Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Hira Haider
Dr. Martin
PS 1010-517
28 March 2018
Gentrification occurs when poor neighborhoods become an attraction for low income
families. It is an issue that spans the nation today, but was also a problem in the past.
Specifically, looking at Detroit’s history, gentrification was heavily an issue about race. It
involved white middle class families moving into deteriorated neighborhoods that were mostly
occupied by lower class African Americans. As a result, African Americans were forced to leave
the neighborhood because the middle-class whites had more to offer than they did. This hurt the
African American community because their living space was taken over and they had no other
choice but to move out. Also, they were at a disadvantage due to the negative stereotypes
and social status, African Americans were looked down upon (Runyan). This was used as an
advantage for the white middle class moving in because they were able to take over and save
money as the housing was a lot cheaper in these low-income neighborhoods, and served as a
disadvantage to the social, economic, and cultural life for those low income families who were
pushed out (Shaw). This caused property values to increase, therefore, increasing the rent for all
those living in a gentrified neighborhood. Therefore, if any low income families were able to
retain housing, their rent still increased due to this change in property value (Gonzalez).
Brown University, Eric Seymour, the mortgage crisis in 2007 caused more than a third of city
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houses to foreclose (Detroit Journalism Cooperative). This was because middle class families
who moved into these poor neighborhoods were not paying their taxes even though the housing
was sold to them at low prices. Moreover, gentrification is an issue because the market and
capital benefits are prioritized over the personal needs of the people. A government sphere policy
for this is for the government to facilitate Black people to inhabit abandoned homes in Detroit
and other cities around the nation after they have been gentrified. This paper will break down a
specific policy that the government implemented in the past and was successful in moving
many other cities in the United States. According to a report on gentrification in America, 58.1%
of the neighborhoods that are eligible for gentrification in Portland, OR, are gentrified. Similarly,
51.9% of them are in Washington, DC, 50.6% in Minneapolis, MN, and 50% in Seattle, WA.
This means that every other neighborhood in these cities are suffering from gentrification
(“Gentrification in America Report”). Furthermore, this problem is an acute issue, meaning that
it is common and severe in only small parts of the city, in New York, San Francisco, and Los
Angeles. It is most severe in these cities because of how large they are. They are common tourist
attractions and home for millions of people of all types (low-income, middle-class, and wealthy).
This, therefore, leaves room for many low-income neighborhoods that are being taken over by
financial problem for low-income families, but also a social problem due to these major changes
in their living standards that others do not signify (Franz). Thus, it is clear that Detroit and the
rest of the United States is still suffering from the effects of gentrification, and something needs
The first notable action that was taken to try to address this problem was during the
Reagan Administration. In 1987, the McKinney-Venton Act was passed (Cohen). The idea was
that gentrification kicks people out of their houses and neighborhoods and ultimately leaves them
homeless. This plan was created with the intention to try to curb the worst part of the problem,
which were the people who were left homeless. This plan not only provided funds to provide
shelter for these homelessness people, but also provided funds to give these people access to
Being provided with shelter expunges homelessness, but these people are still in need of
assistance. There is an old Chinese saying: “You give a poor man a fish and you feed him for a
day. You teach him how to fish and you give an occupation that will feed him for a lifetime”.
This plan took after that idea; if, as a nation, the government could help those who are the most
vulnerable, then it would not only help them but help the rest of the country as well. This will
increase the floor of education and also raise the skill level of the labor force, thus, helping the
country as a whole by stimulating the economy (Cohen). Furthermore, once these people were
back on their feet if they did make it that far, they would then be selectively eligible for
permanent housing with the assistance of the federal government. And therein lies the fatal flaw
of this plan. The federal government was making this decision based on the merit of a candidate,
whether or not they were qualified or not for permanent housing. This turns shelter into a
This concern was addressed by The Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Being a part of Congress, the department has internal, legitimate power to create a policy that
will take upfront investment, but will have long-term benefits. Congress has the authority in the
government sphere to use legal documentation in order to accomplish their goals and thus, with
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this particular problem, improve the lives of those being gentrified. The Housing First policy
promotes housing as a right, not a privilege, and works to move homeless people into permanent
homes. This involves providing basic necessities, like food and water, healthcare, a permanent
home, and eventually education and a stable job in the future (Cohen). The government will
provide the aid in the beginning but set people on a path of self-reliance in the future. In this
way, they will be able to build themselves up, and not constantly need aid. Education and
securing a job will help them do so after housing is secured because they are the main forms of
The main structural barrier that this policy faces is the lack of money and resources that
the Department of Housing and Urban Development has to invest towards this problem in order
to provide all of the services that the policy aims for (Cohen). The government can use its power
to pass healthcare and housing acts, however, without the money to make that upfront
investment, there is only so much that can actually be implemented. In this situation, structure is
taking over the lives of the people in a negative manner, making the government officials agents,
or platypuses, to this system, because the people were given hope through this policy that the
government was going to improve their lives, however, without enough money to execute all of
There has, however, been success with this policy. The Department of Housing and
Urban Development reported a decline of 22, 937 homeless people since 2010 (Cohen).
Although this only includes 21 percent of the homeless population, this decline depicts that the
aims and methodology behind this policy are effective, and they can overcome structural
barriers. Policymakers did so by working around the problem. They knew that their main issue
was the cost, so they secured permanent supportive housing for people in areas where they were
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less likely to need regular hospital access or emergency shelters. In other words, they made sure
those homes were in safe and secure areas, so people would not suffer from chronic illnesses or
battle high crime rates. As a result, the government would have to provide less funding for the
hospitals and prisons nearby because people in a secured home would not need those services in
After the implementation of the Housing First policy, researchers conducted studies on it
to test its success rate. They found that after securing permanent housing, 75 percent to 91
percent of those people remain housed a year afterwards, portraying that this policy also has an
effective retention rate (Housing First). Additionally, the government found ways to save costs
which was proven by a study as well. The study found that over the course of two years, the
Housing First program saved $31,545 per person on emergency fees and services (Housing
First). Consequently, this policy should continue to be implemented in the future as long as the
budget can be controlled. People are able to receive and retain permanent housing which is the
Because the main issue at hand is housing with poor, Black people being pushed out of
their neighborhoods as a result of gentrification, this policy gives them a chance to turn their
lives around if implemented regularly. They would be able to inhabit their own permanent home
that no one can push them out from and work towards a secure lifestyle with a stable job and
supportive services. This shows that the government has the power to solve these serious issues,
as long as it is brought to their attention by people like us who have secure housing and
education. Therefore, it is important for all citizens to be involved in the political system and not
just hope that government officials will see all of the problems that are occuring nationwide on
their own. Forming these relationships with political leaders is important, and according to
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Graham, it is more effective to do so with candidates for office or community leaders because
they are still working towards securing their position in office and will therefore give more value
to our opinions and use these concerns to form their future policies (Graham 136). If brought to
the attention of elected officials with a proposed policy like this one, they will have to do
everything in their power to implement it and thus, improve the lives for all people in the United
States of America.
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Works Cited
Cohen, Rachel. Housing First' Policy for Addressing Homelessness Hamstrung By Funding
Franz, Yvonne. Gentrification in Neighborhood Development : Case Studies from New York
City, Berlin and Vienna, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wayne/detail.action?docID=2034379.
Garfinkel, et al. Wealth and Welfare States: Is America a Laggard or Leader? 2010.
“Gentrification in America Report.” Governing Magazine: State and Local Government News
Gonzalez, David. “When Gentrification Knocks on the Wrong Door”. The New York Times, 3
September 2017.
Runyan, Robin. “What Does ‘Gentrification’ Mean in Detroit?” Curbed Detroit, Curbed Detroit,
28 Apr. 2017.
Shaw, Kate S. “Gentrification Without Displacement' and the Consequent Loss of Place: The
Areas,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research vol. 39, no. 2 (January
2015): p. 323-341.