Low Level

1. Features of windows2003
ACTIVE DIRECTORY
Easier Deployment and Management
ADMT version 2.0—migrates password from NT4 to 2000 to 20003 or
from 2000 to 2003
Domain Rename--- supports changing Domain Name System and/or
NetBios name
Schema Redefine--- Allows deactivation of attributes and class
definitions in the Active directory schema
AD/AM--- Active directory in application mode is a new capability of AD
that addresses certain deployment scenarios related to directory enabled
applications
Group Policy Improvements----introduced GPMC tool to manage group
policy
UI—Enhanced User Interface
Grater Security
Cross-forest Authentication
Cross-forest Authorization
Cross-certification Enhancements
IAS and Cross-forest authentication
Credential Manager
Software Restriction Policies
Improved Performance and Dependability
Easier logon for remote offices
Group Membership replication enhancements
Application Directory Partitions
Install Replica from media
Dependability Improvements--- updated Inter-Site Topology Generator
(ISTG) that scales better by supporting forests with a greater number of sites than
Windows 2000.
FILE AND PRINT SERVICES
Volume shadow copy service
NTFS journaling file system
EFS
Improved CHDSK Performance
Enhanced DFS and FRS
Shadow copy of shared folders
Enhanced folder redirection
Remote document sharing (WEBDAV)
IIS
Fault-tolerant process architecture----- The IIS 6.0 fault-tolerant process
architecture isolates Web sites and applications into self-contained units called
application pools
 Health Monitoring---- IIS 6.0 periodically checks the status of an application
pool with automatic restart on failure of the Web sites and applications within that
application pool, increasing application availability. IIS 6.0 protects the server,
and other applications, by automatically disabling Web sites and applications that
fail too often within a short amount of time

Automatic Process Recycling--- IIS 6.0 automatically stops and restarts faulty
Web sites and applications based on a flexible set of criteria, including CPU
utilization and memory consumption, while queuing requests
Rapid-fail Protection---- If an application fails too often within a short amount
of time, IIS 6.0 will automatically disable it and return a "503 Service
Unavailable" error message to any new or queued requests to the application
Edit-While-Running

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsserver2003/evaluation/overview/technologies/def
ault.mspx

2. Difference between NT & 2000

NT SAM database is a flat database. Where as in windows 2000 active directory
database is a hierarchical database.
In windows NT only PDC is having writable copy of SAM database but the BDC
is only contain read only database. In case of Windows 2000 both DC and ADC is
having write copy of the database
Windows NT will not support FAT32 file system. Windows 2000 supports
FAT32
Default authentication protocol in NT is NTLM (NT LAN manager). In windows
2000 default authentication protocol is Kerberos V5.
Windows 2000 depends and Integrated with DNS. NT user Netbios names
Active Directory can be backed up easily with System state data

3. Difference between 2000 & 2003

Application Server mode is introduced in windows 2003
Possible to configure stub zones in windows 2003 DNS
Volume shadow copy services is introduced
Windows 2003 gives an option to replicate DNS data b/w all DNS servers in
forest or All DNS servers in the domain.
Refer Question 1 for all Enhancements

4. Difference between PDC & BDC

PDC contains a write copy of SAM database where as BDC contains read only
copy of SAM database. It is not possible to reset a password with out PDC in
Windows NT.
5. Difference between DC & ADC
There is no difference between in DC and ADC both contains write copy of AD.
Both can also handles FSMO roles (If transfers from DC to ADC). It is just for
identification. Functionality wise there is no difference.

6. What is DNS & WINS

DNS is a Domain Naming System, which resolves Host names to IP addresses. It
uses fully qualified domain names. DNS is a Internet standard used to resolve host
names
WINS is a Windows Internet Name Service, which resolves Netbios names to IP
Address. This is proprietary for Windows

7. Types of DNS Servers

Primary DNS
Secondary DNS
Active Directory Integrated DNS
Forwarder
Caching only DNS

8. If DHCP is not available what happens to the client

Client will not get IP and it cannot be participated in network. If client already
got the IP and having lease duration it use the IP till the lease duration expires.

9. what are the different types of trust relationships

Implicit Trusts
Explicit Trusts—NT to Win2k or Forest to Forest

10. what is the process of DHCP for getting the IP address to the client
There is a four way negotiation process b/w client and server
DHCP Discover (Initiated by client)
DHCP Offer (Initiated by server)
DHCP Select (Initiated by client)
DHCP Acknowledgement (Initiated by Server)
DHCP Negative Acknowledgement (Initiated by server if any issues after DHCP
offer)
11. Difference between FAT,NTFS & NTFSVersion5
NTFS Version 5 features
Encryption is possible
We can enable Disk Quotas
File compression is possible
Sparse files
Indexing Service
NTFS change journal

In FAT file system we can apply only share level security. File level protection is
not possible. In NTFS we can apply both share level as well as file level security
 NTFS supports large partition sizes than FAT file systems
NTFS supports long file names than FAT file systems

12. What are the port numbers for FTP, Telnet, HTTP, DNS
FTP-21, Telnet – 23, HTTP-80, DNS-53, Kerberos-88, LDAP-389

13. what are the different types of profiles in 2000

Local Profiles
Roaming profiles
Mandatory Profiles

14. what is the database files used for Active Directory

NTDS.DIT
15. What is the location of AD Database
%System root%/NTDS/NTDS>DIT
16. What is the authentication protocol used in NT
NTLM (NT LAN Manager)
17. What is subnetting and supernetting
Subnetting is the process of borrowing bits from the host portion of an address to
provide bits for identifying additional sub-networks

Supernetting merges several smaller blocks of IP addresses (networks) that are

continuous into one larger block of addresses. Borrowing network bits to combine
several smaller networks into one larger network does supernetting

18. what is the use of terminal services

Terminal services can be used as Remote Administration mode to administer
remotely as well as Application Server Mode to run the application in one server
and users can login to that server to user that application.
19. what is the protocol used for terminal services
RDP
20. what is the port number for RDP
3389

Medium Level

1. what is the difference between Authorized DHCP and Non Authorized DHCP
To avoid problems in the network causing by mis-configured DHCP servers,
server in windows 2000 must be validate by AD before starting service to clients.
If an authorized DHCP finds any DHCP server in the network it stop serving the
clients
2. Difference between inter-site and intra-site replication. Protocols using for
replication.
Intra-site replication can be done between the domain controllers in the same site.
Inter-site replication can be done between two different sites over WAN links
BHS (Bridge Head Servers) is responsible for initiating replication between the
sites. Inter-site replication can be done B/w BHS in one site and BHS in another
site.
We can use RPC over IP or SMTP as a replication protocols where as Domain
partition is not possible to replicate using SMTP

3. How to monitor replication

We can user Replmon tool from support tools
4. Brief explanation of RAID Levels
RAID 0 – Striping
RAID 1- Mirroring (minimum 2 HDD required)
RAID 5 – Striping With Parity (Minimum 3 HDD required)
RAID levels 1 and 5 only gives redundancy
5. What are the different backup strategies are available
Normal Backup
Incremental Backup
Differential Backup
Daily Backup
Copy Backup

6. What is a global catalog

Global catalog is a role, which maintains Indexes about objects. It contains full
information of the objects in its own domain and partial information of the objects
in other domains. Universal Group membership information will be stored in
global catalog servers and replicate to all GC’s in the forest.

7. What is Active Directory and what is the use of it

Active directory is a directory service, which maintains the relation ship between
resources and enabling them to work together. Because of AD hierarchal structure
windows 2000 is more scalable, reliable. Active directory is derived from X.500
standards where information is stored is hierarchal tree like structure. Active
directory depends on two Internet standards one is DNS and other is LDAP.
Information in Active directory can be queried by using LDAP protocol

8. what is the physical and logical structure of AD

Active directory physical structure is a hierarchal structure which fallows Forests
—Trees—Domains—Child Domains—Grand Child—etc
Active directory is logically divided into 3 partitions
1.Configuration partition 2. Schema Partition 3. Domain partition 4. Application
Partition (only in windows 2003 not available in windows 2000)
 Out of these Configuration, Schema partitions can be replicated between the
domain controllers in the in the entire forest. Where as Domain partition can be
replicated between the domain controllers in the same domain

9. What is the process of user authentication (Kerberos V5) in windows 2000

After giving logon credentials an encryption key will be generated which is used
to encrypt the time stamp of the client machine. User name and encrypted
timestamp information will be provided to domain controller for authentication.
Then Domain controller based on the password information stored in AD for that
user it decrypts the encrypted time stamp information. If produces time stamp
matches to its time stamp. It will provide logon session key and Ticket granting
ticket to client in an encryption format. Again client decrypts and if produced time
stamp information is matching then it will use logon session key to logon to the
domain. Ticket granting ticket will be used to generate service granting ticket
when accessing network resources

10. what are the port numbers for Kerberos, LDAP and Global catalog
Kerberos – 88, LDAP – 389, Global Catalog – 3268
11. what is the use of LDAP (X.500 standard?)
LDAP is a directory access protocol, which is used to exchange directory
information from server to clients or from server to servers

12. what are the problems that are generally come across DHCP
Scope is full with IP addresses no IP’s available for new machines
If scope options are not configured properly eg default gateway
Incorrect creation of scopes etc

13. what is the role responsible for time synchronization

PDC Emulator is responsible for time synchronization. Time synchronization is
important because Kerberos authentication depends on time stamp information

14. what is TTL & how to set TTL time in DNS

TTL is Time to Live setting used for the amount of time that the record should
remain in cache when name resolution happened.
We can set TTL in SOA (start of authority record) of DNS
15. How to take DNS and WINS,DHCP backup
%System root%/system32/dns
%System root%/system32/WINS
%System root%/system32/DHCP

16. What is recovery console

Recovery console is a utility used to recover the system when it is not booting
properly or not at all booting. We can perform fallowing operations from recovery
console
We can copy, rename, or replace operating system files and folders
Enable or disable service or device startup the next time that start computer
 Repair the file system boot sector or the Master Boot Record
Create and format partitions on drives

17. what is DFS & its usage

DFS is a distributed file system used to provide common environment for users to
access files and folders even when they are shared in different servers physically.
There are two types of DFS domain DFS and Stand alone DFS. We cannot
provide redundancy for stand alone DFS in case of failure. Domain DFS is used
in a domain environment which can be accessed by /domain name/root1 (root 1 is
DFS root name). Stand alone DFS can be used in workgroup environment which
can be accessed through /server name/root1 (root 1 is DFS root name). Both the
cases we need to create DFS root ( Which appears like a shared folder for end
users) and DFS links ( A logical link which is pointing to the server where the
folder is physically shared)
The maximum number of Dfs roots per server is 1.
The maximum numbers of Dfs root replicas are 31.
The maximum number of Dfs roots per domain is unlimited.
The maximum number of Dfs links or shared folders in a Dfs root is 1,000

18. what is RIS and what are its requirements

RIS is a remote installation service, which is used to install operation system
remotely.
Client requirements
PXE DHCP-based boot ROM version 1.00 or later NIC, or a network adapter that
is supported by the RIS boot disk.
Should meet minimum operating system requirements
Software Requirements
Below network services must be active on RIS server or any server in the network
Domain Name System (DNS Service)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Active directory “Directory” service

19. How many root replicas can be created in DFS

31
20. What is the difference between Domain DFS and Standalone DFS
Refer question 17.

High Level

1. Can we establish trust relationship between two forests

In Windows 2000 it is not possible. In Windows 2003 it is possible
2. What is FSMO Roles
Flexible single master operation (FSMO) roll are
Domain Naming Master
Schema Master
PDC Emulator
Infrastructure Master
RID Master
3. Brief all the FSMO Roles
Domain Naming master and schema master are forest level roles. PDC emulator,
Infrastructure master and RID master are Domain level roles;
First server in the forest performs all 5 roles by default. Later we can transfer the
roles
Domain Naming Master: Domain naming master is responsible for maintaining
the relation ship between the domains. With out this role it is not possible to add
or remove any domain.
Schema Master: Schema contains set of classes and attributes. eg User,
computer, printer are the objects in AD which are having their own set of
attributes.. Schema master is responsible for maintaining this schema. Changes to
the schema will affect entire forest.
PDC Emulator: Server, which is performing this role, acts as a PDC in a mixed
mode to synchronize directory information between windows 2000 DC to
Windows NT BDC. Server, which is performing this role, will contain latest
password information. This role is also responsible for time synchronization in the
forest.
Infrastructure Master: It is responsible for managing group membership
information in the domain. This role is responsible for updating DN when name
or location of the object is modified.
RID Master: Server, which is performing this role, will provide pool of RID to
other domain controllers in the domain. SID is the combination of SID and RID
SID=SID+RID where SID is Security identifier common for all objects in the
domain and RID is relative identifier unique for each object

4. How to manually configure FSMO Roles to separate DC’s

We can configure manually by two ways
Through MMC
We can configure Domain Naming Master role through Active directory domains
and trusts
We can configure Schema Master role through Active Directory schema
Other Three roles we can configure by Active directory users and computers
Through command promt
By using command NTDSUTIL—type ROLES—type CONNECTIONS—
CONNECT TO SERVER SERVERNAME where server name is the name of the
domain controller that you want to assign role---- Type transfer role, where role
is the role that you want to transfer. For a list of roles that you can transfer, type ?
at the fsmo maintenance prompt, and then press ENTER, or see the list of roles
at the start of this article. For example, to transfer the RID master role, type
 transfer rid master. The one exception is for the PDC emulator role, whose syntax
is transfer pdc, not transfer pdc emulator.

5. What is the difference between authoritative and non-authoritative restore

In authoritative restore, Objects that are restored will be replicated to all domain
controllers in the domain. This can be used specifically when the entire OU is
disturbed in all domain controllers or specifically restore a single object, which is
disturbed in all DC’s
In non-authoritative restore, Restored directory information will be updated by
other domain controllers based on the latest modification time.

6. what is Active Directory De-fragmentation

De-fragmentation of AD means separating used space and empty space created by
deleted objects and reduces directory size (only in offline De-fragmentation)

7. Difference between online and offline de-fragmentation

Online De-fragmentation will be performed by garbage collection process, which
runs for every 12 hours by default which separate used space and white space
(white space is the space created because of object deletion in AD eg User) and
improves the efficiency of AD when the domain controller up and running

Offline defragmentation can be done manually by taking domain controller into

Restoration mode. We can only reduce the file size of directory database where as
the efficiency will be same as in online defragmentation

8. What is tombstone period

Tombstones are nothing but objects marked for deletion. After deleting an object
in AD the objects will not be deleted permanently. It will be remain 60 days by
default (which can be configurable) it adds an entry as marked for deletion on the
object and replicates to all DC’s. After 60 days object will be deleted permanently
from all Dc’s.

9. what is white space and Garbage collection

refer question 7

10. what are the monitoring tools used for Server and Network Heath. How to define
alert mechanism
Spot Light , SNMP Need to enable .

11. How to deploy the patches and what are the softwares used for this process

Using SUS (Software update services) server we can deploy patches to all clients
in the network. We need to configure an option called “Synchronize with
Microsoft software update server” option and schedule time to synchronize in
server. We need to approve new update based on the requirement. Then approved
update will be deployed to clients
 We can configure clients by changing the registry manually or through Group
policy by adding WUAU administrative template in group policy

12. What is Clustering. Briefly define & explain it

Clustering is a technology, which is used to provide High Availability for mission
critical applications. We can configure cluster by installing MCS (Microsoft
cluster service) component from Add remove programs, which can only available
in Enterprise Edition and Data center edition.

In Windows we can configure two types of clusters

NLB (network load balancing) cluster for balancing load between servers. This
cluster will not provide any high availability. Usually preferable at edge servers
like web or proxy.
Server Cluster: This provides High availability by configuring active-active or
active-passive cluster. In 2 node active-passive cluster one node will be active and
one node will be stand by. When active server fails the application will
FAILOVER to stand by server automatically. When the original server backs we
need to FAILBACK the application

Quorum: A shared storage need to provide for all servers which keeps
information about clustered application and session state and is useful in
FAILOVER situation. This is very important if Quorum disk fails entire cluster
will fails
Heartbeat: Heartbeat is a private connectivity between the servers in the cluster,
which is used to identify the status of other servers in cluster.

13. How to configure SNMP

SNMP can be configured by installing SNMP from Monitoring and Management
tools from Add and Remove programs.
For SNMP programs to communicate we need to configure common community
name for those machines where SNMP programs (eg DELL OPEN MANAGER)
running. This can be configured from services.msc--- SNMP service -- Security

14. Is it possible to rename the Domain name & how?

In Windows 2000 it is not possible. In windows 2003 it is possible. On Domain
controller by going to MYCOMPUTER properties we can change.

15. What is SOA Record

SOA is a Start Of Authority record, which is a first record in DNS, which controls
the startup behavior of DNS. We can configure TTL, refresh, and retry intervals
in this record.

16. What is a Stub zone and what is the use of it.

Stub zones are a new feature of DNS in Windows Server 2003 that can be used to streamline
name resolution, especially in a split namespace scenario. They also help reduce the amount of
DNS traffic on your network, making DNS more efficient especially over slow WAN links.
17. What are the different types of partitions present in AD
Active directory is divided into three partitions
Configuration Partition—replicates entire forest
Schema Partition—replicates entire forest
Domain Partition—replicate only in domain
Application Partition (Only in Windows 2003)

18. What are the (two) services required for replication

File Replication Service (FRS)
Knowledge Consistency Checker (KCC)

19. Can we use a Linux DNS Sever in 2000 Domain

We can use, But the BIND version should be 8 or greater

20. What is the difference between IIS Version 5 and IIS Version 6
Refer Question 1

21. What is ASR (Automated System Recovery) and how to implement it

ASR is a two-part system; it includes ASR backup and ASR restore. The ASR
Wizard, located in Backup, does the backup portion. The wizard backs up the
system state, system services, and all the disks that are associated with the
operating system components. ASR also creates a file that contains information
about the backup, the disk configurations (including basic and dynamic volumes),
and how to perform a restore.

You can access the restore portion by pressing F2 when prompted in the text-
mode portion of setup. ASR reads the disk configurations from the file that it
creates. It restores all the disk signatures, volumes, and partitions on (at a
minimum) the disks that you need to start the computer. ASR will try to restore all
the disk configurations, but under some circumstances it might not be able to.
ASR then installs a simple installation of Windows and automatically starts a
restoration using the backup created by the ASR Wizard.

22. What are the different levels that we can apply Group Policy
We can apply group policy at SITE level---Domain Level---OU level

23. What is Domain Policy, Domain controller policy, Local policy and Group policy
Domain Policy will apply to all computers in the domain, because by default it
will be associated with domain GPO, Where as Domain controller policy will be
applied only on domain controller. By default domain controller security policy
will be associated with domain controller GPO. Local policy will be applied to
that particular machine only and effects to that computer only.
24. What is the use of SYSVOL folder
Policies and scripts saved in SYSVOL folder will be replicated to all domain
controllers in the domain. FRS (File replication service) is responsible for
replicating all policies and scripts

25. What is folder redirection?

Folder Redirection is a User group policy. Once you create the group policy and
link it to the appropriate folder object, an administrator can designate which
folders to redirect and where To do this, the administrator needs to navigate to the
following location in the Group Policy Object:
User Configuration\Windows Settings\Folder Redirection
In the Properties of the folder, you can choose Basic or Advanced folder
redirection, and you can designate the server file system path to which the folder
should be redirected.

The %USERNAME% variable may be used as part of the redirection path, thus
allowing the system to dynamically create a newly redirected folder for each user
to whom the policy object applies.

26. What different modes in windows 2003 (Mixed, native & intrim….etc)
Different Active Directory features are available at different functional levels.
Raising domain and forest functional levels is required to enable certain new
features as domain controllers are upgraded from Windows NT 4.0 and
Windows 2000 to Windows Server 2003
Domain Functional Levels: Windows 2000 Mixed mode, Windows 2000 Native
mode, Windows server 2003 and Windows server 2003 interim ( Only available
when upgrades directly from Windows NT 4.0 to Windows 2003)
Forest Functional Levels: Windows 2000 and Windows 2003

27. Ipsec usage and difference window 2000 & 2003.

Microsoft doesn’t recommend Internet Protocol security (IPSec) network address

translation (NAT) traversal (NAT-T) for Windows deployments that include VPN
servers and that are located behind network address translators. When a server is
behind a network address translator, and the server uses IPSec NAT-T,
unintended side effects may occur because of the way that network address
translators translate network traffic
If you put a server behind a network address translator, you may experience
connection problems because clients that connect to the server over the Internet
require a public IP address. To reach servers that are located behind network
address translators from the Internet, static mappings must be configured on the
network address translator. For example, to reach a Windows Server 2003-based
computer that is behind a network address translator from the Internet,
configure the network address translator with the following static network
address translator mappings:
• Public IP address/UDP port 500 to the server's private IP address/UDP port 500.
• Public IP address/UDP port 4500 to the server's private IP address/UDP port 4500.
These mappings are required so that all Internet Key Exchange (IKE) and IPSec
NAT-T traffic that is sent to the public address of the network address translator
is automatically translated and forwarded to the Windows Server 2003-based
computer
28. How to create application partition windows 2003 and its usage?
An application directory partition is a directory partition that is replicated only
to specific domain controllers. A domain controller that participates in the
replication of a particular application directory partition hosts a replica of that
partition. Only domain controllers running Windows Server 2003 can host a
replica of an application directory partition.
Applications and services can use application directory partitions to store
application-specific data. Application directory partitions can contain any type
of object, except security principals. TAPI is an example of a service that stores
its application-specific data in an application directory partition.
Application directory partitions are usually created by the applications that will
use them to store and replicate data. For testing and troubleshooting purposes,
members of the Enterprise Admins group can manually create or manage
application directory partitions using the Ntdsutil command-line tool.

29. Is it possible to do implicit transitive forest to forest trust relation ship in windows
2003?
Implicit Transitive trust will not be possible in windows 2003. Between forests
we can create explicit trust
Two-way trust
One-way: incoming
One-way: Outgoing

30. What is universal group membership cache in windows 2003.

Information is stored locally once this option is enabled and a user attempts to log
on for the first time. The domain controller obtains the universal group
membership for that user from a global catalog. Once the universal group
membership information is obtained, it is cached on the domain controller for that
site indefinitely and is periodically refreshed. The next time that user attempts to
log on, the authenticating domain controller running Windows Server 2003 will
obtain the universal group membership information from its local cache without
the need to contact a global catalog.
By default, the universal group membership information contained in the cache of
each domain controller will be refreshed every 8 hours.
31. GPMC & RSOP in windows 2003?
GPMC is tool which will be used for managing group policies and will display
information like how many policies applied, on which OU’s the policies applied,
What are the settings enabled in each policy, Who are the users effecting by these
polices, who is managing these policies. GPMC will display all the above
information.

RSoP provides details about all policy settings that are configured by an
Administrator, including Administrative Templates, Folder Redirection, Internet
Explorer Maintenance, Security Settings, Scripts, and Group Policy Software
Installation.
When policies are applied on multiple levels (for example, site, domain, domain
controller, and organizational unit), the results can conflict. RSoP can help you
determine a set of applied policies and their precedence (the order in which
policies are applied).

32. Assign & Publish the applications in GP & how?

Through Group policy you can Assign and Publish the applications by creating
.msi package for that application
With Assign option you can apply policy for both user and computer. If it is
applied to computer then the policy will apply to user who logs on to that
computer. If it is applied on user it will apply where ever he logs on to the
domain. It will be appear in Start menu—Programs. Once user click the shortcut
or open any document having that extension then the application install into the
local machine. If any application program files missing it will automatically
repair.
With Publish option you can apply only on users. It will not install automatically
when any application program files are corrupted or deleted.

33. DFS in windows 2003?

Refer Question 17 on level 2

34. How to use recovery console?

The Windows 2000 Recovery Console is a command-line console that you can
start from the Windows 2000 Setup program. Using the Recovery Console, you
can start and stop services, format drives, read and write data on a local drive
(including drives formatted to use NTFS), and perform many other administrative
tasks. The Recovery Console is particularly useful if you need to repair your
system by copying a file from a floppy disk or CD-ROM to your hard drive, or if
you need to reconfigure a service that is preventing your computer from starting
properly. Because the Recovery Console is quite powerful, it should only be used
by advanced users who have a thorough knowledge of Windows 2000. In
addition, you must be an administrator to use the Recovery Console.
 There are two ways to start the Recovery Console:
your
If you are unable to start your computer, you can run the Recovery Console from
Windows 2000 Setup disks or from the Windows 2000 Professional CD (if you
can start your computer from your CD-ROM drive).
As an alternative, you can install the Recovery Console on your computer to make
it available in case you are unable to restart Windows 2000. You can then select
the Recovery Console option from the list of available operating systems

35. PPTP protocol for VPN in windows 2003?

Point-to-Point-Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a networking technology that
supports multiprotocol virtual private networks (VPN), enableing remote users to
access corporate networks securely across the Microsoft Windows NT®
Workstation, Windows® 95, and Windows 98 operating systems and other point-
to-point protocol (PPP)-enabled systems to dial into a local Internet service
provider to connect securely to their corporate network through the Internet

Netdom.exe is domain management tool to rename domain controller

SID history