Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Riga 2018
Practical Placement Time Sheet
November 28, 2017 to January 11, 2018
3 Days in a Week, 8 Hours per Day
James Chittattukara Devassy, person ID 321664-81446, from 27th November 2017 until
11th January 2018 performed Practical Placement in company SIA “K FORMA”
Evaluation:
Internship supervisor
(Surname, signature)
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Mārtiņš Vilnītis for guiding me throughout the
practical placement programme and also for helping me to find a company to do the internship.
Let me take this opportunity to thank Mr. Kaspars Kurtišs for allowing me to do the internship
at K FORMA engineering office. I sincerely thankful to you for giving me such a great chance
to be a part of a real time project. Special thanks to Mr. Vladislavs Pozņaks for all the support
and advice you have given me throughout my internship period. And your guidance to learn
Axis VM software was really amazing. My special thanks to all my colleagues at K FORMA.
Last, but not least, I’d like to thank my family and friends for supporting my stay in Riga.
Contents
The project is about the structural analysis and design of roof structure of “LOĢISTIKAS
CENTRA JAUNBŪVE” at Riga for “MMS Property Solutions”. “K FORMA” is the prime
engineering consultant of this project. The scope of this project involves the development of
suitable structural solutions to meet the architectural and principal requirements of the structure.
Architectural drawings and other necessary MEP layout drawings are supplied by the developer
along with project specifications.
International experience in the field of engineering services is definitely a great plus point of the
company. K FORMA was in lead of many key projects executed in Latvia and neighboring
countries as well. Optimized use of materials is an area where company always have focus on
which in turn help a client to have economic design structural solutions for the proposal.
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Following are few of the key Projects executed by “K FORMA”
The work performed during the internship can be summarized in the following steps.
1. Understanding the geometric requirements of the structure from the architectural layouts
and drawings.
2. Generating the analysis model using AXIS VM software.
3. Calculation of loads (such as Dead load, Wind Load etc.)
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4. Application of loads on the model
5. Analysis of the structural elements
6. Design of structural elements
7. Design of Structural Joints
It was required to model the entire truss system to understand the nature of load distribution on
structural elements under different loading conditions, it is solely due to the unequal spacing
between the truss supports.
The roof sheeting assembly is directly supported on the truss system without the use of any
secondary load bearing elements such as Purlins. It is assumed that the loads from the sheeting is
taken by the secondary truss members and which in turn transferred to the primary truss members.
Primary truss members are supported on the columns and the loads generated on the primary truss
will be dissipated into the supports. The span of the secondary trusses are comparatively larger
(20.480m to 28.360m) than the primary trusses (9.550m to 13.800m). It was observed that the top
chord elements of secondary trusses are subjected to heavy moments. So by introducing a strut
element, we can reduce the effective span of the top chord member. It will help to keep the chord
profile size as minimum as possible.
Keen attention has been paid to make sure that meeting point of secondary truss with the primary
truss is at the diagonal joints of later. A good load distribution can be achieved by keeping the
geometry of joint as said above.
To validate the truss elements, classical mechanics equations are used. Any individual load case
(eg. Snow load) to calculate the maximum bending moment developed in the chord. Treating top
chord as simply supported beam, maximum BM can be obtained by using eqn Wl2/8. By dividing
the BM with the lever arm (height of truss), we can get the axial forces developed at the truss
chord. By using this simple methodology, we can validate the analysis of Software
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Plan view of the truss layout
An easy-to-use graphical user interface supports all phases of the process covering definition,
analysis and result query.
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• Study of 2D or 3D membrane walls, plates, ribbed and elastically embedded plates and
shells.
• Study of 2D or 3D structures made of trusses, beams, ribs, membranes, plates and shells
in any combination.
• Linear and nonlinear analysis, buckling, vibration, seismic calculation, dynamic (time-
history) analysis of 2D or 3D structures constructed with trusses, beams, ribs,
membranes, plates and shells in any combination.
• Examining reinforced concrete columns with computation of the load-moment strength
interaction diagram.
• Estimation of the essential amount of beam reinforcement (on the basis of bending, shear
and torsion).
• Estimation of the necessary amount of reinforcement toward reinforced concrete plates,
membrane and shells.
• Estimate for cracking to find out opening and directions toward reinforced concrete
plates, membrane walls and shell structures.
• Spot footing design with iterative size calculation, check of efficiency.
• Steel design, check of efficiency.
• Solid, LVL and GLULAM timber design, check of efficiency.
Initially geometric layout of the structure is imported into AXIS VM structure from a CAD dwg
file. By importing the geometric layout into axis, the position of columns and spacing between the
individual trusses can be maintained in the model.
Using the GUI interphase of the software, individual trusses of the structural system was modelled.
Initially, all the secondary trusses are modelled and made sure that all the trusses are aligned as
per the geometrical requirements. The levels of apex, eve positions of trusses are checked during
this stage. Any corrections required to position the nodes were done by necessary modifications.
Upon the completion of the modelling of primary trusses, secondary trusses were modelled.
Support conditions and joint release parameters were introduced. Appropriate structural sections
were assigned to the entire model. All the structural sections used in the truss system were belong
to square or rectangular hollow sections. Grade of the materials used is S355.
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3.0 Load Calculations
The workload is based on the technical task of the customer and the building codes in used in
Latvia. In places where different loads were given, the highest values were used for calculations.
Dead load acting on the roof truss assembly is calculated by considering all the possible loads
that could act on the roof.
Applicable to the roof structure of metal structures, where there are no thermal insulation panels
No. Title Thickness Density Characteristic Load
mm kN/m3 kN/m2
1 Waterproofing membrane 1.2 - 0.02
2 Thermal insulation 20 1.20 0.03
3 Thermal insulation of the hole drills 120 0.75 0.09
4 Load from vapour membrane 0.2 - -
5 Bearing roof Insulation 30 1.20 0.04
6 Roofing Profile RUUKKI 153 mm (Max. Thickness) 1.5 - 0.21
7 Hanging installations (Ventilation ) - 0.20
8 Loading from solar panels - 0.30
Total 0.89
Load Considered for calculation 1.50
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Roof covering in zones with suspended ceiling panels
N Characteristic
o. Title Thickness Density Load
mm kN/m3 kN/m2
1 Waterproofing membrane 1.2 - 0.02
2 Thermal insulation 20 1.20 0.03
3 Thermal insulation of the hole drills 120 0.75 0.09
4 Load from vapour membrane 0.2 - -
5 Bearing roof Insulation 30 1.20 0.04
6 Roofing Profile RUUKKI 153 mm (Max. Thickness) 1.5 - 0.21
7 Insulated drain panels and their additional constructions Varying - 0.30
8 Hanging installations (Ventilation ) - 0.20
9 Loading from solar panels - 0.30
Total 1.19
Load Considered for calculation 1.50
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3.3 Snow Load Calculation
Normal value of snow load on the earth: 1.25 kN / m2 (LVS EN 1991-1-3: 2003 / NA: 2015);
Exposure coefficient for calculation of snow load on the roof plane: Ce = 1.00 (normal
topography). Thermal coefficient: Ct = 1.00 (no significant snow melting on the roof is
expected).
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4.2 Loads from suspended cooler equipment’s
The load is applied as a point load in the corners of the dispensing unit.
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4.4 Snow Loads [SL]
A uniformly distributed load value qk = 1.00 kN / m2 is applied to the entire roof plane.
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4.6 Wind Loads [WL -]
The uniformly distributed load value qk = 0.50 kN / m2 is applied to the entire roof plane.
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Name Type DL COOLERS MAINT. SL WL- WL+
BRIDGE
1 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0 0
2 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 0 0
+ 1.50*SL
3 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 0.90 0
+ 1.50*SL + 0.90*WL-
4 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 0 0.90
+ 1.50*SL + 0.90*WL+
5 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 1.50 0
+ 1.50*WL-
6 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.50 0
+ 1.05*SL + 1.50*WL-
7 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0 1.50
+ 1.50*WL+
8 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.05 0 1.50
+ 1.05*SL + 1.50*WL+
9 1.35*DL + 1.35*COOLERS + 1.35*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.35 1.35 1.35 0 0 0
10 1.35*DL + 1.35*COOLERS + 1.35*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.50 0 0
+ 1.50*SL
11 1.35*DL + 1.35*COOLERS + 1.35*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.50 0.90 0
+ 1.50*SL + 0.90*WL-
12 1.35*DL + 1.35*COOLERS + 1.35*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.50 0 0.90
+ 1.50*SL + 0.90*WL+
13 1.35*DL + 1.35*COOLERS + 1.35*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.35 1.35 1.35 0 1.50 0
+ 1.50*WL-
14 1.35*DL + 1.35*COOLERS + 1.35*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.05 1.50 0
+ 1.05*SL + 1.50*WL-
15 1.35*DL + 1.35*COOLERS + 1.35*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.35 1.35 1.35 0 0 1.50
+ 1.50*WL+
16 1.35*DL + 1.35*COOLERS + 1.35*MAINT. BRIDGE ULS 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.05 0 1.50
+ 1.05*SL + 1.50*WL+
17 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0 0
Characteristic
18 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0
+ 1.00*SL Characteristic
19 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 0
+ 1.00*SL + 0.60*WL- Characteristic
20 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0.60
+ 1.00*SL + 0.60*WL+ Characteristic
21 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 1.00 0
+ 1.00*WL- Characteristic
22 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.70 1.00 0
+ 0.70*SL + 1.00*WL- Characteristic
23 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0 1.00
+ 1.00*WL+ Characteristic
24 1.00*DL + 1.00*COOLERS + 1.00*MAINT. BRIDGE SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.70 0 1.00
+ 0.70*SL + 1.00*WL+ Characteristic
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6.0 Analysis of the truss assembly
There are 5 types of secondary trusses. Classification is based on the span of individual truss. The
lengths of secondary trusses are 28.360m, 27.200m, 26.600m, and 26.500m & 20.480m.
Similarly, primary trusses are classified into 7 different trusses based on the span of the trusses.
They are 13.800m, 13.600m, 13.550m, 13.500m, 12.100m, 12.100m Double truss, 11.000m &
9.550m.
In this report analysis results of 28.360m secondary truss is provided by considering that it is the
truss with maximum span and most critical.
From the below figure, it is clear that the top chord is symmetrically loaded. And the variation of
load is from min to max as the chord length under consideration changes from support to mid
span. Also it’s shown that the top chord is under compression. By using this simple theories of
mechanics, we can validate the analysis performed by the software
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6.2 Moment, My in Top chord (ULS)
To make sure that the model generation or load application is correct, we can simply analyse the
moment developed at the supports. Since all the members are having hinged support, its absolutely
vivid that the support must have zero moments. In the below BM diagram, no moments are
developed at the support there by we can ensure that the supports are properly applied at the model
as intended.
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6.4 Minimum axial force developed in Diagonal elements (ULS)
Diagonals are modelled as truss elements. Maximum tension is developed at the diagonals placed
next to the supports.
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6.6 Axial forces developed in Strut elements (ULS)
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7.0 Design of Structural Elements
Utilization Ratio of individual truss elements in ULS
Maximum utilization ratio of truss elements is 0.85.
We are restricting the utilization ratio to 0.85 to accommodate the additional loads which may
come in the future.
Typical design example of one structural element of 28.360m truss (Top chord member) is
shown below.
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8.0 Joint Design Calculation
Joint calculation is done by handcalculations and using Autodesk ROBOT software
8.1 Truss Bottom Chord Joint Design
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29
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8.2 Truss Top Chord Joint Design
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9.0 Summary
Structural Solution required for the roof assembly is formulated by studying the
architectural layout.
Loads on the Roof Structure is calculated by following appropriate design codes and
product manuals.
Analysis and Design of roof truss assembly was done using Axis VM software
Joint design of truss system was prepared by Manuel calculations and using ROBOT
software.
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10.0 REFERENCES
• EN-1990
4. Software Manuals
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