Network _ Theorems-! 2.1 INTRODUCTION In Chapter 1, we have studied basic circuit concepts. In network analysis, we have to find currents and voltages in various parts of the circuit. In this chapter, we will study elementary network theorems like star- delta transformation, mesh analysis and node analysis. These methods are applicable to all types of circuits. The first step in analysing circuits by mesh analysis and node analysis is to apply Ohm’s law and Kirchoff's, © laws. The second step is the solving of these equations by mathematical tools. _ 2.2. STAR-DELTA TRANSFORMATION When circuit cannot be simplified by normal series—parallel reduction technique, the star-delta transformation can be used. Figure 2.1(a) shows three resistances Ry, Ry and Re connected in delta. Figure 2.1(b) shows three resistances Rj, Ry and R; connected in star. i 1 Ry Rs Ry @) ) Fig. 21 These two networks will be electrically equivalent if the resistance as measured between any pair of terminals is the same in both the arrangements.2.2 Electrical Networks 2.2.1 Delta to Star Transformation Referring to delta network shown in Fig. 2.1(a), The resistance between terminals | and 2 = Rell (Ry + Rp) = Re(Ra+ Ro) 21) Ry +Ry+Re Referring to the star network shown in Fig. 2.1(b), The resistance between terminals | and 2 = R + Ry (2.2) Since the two networks are electrically equivalent, Ry + Ry = ReRat Ro) (2.3) Ry +Ry+Re Similarly, Beek, = eee Ba) 2A) : Ry +Ry+Re and Ry +R, = Re(Ra+ Ro) (2.5) Ry +Ry + Re Subtracting Eq. (2.4) from Eq. (2.3), R,-R= RaRe~ Roky (2.6) Ry +Ry + Re Adding Eq. (2.6) and Eq, (2.5), 27 Similarly, (28) (29) Thus, star resistance connected to terminal is equal to the product of the two delta resistances connected to the same terminal divided by the sum of the delta resistances. 2.2.2 Star to Delta Transformation Multiplying the above equations, Ree ces (Ry + Ry + Re 2 Ry Ry= —RaPaRe (Ry + Ry + Re 2 Ry Rye an (Ra + Rp + Re)Network Theorems-I_ 2.3 ing Eqs (2.10), (2.11) and (2.12), RyRpRe(Ra + Ry + Ro) (Ry + Rp Ro)” R Ry + RR, + RyRy = = —RaReRe © Ry +R, + Re = RyRy = RoR; _ RR +RR + RR, a a Ry Hence R RyRy =R)+Ry+ at Rte RyRy + RRy + RR, Rp = BRtRB TBR RyRy + RRs + RR, Ro= SO 5 one rs BE R Thus, delta resistance between the two terminals is the sum of two star resistances connected to the same _ terminals plus the product of the two resistances divided by the remaining third star resistance. ‘Note: When three equal resistances are connected in delta, the equivalent star resistance is given by A A Ry Ra Ry Ry Ry Be cB 6 Ry Fig. 22 eee RR Ry YO RS+RatRy 32.4 _ Electrical Networks Example 2.1 Find an equivalent resistance between A and B. 4Q 452 Ao— 752 3a Fig. 23 Solution Converting the two delta networks formed by resistors 4.5 Q, 3 Q and 7.5 Q into equivalent star networks, we have 49 Ry Ry 259 4547543 ‘The simplified network is shown in Fig. 2.5. 40 3a Fig. 25Network Theorems 2.5 = network can be simplified as follows: 580 A B 2.252 2252 62 2.252 2.950 2.259 AWN S\N VW 0 B 7.459 AoW B Fig. 26 Ryy = 745.2 2.2 Find an equivalent resistance between A and B. 10.2 A B wa | 09 10 2 10 Q Fig.2.7 Redrawing the network, we have2.6 Electrical Networks Converting the delta formed by three resistors of 10 Q into an equivalent star network, Fig. 29 10x10 _ 10 “!S* 0410410 3 10 “3a A B jo om Fig. 210 The network can be simplified as follows: 10 Bo Ao- B 40 va Jo 20 ae a AoW B 109 Fig. 2.11Network Theorems-I__ 2.7 Find an equivalent resistance between A and B. A oa Za 159 B c 12 Fig. 212 Converting the star network formed by resistors 3 9, 4 Q and 6 Q into an equivalent delta network, A 92. 152 FF R=or3+ SS = 352 ‘The network can be simplified as shown in Fig. 2.15. A Rgg = 611 (1.35 + 0.9) = 6112.25 eo: jee = 1642 092 Fig, 21528 Electrical Networks Example 2.4 Find an equivalent resistance between A and B. 22 172 Fig. 2.16 Solution The resistances of 2 Q and 4 Q and the resistances of 4 Q and 11 Q are in series. 419 150 62 6a 15Q 152 | 62 72 A B Fig. 2.17 Converting the two outer delta networks into equivalent star networks, 419 Fig. 218 ‘The network can be further simplified as follows: 48.0 20 5a 240 22 16Q 5a AW $n B 230 AoW B Fig, 2.19 Ryp= BQNetwork Theorems-I_ 29 Find an equivalent resistance between A and B. 15Q Ao 202 450 . 35 Bo 402 Fig. 2.20 Drawing the resistance of 30 Q from outside, 15Q 20a A 35Q 302 45.0 go 40Q Fig. 2.21 Converting the delta network formed by resistors 20 Q, 25 Q and 35 Q into equivalent star network, 15Q Ao—W— Ry Ri 459 302 Rs —— 400 Fig. 2.22 20x35 30+35+25 875% 20x25 = 39435425 79252 35x25, R= Spy 35495 = 10940210 Electrical Networks ‘The network can be redrawn as follows: 15Q 6.252 8.752 Ao 459 10.942 302 402 Bo Fig. 2.23 By series-parallel reduction technique, 150 6250 A 450 s04a & 38.750 B sa 6250 A 450 2019 Q B 150 A 450 28.260 B 150 A ow 17.36. Bo] Ao 32.360 Bo Fig. 2.24 Ryp = 32.36 QNetwork Theorems-I 2.11 2.6 Find the equivalent resistance between A and B. 10Q 202 5Q A sQ 15Q 102 252 2a B 52 302 Fig. 225 ‘The resistances of 5 Q and 25 Q and the resistances of 10 Q and 5 Q are in series. 10a 20a Ac ; 302 isQ oB 302 Fig. 2.26 Converting the delta network formed by resistance of 20 Q, 5 Q and 15 Q into equivalent star network, 10Q Ne 15a 30Q oB 302 Fig. 2.27 20x5 R= >——— =250 1 20+5+15 20x15 : 2 2045415 — R SxI5_ 1 g7s0 S 2045415 4212 Electrical Networks ‘The network can be redrawn as follows: 02 250 A sa 02 A 3752 3.875 2 15a B 30a Fig. 2.28 Converting the delta network formed by resistance of 3.875 Q, 37.5 Q and 30 Q into equivalent star network, we have 1250 A Ry B 15a i Rs Fig. 2.29 3.875%375_ _ yay 3.875+37.5+30 3.87530 5 38754375430 — 0% R= 215.760 © 3,875 +375+30 —j Network Theorems-I__ 213 network can be simplified as follows: 25a 2.080 A 15.760 [to B 15a 1.63.2 14540 42 15.76. —Wv——0 B 16.632 7.762 15.76 oe er ne 23.522 14 Fig. 2.30 Rup = 2352.2 22.7 Find an equivalent resistance between A and B. A 62 . 42 32 52 5a 8a 40 B Fig, 2: ig. 2.31 a 62 342 Converting the star network formed by resistances Q, 5 Q and 8 Q into an equivalent delta network, R Ro Rs 4g. 3214 Electrical Networks oe =54847% = 26.33Q ‘The network can be redrawn as follows: A 62 g 4Q 9.875. 2 1S8Q 26.339 5Q 49 3 B Fig, 2.33 ‘The resistances of 15.8 Q and 5 Q and resistances of 26.33 Q and 4 Q are in parallel. A 6Q 49. B Fig, 234 A 6a 49 Converting the delta network into star network, 3.8x9.875 3.849.875 + 3.47 =2.199 . 3.8x3.47 Ry Rs 5 3.849.875 +3.47 = 0.772 Ry Rs 3.8+9.875 +3.47 =22 Fig. 2.35Network Theorems-1__ 2.18 network can be simplified as follows: 4a 202 0.779 Ao— Wo 8 62 219.0 62 0.772 A OB 8.192 3.46.2 0779 A010 8 4230 A008 Fig. 2.37 Ryp = 4.23.9 Find an equivalent resistance between A and B. 62 40 Ao 52 3a 4Q 8Q B Fig. 2382.16 Electrical Networks Solution Converting the star network formed by resistors of 3 Q, 4 Q and 5 Q into equivalent delta network, 5sQ 32 Ry 4Q > RX Ry Fig. 239 5x4 Rp=5444 > 215670 3x4 R344 940 3 Ry =1L75Q Similarly, converting the star network formed by resistors of 4 Q, 6 Q and 8 Q into equivalent delta network, 62 49 ww Re 8Q = Fh Rs Fig, 2.40 6x8 6+8+ 9 =260 4 4x8 4484+ — =17.33Q 6 6x4 Ro= 6444 = 132 ‘These two delta networks are connected in parallel between points A and B. 13.9 175Q 15672 9.4. Fig. 2.41 The resistances of 9.4 Q and 17.33 Q are in parallel with a short. Hence, equivalent resistance of this combination becomes zero. Simplifying the parallel networks, we getNetwork Theorems-I__ 2.17 6.172 9.782 Fig. 242 Rap = 6.17 119.78 = 3.78 Q MESH ANALYSIS is defined as a loop which does not contain any other loops within it, Mesh analysis is applicable only ‘networks. A network is said to be planar if it can be drawn on a plane surface without crossovers. hod, the currents in different meshes are assigned continuous paths so that they do not split at a into branch currents. If a network has a large number of voltage sources, it is useful to use mesh . Basically, this analysis consists of writing mesh equations by Kirchoff’s voltage law in terms of ‘mesh currents. Steps to be followed in Mesh Analysis 1 1, Identify the mesh, assign a direction to it and assign an unknown current in each mesh. 2. Assign the polarities for voltage across the branches. 3. Apply KVL around the mesh and use Ohm’s law to express the branch voltages in terms of unknown ‘mesh currents and the resistance. 4, Solve the simultaneous equations for unknown mesh currents Consider the network shown in Fig. 2.43 which has three meshes. Let the mesh currents for the three s be [,,/, and J; and all the three mesh currents may be assumed to flow in the clockwise direction. The ice of direction for any mesh current is arbitrary. "Applying KVL to Mesh 1, Va - V,-R, (1-1) -R, (1-1) =0 we (R, +R) h- Ry b- Ry = Vy (2.13) Applying KVL to Mesh 2, Ry Rs Va ~ Ry Ip — Ry (Fy ~ 5) — Ry (I~) = 0 vs j RT, +(R,+Ry+R)b-Ry=V> 2.14) h b Applying KVL to Mesh 3, . ie =Ry (I =1)) ~ Ry (Is fy) - Rg ly + Vy = 0 a > 4 Ry Ty — Ry ty + (Ry + Ry + Rs) Ly = V3 (2.15) I Writing Eqs (2.13), (2.14) and (2.15) in matrix form, 1 V3 Rs (RAR, -R, -R, ny) ™ fate -® pA] ng 1 =R R+R+R, RK, 1hl=|V, -R, -R, +R, +R | LG] LV, In general,248 Electrical Networks where, Ry= Self-resistance or sum of all the resistances of Mesh 1 Ry = Ry, = Mutual resistance or sum of all the resistances common to Meshes | and 2 Rj = Ry, = Mutual resistance or sum of all the resistances common to Meshes I and 3 Ry = Self-resistance or sum of all the resistances of Mesh 2 Ryy = Ryy = Mutual resistance or sum of all the resistances common to Meshes 2 and 3 Ry = Self-resistance or sum of all the resistances of Mesh 3 If the directions of the currents passing through the common resistance are the same, the mutual resistance will have a positive sign, and if the direction of the currents passing through common resistance are opposite then the mutual resistance will have a negative sign. If'each mesh currents are assumed to flow in the clockwise direction then all self-resistances will be always positive and all mutual resistances will always be negative. The voltages V,, V> and V; represent the algebraic sum of all the voltages in meshes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. While going along the current, if we go from negative terminal of the battery to the positive terminal then its emf is taken as positive. Otherwise, it is taken as negative. Example 2.9 Find the current through the 5-Q resistor. 19 22 32 5a ov 6Q ay 42 20V Solution Assigning clockwise currents in three meshes, Applying KVL to Mesh 1, 10-1, -3(, - 1) - 6, -h) . 19 22 10/, - 3h, - 6, i) Applying KVL to Mesh 2, 3 (h-h)- 2-5-5 3Q 5Q -31, + 101, i) Applying KVL to Mesh 3, h ~6 (I,- 1) + 5-41; +20 10V >> ») 61, + 10, = 25 iii) sv. Writing equations in matrix form, Ley Ea 10-3 -6][4] fo 1 3 10 off,|=|-s 6 0 10] 1, 25 20V Fig. 2.45 |Network Theorems-I__2.19 | We can write matrix equation directly from Fig. 2.44. Ri Rp Mi Ry Rn =|¥ Ry Ry Vs Self-resistance of Mesh 1 = 1+3+46= 109 ‘Mutual resistance common to Meshes | and 2 = -3 Q Rj = Mutual resistance common to Meshes I and 3 = -6 Q Similarly, Ry =-32 34+24+5=10Q 0 -6Q 0 Ry =64+4=102 For voltage matrix, V,=10V -5V algebraic sum of all the voltages in Mesh 3 = 5 + 20= 25 V 2.10 Find the current through the 2-Q resistor. 6Q 22 19 3a 102 10V 8 < y Fig. 2.46 Assigning clockwise currents in three meshes, 62 22 19 >) om) 102 I: 20V2.20 _ Electrical Networks Applying KVL to Mesh 1, 10-61, -1(,-) =0 Th -1=10 (i) Applying KVL to Mesh 2, = (=) = 2h = 3h-h) =i, + 6h -3h, ii) Applying KVL to Mesh 3, -3 (Iy-h) - 101-20 =0 3h + 13); ii) Writing equations in matrix form, 7-1 OVfh 10 -1 6 -3{/h}=] 0 o -3 13fln] [20 Solving equations (i), (i) and (iii), 1= 134A 1, =-0.62.A I,=-1.68. A 0.62 A Example 2.11 Determine the current through the 5-Q resistor. 10V. a rye 19 40 2Q 3Q f Ry 52 Fig, 2.48 Solution Assigning clockwise currents in three meshes, | Llov Applying KVL to Mesh 1, zl 8-1 -b)-2h-h) =0 sp 3h, -h-2h=8 Ai) a Applying KVL to Mesh 2, hb 10 4h ~ h,-13)~ My) = 0 =I + 8l,- 3h; = 10 Ali) 2a 2) 10 2 kh Ip 10Q sv SIs Fig. 2.53 Assigning clockwise currents in two meshes, "From the figure, A in a hah eS bel hh 0a ie ‘Applying KVL to Mesh 1, eB | _ 5-5h,~ 10fy - 10, ~h)- SI, = 0 av 5-5, - 10f, ~ 10/, + 10F, - 51, = 0 N Sl, 201, Fig. 2.54 i) F 10V iii) efiv)2.24 _ Electrical Networks Example 2.16 Find currents in the three meshes. 19 12 de £3 19 Fig. 2.55 Solution Assigning clockwise currents in three meshes, From the figure, But Applying KVL to Mesh I, 5-h-1,>(h-h) 5-h-(h+1)-(h-h) hth 2 = . =2A Applying KVL to Mesh 2, --f)+l-h-t, -hth+(h+)-h (h-1)=0 —h+h=0 -2h+1-1=0 h=0 Example 2.17 Find the mesh currents in the network shown. 2Vz 40 29 <> + yh 7 522M 19 . = lov sv 2V, Fig, 2.57Assigning clockwise currents in two meshes, 2-V3 40 Network Theorems-I__ 2.25 29 m the figure, LF : Vj=-5h, ...G) os Vy on ooo 12 KVL to Mesh 1, = 2V,- 41, ~ (h - h) + 2V, I, — 2(21,) ~ 41, ) Fev -2(51,)-h+1,-2 = 10 1-31 lying equations (iii) and (iv), !18 Find currents I, and 1, . 2 49 20 <> 5Q 19 = 10V sv 2ly Fig. 259 lution Assigning clockwise currents in two meshes, om the figure, (iv) 20 Den a L=h-h Applying KVL to Mesh 1, =5~ 5h -2,—4l, - (ly -h) +21, =5h-2(-b) 41, -f +h +h =5h)- 2, + 2-41, - +h +h r = 101, + 31, 5Q 12 sve 1h 2ly » Gi) ‘Applying KVL to Mesh 2, = 21, -(h-1)-2h-10 -2-h+h-2h -h-3h Solving equations (iii) and (iv), -h 1.364 + 2.878 = 1.514 A wiv)2.26 Electrical Networks 2.4 SUPERMESH ANALYSIS Meshes that share a current source with other meshes, none of which contains a current source in the outer loop, form a supermesh. A path around a supermesh doesn’t pass through a current source. A path around each mesh contained within a supermesh passes through a current source. The total number of equations required for a supermesh is equal to the number of meshes contained in the supermesh. A supermesh requires one mesh current equation, that is, a KVL equation. The remaining mesh current equations are KCL equations. Example 2.19 Find the current through the 10-Q resistor. 52 a ) var) Dea) = avy A h b Fig. 261 Solution Applying KVL to Mesh 1, 2-1 -10(-b)=0 111, = 10/, ma) Since meshes 2 and 3 contain a current source of 4 A, these two meshes will form a supermesh. A supermesh is formed by two adjacent meshes that have a common current source. The direction of the current source of 4 A and current (J, — /,) will be same, i.e., in the upward direction. Writing Current equation to supermesh, L-h=4 eli) Applying KVL to outer path of supermesh, =10(h ~ 1,) 5h, - 15 = 0 101, ~ 15/, ~ 151, 2h - 3, Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), (iti)Network Theorems-I 2.27 Meshes 1 and 3 will form a supermesh. iting current equation for supermesh, A-b=7 wali) jing KVL to the outer path of the supermesh, 7-1-1) -3h-h)-h=0 I +4h-4l, = wii) ing KVL to Mesh 2, ‘A “Mh h) = 2h- 3h, -h) = 0 : I-61, +3, =0 iii) Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), 1=9A h=25A 122A Current through the 3-Q resistor = /,~ J, =25-2=05A € 2.21 Find the current in the 5-Q resistor. SOV IY Applying KVL to Mesh 1, 50-10, ~h)-5 (hh) = 0 15, — 10, - 5h, = 50 Ai) Meshes 2 and 3 will form a supermesh as these two meshes share a common current source of 2 A. ‘Writing current equation for the supermesh, h-h=2A wii) ‘Applying KVL to the outer path of the supermesh, -10(,-f) -2h--5(h-1) =0 -ISI, + 12/, + 6/; = 0 ii) Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), J 1=20A 1217338 1,2 1533.4 Current through the 5-Q resistor = J, - J; = 20-15.33=4.67 A2.28 _ Electrical Networks Example 2.22 Find currents 1), ly 1; and I. 1 1 io” 30 ae 2 pea wo = e) ai 2 ov +) 40a | Is 1 to h 6 Fig. 264 Solution From the figure, 1,=40A @ Meshes 2 and 3 form a supermesh. Writing current equation for supermesh, L-h=5V, But vy, h (ii) Applying KVL to supermesh, 1 1 sap ~3h-W)- aot Tis 2 s-h) = 0 «- iii) Applying KVL to Mesh 1, (iv) 0A 0A, 2.(20)-10=30A OA Example 2.23 Find the currents I, and I, 102 149 40 oo) lov=- if > 222, oN: 62 A hNetwork Theorems-I__ 2.29 Meshes 2 and 3 form a supermesh. g Current equation for supermesh, h-h=05V, ea) 5x 2, — inh 2h + 2, - 101, - 6h, 4 ing KVL to Mesh 1, 10-14, - 4, - 2, -) 110 ~ 20, + 2h 110 + 201 + 2h i NODAL ANALYSIS analysis is based on Kirchhoff’s current law which states that the algebraic sum of currents meeting at is zero. Every junction where two or more branches meet is regarded as a node, One of the nodes in the is taken as reference node or datum node. If there are n nodes in any network, the number of equations to be solved will be (1 ~ 1). Steps to be followed in Nodal Analysis Assuming that a network has 1 nodes, assign a reference node and the reference directions, and a a current and a voltage name for each branch and node respectively. Apply KCL at each node except for the reference node and apply Ohm’s law to the branch currents. Solve the simultaneous equations for the unknown node voltages. Using these voltages, find any branch currents required, 2.24 Find voltage at nodes 1 and 2. NOs eee: 0) Fig. 2.66 Assigning voltages V, and V, at nodes | and 2 respectively, Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes. lying KCL at Node 1,2.30 Electrical Networks Applying KCL at Node 2, 19 y 22 y, 2 ® ©) 3V,-V, =4 lil) 1a 20 19 t2a Solving Eqs (i) and (ii), V,=2V V)=2V Example 2.25 Find V, and Vy Vial va 3a t 2a ' 102 isa (34 ae 10V 7 Solution Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes. Applying KCL at Node A, Va=10 Va Va-Vn 2 0 5 5V4,—50+V4 + 2V4— Vy 10 7 BV, —2Vy = 50 “i Applying KCL at Node B, V,- - Va-Va Va 1 Ve-18 aes Wy ~WVa +Vp +54+5Vy 90 _ 15 - ~3Vy + Vp = 85 Solving Eqs (i) and (ii), Vy =9.39V Vp = 12.58 V Example 2.26 Calculate the current through the 5-Q resistor. % 39 % 59 a at @ aad, aa Zo 40 })8A = 20Network Theorems-I__ 2.31 Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes, lying KCL at Node 1, Ai) 10V, -10V, + 15V, +300 + 6V, ~6V, 30 “0 10V, — 31V, + 6V; = 300 alii) lying KCL at Node 3, V; : V, + AV, AV, + SV; -4V, + OV, Aili) ing Eqs (i), (ii) and (iii), _ 13.37-(-9.92) - 5 2.27 Find the current in the 100-Q resistor. 202 y, 32 y, 60Vv =~ Ga) 1A 502 Spo 40V. Fig. 2.70 Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes.2.32 Blectrical Networks Applying KCL at Node 1, 20 30V, - 1800 + 20%, 600 SOV, - 20V, Applying KCL at Node 2, 40 Ve 30 50 100 10V, -10V, +61 300 -10V, + 19V; = 240 Solving Eqs (i) and (ii), Fig. 2.71 Solution Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes. Applying KCL at Node A, Mace ois Va V4 —142V, Vp 2 wi)Vp - Wy +V_-2 _ See -2V, +3V_=4 1 ing Eqs (i) and (ii), V, = 2.88 V Vp = 3.25 V 2.29 Find the voltage across the 5-Q resistor. 9A 49 29 y, 52 1002 Rv Fig. 2.72 Assume that the currents are moving away from the node. Applying KCL at Node 1, 4 av, -2' Applying KCL at Node 2, YW 2 “100 5 50¥3 ~ SOV, + V2 + 20%) -20%) _ , 100 = SOV, + 71V;—20V; = 0 Applying KCL at Node 3, p. Vy-Vy Yen 5 20 AV, —AV> + V3 +5V5 —5, 20 -SV, —4V, + 10V; = 180 4 a ee ee ee oe Network Theorems-I__ 2.33 edi) 209 i) ii) ii)2.34 Electrical Networks Solving Eqs (i), ii) and (ii Solution Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes. Applying KCL at Node 1, YW=25_ W-Vy a+ +5V, +10¥; +500 _ 4 20 - -2V, + 17V> Solving Eqs (i) and (ii), A Vy = wi) ii)Network Theorems-I 2.35 = 110 OSV, -9.2V, = 34.2 4 wai) Applying KCL at Node b, h+h=20 Va=V, , HOV, 03 01 O.1V, — 0.1V, +33-0.3V, 0.03 O.1V, -O.4V, = -32.4 ii) =20 =20 Solving Eqs (i) and V,=112V V, = 109V 120-112 02 740A “Example 2.32 Find the current in the 10-Q resistor. vy, 502 Vy2.36 Electrical Networks Solution Node 1 is directly connected to a voltage source of 50 V. Hence, we cannot write KCL equation at Node 1. At Node I, Vv, =50 (i) Assume that the current are moving away from the node, Applying KCL at Node 2. =10 V5 aS 50, 20 10 + 5V5 50 +10V3 100 : V, + 17V> = 50 i) Solving Eqs (i) and (ii), V,=50V V, = 8.82 V Current in the 10-Q resistor 10 Example 2.33. Find V, and V» 502 Vy sov + Fig. 2.76 Solution Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes. Applying KCL at Node a, V, -80 , V,-V, to +t 4920 50 10 /, ~80+ 5V, ~5V, +100 _ 9 50 - 6V,—5V, = -20 (i)Network Theorems-I__ 2.37 100 -10V, + 17V, SV, ii) ode c is directly connected to a voltage source of 20 V. Hence, we cannot write KCL equation at Node c, At Node c, ] V.= 20 (iii) Solving Eqs (i), (ii) and (iii), E 08 Vi 69V V,,— Vj = 3.08 — 7.69 V, - V, = 7.69 — 21 fe 2.34 Find the voltage across the 100-Q resistor. 500 Fig, 2.7 Node A is directly connected to a voltage source of 20 V. Hence, we cannot write KCL equation at A. At Node A, V, = 60 (i) Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes. plying KCL at Node B, ii) pplying KCL at Node C, Vo=Va , Yo-Yo 50 202.38 Electrical Networks We Wy + SVe~ SV p+ We- 24+ Ve=O -2V,—5Vp+ 10Ve = 24 iii) Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), 31.68 V 31.68 V Ve Voltage across the 100-@ resistor Example 2.35. Find voltages V, and V> vi vs 22 Vp Tr sa 19 19 O2n Fig. 2.78 Solution From the figure, @ Assume that the currents are moving away from the node. Applying KCL at Node 1, Me fea Zi vy, 25V,-0.5V,= 5 vi) Applying KCL at Node 2, (iii) Solving Eqs (ii) and (iii),Network Theorems-I__ 2.39 36 Find the voltage across the 5-Q resistor. vi 202 —| 102 102 2a(t 5Q 30/, = s0v Fig. 2.79 From the figure, V-50_y,-50 a = 40 Lh -@ Hee 20710) 20) ume that the currents are moving away from the node. ing KCL at Node 1, . Gi) Voltage across the 5-@ resistor = 20 V 2.37 Find the nodal voltages V, and V> 2V2 vs 102 Vy nD wo { wa3| 22 i Fig. 2.802.40 Electrical Networks Solution From the figure, ne 10 rou 2" 10 Assume that the currents are moving away from the node. Applying KCL at Node 1, =i +2V; + Me) a ee Ey i0}~ 1010 107? 2V, + 17V,=0 Applying KCL at Node 2, Yi LVe ee 10° 10 Solving Eqs (ii) and (iv), Example 2.38 Find voltages 4A 19 2h Solution From the figure, Assume that the currents are moving away from the node. Applying KCL at Node a, Wet, vp-2- ae Yay VerMe Ven 2-% I 2 2Network Theorems-1 241 oii) = iii) V, = 4.303 V 3.87 V 333 V SUPERNODE ANALYSIS es that are connected to each other by voltage sources, but not to the reference node by a path of voltage , form a supernode. A supernode requires one node voltage equation, that is, a KCL equation, The From the figure, Vv, =40V we Nodes 2 and 3 form a supernode. Vy =Si,+ n=5|[ i) Applying KCL at Node 1, yi Y-V, 5 WiVs 6 6+ =0242 Electrical Networks + Gil) Applying KCL for the supernode, V,-Y Vy V3 +t 5 20 15 2 Va, QV, =Vi) , QV, -V))-40 _ 0, 15 2 - 0 (iv) Solving Eqs (iii) and (iv), Vv, =10V V,=20V V, = 2V,-V,=40-10=30V Example 2.40 Find the nodal voltages in the circuit. Vg) Fig. 2.83 Solution Selecting the central node as reference node, Vv, =-12V i) Applying KCL at Node 2, 2 -2V, + 2.5V> - 0.5V3 = 14 ii)