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Huaiyin Institute of Technology
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This paper was presented the parametric study of thermodynamic performance on gas turbine power
plant. The variation of operating conditions (compression ratio, turbine inlet and exhaust temperature,
air to fuel ratio, isentropic compressor and turbine efficiency, and ambient temperature) on the
performance of gas turbine (thermal efficiency, compressor work, power, specific fuel consumption,
heat rate) were investigated. The analytical formula for the specific work and efficiency were derived
and analyzed. The programming of performance model for gas turbine was developed utilizing the
MATLAB software. The results show that the compression ratio, ambient temperature, air to fuel ratio
as well as the isentropic efficiencies are strongly influence on the thermal efficiency. In addition, the
thermal efficiency and power output decreases linearly with increase of the ambient temperature and air
to fuel ratio. However, the specific fuel consumption and heat rate increases linearly with increase of
both ambient temperature and air to fuel ratio. Thus the thermodynamic parameters on cycle
performance are economically feasible and beneficial for the gas turbine operations.
Key words: Gas turbine, compression ratio, air to fuel ratio, thermal efficiency, power, turbine inlet temperature.
INTRODUCTION
The gas turbine (GT) performance is affected by with respect to its efficiency, power output, specific fuel
component efficiencies and turbine working temperature. consumption as well as work ratio. There are several
The effect of temperature is very predominant for every parameters that affect its performance including the com-
56°C increase in temperature; the work output increases pressor compression ratio, combustion inlet temperature
approximately 10% and gives about 1.5% increase in and turbine inlet temperature (TIT) (Mahmood and Mahdi,
efficiency (Johnke and Mast, 2002). Overall efficiency of 2009, Rahman et al., 2010). Taniquchi and Miyamae
the gas turbine cycle depends primarily upon the (2000) were carried out the study on the effects of
pressure ratio of the compressor. It is important to realize ambient temperature, ambient pressure as well as the
that in the gas turbine the processes of compression, temperature of exhaust gases on performance of gas
combustion and expansion do not occur in a single turbine as shown in Figure 1. There is an obvious drop in
component as they occurred in a reciprocating engine. the power output as the ambient air temperature
It is well known that the performance can be qualified increases, if an increase of intake air ambient
temperature from ISO condition 15 to 30°C which is 10%
decrease in the net power output. This is particularly
relevant in tropical climates where the temperature varies
*Corresponding author. E-mail: thamirmathcad@yahoo.com. 25 to 35°C throughout the year (Boonnasa et al., 2006).
3540 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
110
100
90
Exhaust Temperature (°C)
Exhaust Temperature (C)
Exhaust Flow (t/h)
Exhaust Flow (t/h)
Power Output (MW)
Power Output (MW)
HeatRate
Heat Rate(kJ/kWh)
(kJ/kWh)
80
0 10 20 30 40 50
The mainly fashionable way to improve the capacity of 1905. This engine, the first constant pressure gas turbine to run
the combined cycle power plant is to lower the intake air under its own power, had an efficiency of 3% which is used into the
engine with multistage centrifugal compressor (20 stages or more)
temperature to around 15°C (ISO) and relative humidity having a pressure ratio of 4 and compressor efficiency not more
(RH) of 100% before entering the air compressor of the than 60% as well as the maximum gas temperature was about
gas turbine (Mohanty and Paloso, 1995; Ibrahim et al., 393ºC. However there was an elapse of many years, until in 1939,
2010). Usually, the operation conditions for the gas a Brown Boveri (BBC) unit for emergency electrical-power supply
turbine module are measured to calculate the output was put into operation in Neuchatel, Switzerland (Figure 2). The
power and the efficiency (Horlock et al., 2003). However power output was 4000 kW and efficiency of 18%. The turbine with
inlet temperature 550°C was provided 15,400 kW at 3000 rpm
in many cases, the estimated parameters are not always (Zurcher et al., 1988).
optimal inside the gas turbine. It is required to control the Basically, the gas turbine power plants consist of four
input parameters with the aim of enhancing the components including the compressor, combustion chamber (CC),
performance of gas turbine. Obviously, these parameters turbine and generator. A schematic diagram for a simple gas
have been actually improved by various gas turbine turbine is shown in Figure 3. The fresh atmospheric air is drawn into
the circuit continuously and energy is added by the combustion of
manufactures as mentioned above. Meanwhile, the
the fuel in the working fluid itself. The products of combustion are
operating parameters including the compression ratio, expanded through the turbine which produces the work and finally
ambient temperature, air to fuel ratio, turbine inlet discharges to the atmosphere.
temperature, and both compressor and turbine It is assumed that the compressor efficiency and the turbine
efficiencies on the performance of gas turbine power efficiency are represented η c and η t respectively. The ideal and
plant were carried out. Consequently, a parametric study actual processes on the temperature-entropy diagram are
on the effect of operation conditions requires managing represented in full and dashed line respectively as shown in (Figure
the operation conditions of the system. Thus, the aim of 4) (Al-Sayed, 2008).
the present work is to develop a strategy to determine the The compressor compression ratio ( r p ) can be defined as (Al-
performance of gas turbine power plant utilizing the effect Sayed, 2008):
of operating conditions.
p2
rp = (1)
THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF GAS TURBINE p1
The first practical success was obtained by the Societe Anonyme
des Turbomoteurs French Company, which built a gas turbine in where p1 and p2 are compressor inlet and outlet air pressure,
Rahman et al. 3541
respectively.
The isentropic efficiency for compressor and turbine in the range
of 85 to 90% is expressed as (Rahman et al., 2011):
T2 s − T1
ηC = (2)
T2 − T1
where T1 and T2 are compressor inlet and outlet air temperature
respectively, and T2s compressor isentropic out let temperature.
Figure 2. World’s first industrial gas turbine set with single The final temperature of the compressor is calculated from
combustor (Zurcher et al., 1988). Equation (3) (Rahman et al., 2010):
γ a −1
r γ a −1
Fuel T2 = T1 1 + p (3)
ηc
2 3
CC
Therefore it can be simplified these relations by Equation (4):
Wshaft
γ a −1
rp γa
−1
G Rpa = and Rpg = 1 − 1 (4)
Compressor Turbine ηc γ g −1
(r ) γ g
p
Exhaust 4
1 Air where γ a = 1.4 and γ g = 1.33 .
γ a −1
cpa ×T1 rp γ a −1
Wc = = Cpa ×T1 × Rpa (5)
ηm ×ηc ηm
T2 − T1
where Ta = in Kelvin.
2
Figure 4. Temperature-Entropy diagram for gas turbine. Cpg =1.8083− 2.3127×10−3T + 4.045×10−6T 2 −1.7363×10−9T 3 (7)
3542 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
where, m& f is fuel mass flow rate (kg/s), m& a is air mass flow rate
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(kg/s), LHV is low heating value, T3 = TIT = turbine inlet The parameter influence in terms of compression ratio,
temperature C pf is specific heat of fuel anf T f is temperature of
turbine inlet temperature, air to fuel ratio, and ambient
fuel. temperature on the performance of gas turbine cycle
power plant are presented in this section. The effects of
After manipulating Equation (8), the fuel air ratio ( f ) is expressed operation conditions on the power output and efficiency
as: are obtained by the energy-balance utilizing MATLAB10
software. The flowchart of simulation of performance
m& C pg × TIT − C pa T 2 (9)
f = f
= process for simple gas turbine power plant is shown in
m& LHV − C pg × TIT
a
Figure 5.
The exhaust gases temperature from gas turbine is given by Eq.
(10):
Effect of compression ratio
(10) Figure 6a presents a relation between the gas turbine
T 4 = T 3 1 − η t × 1 − γ g −1 = T (1 − η × Rpg
1
3 t ) cycle thermal efficiency versus compression ratios for
γ
rp g different turbine inlet temperature. It can be seen that the
thermal efficiency increases with compression ratio at
The shaft work ( W t ) of the turbine is given by Equation (11): higher turbine inlet temperature. The deviation of thermal
efficiency at lower compression ratio is not significant
(11)
while the variation at higher compression ratio is vital for
W = C × TIT × η × Rpg / η
t pg t m
thermal efficiency. The certain limit depends on the
turbine inlet temperature which reveals an ejective
The network of the gas turbine (W net) is calculated from the
equation: relationship as the efficiency increases as turbine inlet
temperature increases. Also the thermal efficiency in-
W net = Wt −WC (12) crease with increase the compression ratio and decrease
the ambient temperature as shown in Figure 6b, but the
The output power from the turbine (P) is expressed as: increase in the air to fuel ratio cause low decrease in the
thermal efficiency comparing with effect the compression
P = m& a × W net (13) ratio that caused high increased in the thermal efficiency
as shown in Figure 7. Figure 8 present the effect of
The specific fuel consumption (SFC) is determined by Equation compression ratio on compressor work, this work
(13):
increase with increase the compression ratio and the
3600 f (14)
ambient temperature.
SFC = Figure 9a shows the effect of compression ratio on the
W net
thermal efficiency with variation isentropic compressor
The heat supplied is also expressed as: efficiency. Note that the thermal efficiency is increased
with compression ratio and isentropic compressor
Q add = C pg m (TIT − T1 (1 + Rpa )) (15) efficiency. Also the increased in compression ratio and
isentropic turbine efficiency caused increased in the
thermal efficiency as shown in Figure 9b. Figure 10
The gas turbine efficiency ( η th ) can be determined by Equation
represented the relation between the thermal efficiency
(15) (Ibrahim et al., 2010):
and turbine inlet temperatures for five values of air to fuel
W net ratio (40 to 56 kg air/fuel) and six values compression
η th = (16)
Q add
ratios (3 to 23). Thermal efficiency has an ejective
relationship with turbine inlet temperature, the efficiency
The heat rate (HR) is the consumed heat to generate unit energy of increases when turbine inlet temperature increases, also
electricity can be expressed as (Saravanamuttoo et al., 2009): the decreased in air to fuel ratio caused incased thermal
Rahman et al. 3543
Figure 5. Flowchart of simulation of performance process for simple gas turbine power
plant.
3544 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
0.5
0.45
0.4
Thermal efficiency
0.35
0.3
AFR=40 kg air/fuel
0.25
AFR=44 kg air/fuel
AFR=48 kg air/fuel
0.2 AFR=52 kg air/fuel
AFR=56 kg air/fuel
0 5 10 15 20 25
Compression ratio
600
550
500
450
Compressor Work (kJ/kg)
400
350
300 T1=268
T1=278
250 T1=288
T1=298
200
T1=308
T1=318
150
T1=328
100
0 5 10 15 20 25
Compression Ratio
AFR=56 kg air/fuel
AFR=40 kg air/fuel
(a)
Figure 10. Variation of turbine inlet temperatures with thermal
efficiency for several compression ratio and air to fuel ratio.
0.365
0.36
0.355
0.35
Thermal efficiency
0.345
0.34
0.335
AFR=40 kg air/fuel
0.33 AFR=44 kg air/fuel
AFR=48 kg air/fuel
0.325 AFR=52 kg air/fuel
AFR=56 kg air/fuel
(b)
0.32
260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330
Figure 9. Variation of compression ratio, isentropic compressor Ambient temperature (K)
efficiency and isentropic turbine efficiency on thermal efficiency. (a)
Isentropic compressor efficiency (b) Isentropic turbine Figure 11. Effect of ambient temperature and air to fuel ratio on
thermal efficiency.
efficiency.
5
x 10
1.38
0.28
1.36
0.265
1.3
0.26
1.28
140000
4
x 10
1.12
AFR=40 kg air/fuel
AFR=44 kg air/fuel
1.1
130000 AFR=48 kg air/fuel
AFR=52 kg air/fuel
1.08 AFR=56 kg air/fuel
Power (kW)
1.06
120000 Simple Gas Turbine
1.04
1.02
110000
0.98
100000 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330
260 280 300 320 340 Ambient temperature (K)
Ambient Temperature (K)
Figure 15. Effect of ambient temperature and air to fuel ratio
Figure 13. Effect of ambient temperature on power output.
on heat rate.
exhaust temperature.
been reduced in both compressor and turbine
respectively, this lead to increased power output.
Effect of compressor and turbine efficiencies
0.365
0.36
0.355
Thermal Efficiency
0.35
0.345
0.34
T1=268
0.335 T1=278
T1=288
0.33 T1=298
T1=308
0.325 T1=318
T1=328
0.32
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
Air Fuel Ratio (kg air/fuel)
Figure 16. Effect of air to fuel ratio and ambient temperature on thermal efficiency.
0.28
T1=268
0.275 T1=278
T1=288
Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/kW.h)
T1=298
0.27 T1=308
T1=318
T1=328
0.265
0.26
0.255
0.25
0.245
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
Air Fuel Ratio (kg air/fuel)
Figure 17. Effect of air to fuel ratio ambient temperature on specific fuel consumption.
3548 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
0.37
AFR=40 Kg air/fuel
0.36
T1= 268 K
Thermal efficiency
0.35
0.34
0.33
T1= 328 K
AFR=56 Kg air/fuel
0.32
700 750 800 850 900 950
Exhaust Temperature (K)
Figure 18. Variation of exhaust temperatures with thermal efficiency for several
ambient temperature and air to fuel ratio.
0.37
0.36
0.35
Thermal Efficiency
0.34
0.33
0.32
AFR=40 kg air/fuel
0.31
AFR=44 kg air/fuel
AFR=48 kg air/fuel
0.3 AFR=52 kg air/fuel
AFR=56 kg air/fuel
0.29
compression ratio and ambient temperature are very compressor work since a lower ambient temperature
crucial. The thermal efficiency is affected by ambient leads to a higher air density and a lower compressor
temperature due to the change of air density and work that in turn gives a higher gas turbine output power
Rahman et al. 3549
0.4
0.38
0.36
0.34
Thermal Efficiency
0.32
0.3
0.28
AFR=40 kg air/fuel
0.26 AFR=44 kg air/fuel
AFR=48 kg air/fuel
0.24
AFR=52 kg air/fuel
AFR=56 kg air/fuel
0.22
0.2
0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
Isontropic Turbine Efficiency
Figure 20. Effect of isentropic turbine efficiency air to fuel ratio on thermal efficiency.
as shown in Figure 11. The increases of ambient effect on performance of gas turbine power plant. The
temperature lead to decrease the thermal efficiency. It results were summarized as follows:
can also be seen that the specific fuel consumption
increases with increase of air to fuel ratio and ambient 1. The compression ratios, ambient temperature, air to
temperature because of the air mass flow rate inlet to fuel ratio as well as the isentropic efficiencies are strongly
compressor increases with decrease of the ambient influence on the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine
temperature. Thus, the fuel mass flow rate increases power plant.
since the air to fuel ratio is kept constant. The variation of 2. The variation of thermal efficiency at higher
power out is less than that of the inlet compressor air compression ratio, turbine inlet temperature and ambient
mass flow rate. Therefore, the specific fuel consumption temperature are very important.
increases with the increase of ambient temperature due 3. The thermal efficiency and power output decreases
to the flue gases losses. The increase in compression linearly with increase of ambient temperature as well as
ratio for gas turbine power plant lead to a continuous the air to fuel ratio.
increase of thermal efficiency and this result move the 4. The specific fuel consumption and heat rate increase
gas turbine power plant to reaches the highest efficiency linearly with increase of both ambient temperature and air
and then begins to decrease. Therefore, the overall to fuel ratio.
enhancement of the effect of operation conditions on 5. The peak efficiency, power and specific fuel
efficiency of gas turbine can be highly positive, especially consumption occur at higher compression ratio with low
when considering the possibility to take advantage from ambient temperature.
increase turbine inlet temperature and then increase the
output power and the thermal efficiency.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Conclusion
The authors would like to thank University Malaysia
The simulation result from the modeling of the influence Pahang for providing laboratory facilities and financial
of parameter showed that compression ratio, ambient support under Doctoral Scholarship scheme (Project No.
temperature, air to fuel ratio and turbine inlet temperature GRS100332).
3550 Int. J. Phys. Sci.