Steel Hysteresis Simulation Using Bouc-Wen Model

Hysteresis Strain-Hardening Nonlinear analysis

1 INTRODUCTION
Bauschinger effect and strain-hardening/softening behavior are
important properties related to the energy dissipation capacity of
steel. Adequate modeling of such phenomena under different
loading conditions in different types of steel is essential to
predict inelastic behavior of steel structures. In the following
study, the Bouc-Wen model1, a phenomenological model with
undefined parameters is improved to reproduce accurately
Bauschinger effect and strain-hardening/softening behavior in
steel material.
2 BOUC-WEN MODEL
To describe the model of hysteresis, consider the SDOF system
in figure 1. The response of the system is governed by:
  E  (1   ) Ez
Where  = strain,  = post-yield modulus ratio (0≤ <1),
E = elastic modulus, and z = hysteretic strain. The hysteretic
strain z is a function of the history of . The correlation between
z and  is expressed by:
 A   sgn d  z
dz n 1 n
z  z
d
With d=differential of  are constant parameters used to
define the shape of the hysteresis curve. Parameter n controls
the smoothness of the curve.
正会員 ○Valencia, Fernando*1
同 笠井和彦*2
When A=1, = 1 and equations 4 are appliedzu becomes
equal to the yield strain y regardless the value of n. Original
formulation considers  and  as constant values. This paper
proposes to vary  and  in terms of a variable yield strain y to
improve the modeling of strain-hardening/softening behavior.
3 IMPROVEMENT OF BOUC-WEN MODEL
In order to reproduce strain-hardening/softening behavior with
Bouc-Wen model, the following expression for yield strain is
introduced
 y   y , max 1  D 1 exp as B (5)
where y,max = yield strain calculated from the ascending loading
(1) part of 3% peak strain stabilized stress-strain curve in a cyclic
loading with decreasing peak strain, y,min= yield strain
calculated from the ascending loading part of 0.5% peak strain
stabilized stress-strain curve in a cyclic loading with decreasing
peak strain,D=difference between y,max and y,min divided
byy,max, s = shift ratio, calculated at every half cycle as the sum
(2)
of the differences between final and initial strains in a half cycle
divided by y,max, a = parameter that controls the influence of
the shift ratio on the yield strain; B = strain stabilization factor.
The shift ratio is defined by

E e
 e  E  h  (1   ) Ez( ) s   f   i   y, max (6)
with f, i, = final and initial strains in a half cycle. Strain
 ,   stabilization factor is expressed as
(1   ) E
h B  1  D 2 exp bW  (7)
E
With D=difference between y,min andy0 divided by y,min;
(a) (b) (c) withy0 as the yield strain in the virgin curve, b =parameter that
controls the influence of the energy dissipated in the yield
Figure 1. (a). SDOF system. (b). Linear elastic restoring stress. (c).
strain.; and W = normalized dissipated hysteretic energy defined
Hysteretic restoring stress.
by equations 8 and 9 as follows
A defines the initial slope of the curve. For loading (zd, the
value of () influences the shape of the hysteresis curve.

W  1  hy y, max 0u  h .d (8)

When(), and approaches to  infinity, the value of dz/d

 hy  1   E y , ;  h  1   Ez (9a,b)
becomes zero. It can be shown that for arbitrary n: max

zu  A    1 n (3) with hy= yield stress of the hysteretic component at 3% peak
strain stabilized stress-strain curve in a cyclic loading with
with zu= ultimate hysteretic strain for loading. One convenient decreasing peak strain. h is the hysteretic restoring stress.
assumption is to set the initial slope in dz/d equal to one (A=1), 4 PARAMETER DETERMINATION
and the ultimate hysteretic strain zu equal to the yield strain y Cyclic loading with decreasing peak strain is used for the
that corresponds to the strain at the intersection of the elastic estimation of the parameters because hardening and softening
and post-yielding moduli in the stress-strain plane. After setting behavior can be observed during the cycles. The first step is the
zu=y and A=1, it is possible to define  and  from equations 4 estimation of the parameters E, y0,y,max, and y,min as shown
as follows: in figures 2 and 3. y0 and y,max are obtained from the ascending
1 1 loading part of 3% peak strain stabilized stress-strain curve in a
     1
   (4a-c) cyclic loading with decreasing peak strain.
 yn  yn  yn
Steel Hysteresis Simulation Using Bouc-Wen Model VALENCIA Fernando,
KASAI Kazuhiko

3% Peak strain cycles
ascending loading branch
E
model and experimental results is done in order to demonstrate
the advantage of including equation 5 in the estimation of  and
 Figures 5 shows the results obtained for the case of cyclic

E  y ,max loading with decreasing peak strain for LY-100 steel. Increasing
peak strain in figure 6 is applied to the model. Same values for
Stress

0
 y0 the parameters used in figure 5 were used in the calculation for .

LY-100 STEEL LY-100 STEEL

Experiment Test
Bouc-Wen
300 Modified Bouc-Wen
200

Stress (N/mm2 )

Stress (N/mm2 )
-3 0 3
Strain (%) 0 0
Figure 2. Estimation of  y 0 and  y , max .
-200
3% peak strain
-300
0.5% peak strain -3 0 3 -3 0 3
Ascending loading branch Strain (%) Strain (%)

E E 200
 y min 100
Stress

0 0
-100
-200
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Data Point x 10
4

Test
-0.500.5 Bouc-Wen
Strain (%) Proposed

Figure 3. Estimation of y0 andy,max. Figure 5 .Decreasing peak strain loading.

The values of E and  are estimated evaluating data from the
ascending load branch of the 3% peak strain cycles, where the LY-100 STEEL (INCREASING STRAIN)
400
LY-100 STEEL

correlation coefficient becomes smaller that 0.99. For the 400 Test
Proposed
300
Test
Bouc-Wen

data is evaluated from the maximum strain to a smaller one

Stress (N/mm )
200

2
2
Stress (N/mm )

200
100
where the correlation coefficient of the data becomes smaller 0
that 0.98. y,max, and y,min are estimated with E and while 0
-100

y0 is estimated at the point where the slope changes because the -200
-200
-300
yield is well defined in the virgin curve. Bouc-Wen parameters -4 -2 0 2 4
-4 -2 0
Strain (%)
2 4

11 and n are estimated by comparison of the experimental Strain (%)

results, while A is set equal to 1. Yield strain parameters D and 200

D are estimated with physical parameters, while a and b are 100
2
Stress (N/mm )

estimated by comparison with experimental data. At initial

0
conditions, s and W are equal to zero. With yield strain
parameters defined, it is possible to calculate initial values for 
-100

and  by using equations 4. Following steps are the calculation -200

of z by equation 2, the calculation of by equation 1 and the

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Data Point
Test
estimation of W by equation 8. Shift ratio s is estimated only Proposed
Bouc-Wen
when a half cycle of loading is completed as shown in Figure 4. Figure 6 .Increasing peak strain loading.
After all the parameters are updated, yield strain in equation 5 is
6 CONCLUSION
estimated as well as  and  prior the following step.
 The proposed improvement to Bouc-Wen model accurately
predicts softening and hardening behavior in steel under cyclic
behavior.
7 REFERENCES
[1]. WEN, Y.K. Method for random vibration of hysteretic
i f systems, Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division

102 (1976), 249–263.
Figure 4.Definition of half cycle for shift ratioestimation.
[2]. FOLIENTE, G..C. Hysteresis modeling of wood joints
5 COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT
and structural systems. Journal of Structural Engineering,
Comparison of the original Bouc-Wen model, the proposed
ASCE, vol 121, No. 6, June, (1995).

*1 東京工業大学人間環境システム専攻大学院生 *1 Graduate Student, Dept. of Built Environment, Tokyo Institute of Technology

*2 東京工業大学建築物理研究センター 教授 Ph.D. *2 Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ph.D.