strength reduction factor will be equal 0.65 for beams in this range
To focus attention initially on the basic aspect of flexural design, the preceding examples
were carried out with only minimum regard for certain practical considerations that always
influence the actual design of beams. These relate to optimal concrete protection, rounding
of dimension, standardization of dimension and selection of bar combination.
In general, the center of main flexural bars in beams should be placed from
the top or bottom surface to furnish at least of clear cover
In slabs, 1 in. to the center of the bar is ordinarily sufficient to give the
required
cover.
To simplify construction and there by to reduce costs, the over all dimension
of beams, b and h, are almost always rounded to the nearest inch, and often to
the next multiple of 2 in.
For slab, the total depth h, is generally rounded to the nearest in. up to 6 in.
a
n
d
t
o
t
h
e
n
e
a
rest in above that thickness.
or
With the definition and
Or
In accordance with the safety provision of the ACI Code, the net tensile strain is
checked, and if this nominal capacity is reduced by the factor to obtain the design
strength. For between 0.005 to 0.004, must be adjusted.
Where
Then
Nominal capacity of the section would be
DL: 1 k/ft
Example 3 LL: 5 k/ft
Solution:
Dead load
Live load
Factored load
Factored Moment,
Assuming the tensile steel centroid will be 4 in. below the top face of the beam and that
compression steel, if required, will be placed 2.5 in. above the beam’s bottom surface. Then
First, check the capacity of the section if singly reinforced with reinforcement ratio
As d is less then the value required to develop the compression reinforcement yield stress
(Table 3.2, page 99, Nilson 13th edition), a reduced stress in the compression reinforcement
will be used.
ksi
“
Four No. 9 bars in two rows will be placed in the
“ tension zone and two No. 7 bar provide
slightly grater than the required steel. 10 “
4#9
20 “
14.75 “
2#7
“
A final check is made to ensure that the section has sufficient capacity
Then
= 2897.7