Basic Biochemistry

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Basic Biochemistry

Living Cell
1. Living Cell - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Living cells - Answer (click here)
3. Sub cellular Organelles - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Membrane and its Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Cell Wall and its Functions - Answer (click here)
6. Nucleus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
7. Mitochondria and its Functions - Answer (click here)
8. Endoplasmic reticulum and its Functions - Answer (click here)
9. Golgi apparatus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
10. Ribosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
11. Lysosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
12. Peroxisomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
13. Cytoplasm and its Functions - Answer (click here)
14. Chloroplasts and its Functions - Answer (click here)
15. Cell Vacuoles - Answer (click here)
16. Blood: Composition and Functions - Answer (click here)
17. Formation of blood - Answer (click here)
18. Body Fluids - Answer (click here)
19. Buffers - Answer (click here)
20. Uses of buffer - Answer (click here)
21. Buffers of blood - Answer (click here)
22. Acids and bases - Answer (click here)

Biomolecules
1. Biomolecule: Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Classification and Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Proteins: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Lipids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
 5. Nucleic acids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)

Enzymes
1. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical nature of enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Naming of enzymes - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of enzymes - Answer (click here)
5. Factors influencing enzyme activity - Answer (click here)
6. Types of enzyme inhibition - Answer (click here)
7. Iso enzymes - Answer (click here)
8. Importance of enzymes - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrates
1. Functions of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
4. Physical properties of monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical properties of glucose - Answer (click here)
6. Haworth projection formula of glucose and fructose - Answer (click here)
7. Disaccharides - Answer (click here)
8. Poly saccharides - Answer (click here)

Proteins
1. Proteins and Sources of protein - Answer (click here)
2. Amino acids - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of amino acids - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of proteins - Answer (click here)
6. Protein structure - Answer (click here)
7. Biologically important proteins - Answer (click here)

Lipids
1. Lipids - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
3. Essential fatty acid (EFA): Structure, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
6. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
 7. Classification of Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
8. Properties of glycero phospholipids and sphingo phospholipids - Answer
(click here)
9. Importance of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Sterols - Answer (click here)
11. Cholesterol: Structure, Properties - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acids
1. Structure and Properties of pyrimidine bases - Answer (click here)
2. Purine bases: Structure and Properties - Answer (click here)
3. Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleic acids: Nucleosides and Nucleotides - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
6. Functions of DNA - Answer (click here)
7. Structure and types of RNA - Answer (click here)

Vitamins
1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Fat soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
3. Water soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamin - A - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
8. Thiamine (B1) - Answer (click here)
9. Riboflavin (B2) - Answer (click here)
10. Niacin (B3) - Answer (click here)
11. Pyridoxine (B6) - Answer (click here)
12. Folic acid - Answer (click here)
13. Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
14. Pantothenic acid (B5) - Answer (click here)
15. Biotin - Answer (click here)
16. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - Answer (click here)

Minerals
1. Minerals Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Calcium - Answer (click here)
3. Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
4. Sodium - Answer (click here)
 5. Potassium - Answer (click here)
6. Chlorine - Answer (click here)
7. Magnesium - Answer (click here)
8. Sulphur - Answer (click here)
9. Iron - Answer (click here)
10. Copper - Answer (click here)
11. Iodine - Answer (click here)
12. Fluorine - Answer (click here)
13. Zinc - Answer (click here)
14. Cobalt - Answer (click here)
15. Manganese - Answer (click here)
16. Chromium - Answer (click here)
17. Molybdenum - Answer (click here)
18. Selenium - Answer (click here)

Biochemical Techniques
1. Chromatography - Answer (click here)
2. Types of chromatography - Answer (click here)
3. Column chromatography: Types, Principle - Answer (click here)
4. Thin Layer chromatography - Answer (click here)
5. Paper chromatography - Answer (click here)
6. Applications of chromatography - Answer (click here)
7. Electrophoresis: principle, Types - Answer (click here)
8. Centrifugation techniques: Principle, Types, Uses - Answer (click here)
9. Differential centrifugation technique - Answer (click here)
10. Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
11. The photoelectric colorimeter - Answer (click here)
12. Applications of spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)

Cell Membrane
1. Cell Membrane: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Membrane: Chemical Composition - Answer (click here)
3. Models proposed for the plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
4. Membrane Transport - Answer (click here)
5. Cell Membrane: Viscosity - Answer (click here)
6. Surface tension - Answer (click here)
7. Osmosis and Biological Significance - Answer (click here)
8. Buffers - Answer (click here)
Digestion
1. Biochemistry: Digestion - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates in Digestion - Answer (click here)
3. Digestion of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Digestion of Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Digestion of Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrate as a source of energy - Answer (click here)
3. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) - Answer (click here)
4. HMP shunt pathway - Answer (click here)
5. Glycogen - Answer (click here)
6. Glycogen biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Degradation of glycogen (Glycogenolysis) - Answer (click here)
8. Gluconeogenesis - Answer (click here)
9. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)

Protein Metabolism
1. Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Protein biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
3. Protein Metabolism Translation - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolism of Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Urea Cycle - Answer (click here)
6. Formation of Niacin - Answer (click here)
7. Formation of Melanin - Answer (click here)
8. Formation of thyroid hormone - Answer (click here)
9. Formation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)

Lipid Metabolism
1. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Biological functions of Lipids - Answer (click here)
3. Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
4. Biosynthesis of fatty acids - Answer (click here)
5. Oxidation of Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
6. Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Biosynthesis of cholesterol - Answer (click here)
8. Important products derived from cholesterol - Answer (click here)
 9. Biosynthesis of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Cephalin - Answer (click here)
11. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid Metabolism

1. Nucleic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis of DNA - Answer (click here)
3. Replication and Models of Replication - Answer (click here)
4. Sequential Process of Replication Initiation of DNA replication - Answer
(click here)
5. Catabolism of DNA by Deoxyribonucleases - Answer (click here)
6. Biosynthesis of RNA (Transcription) - Answer (click here)
7. Processing of mRNA molecules - Answer (click here)
8. mRNA Processing of tRNA Molecules - Answer (click here)
9. Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - Answer (click here)

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

1. Inborn Errors of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Galactosemia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Von - Gierke’s Disease : Cause, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Hemophilia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Albinism - Answer (click here)
6. Alkaptonuria: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
7. Taysach’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
8. Neoplasm - Answer (click here)

Biological Oxidation
1. Biological Oxidation - Answer (click here)
2. Redox Couple - Answer (click here)
3. Electron transport chain - Answer (click here)
4. Oxidative phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
5. High energy compounds - Answer (click here)

Enzyme Kinetics
1. Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Derivation of M - M Equation - Answer (click here)
3. Enzyme Action - Answer (click here)
4. Enzyme Inhibitor - Concepts - Answer (click here)
Immunology
1. Immunology - Answer (click here)
2. Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Natural Immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Humoral immunity - Answer (click here)
7. Cell mediated immunity - Answer (click here)
8. Antigens - Answer (click here)
9. Structure and Types of Antigens - Answer (click here)
10. Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens - Answer (click here)
11. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
12. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
13. Immunoglobulin and their functions, Types - Answer (click here)
14. Antigen antibody reactions - Answer (click here)
15. Blood groups - Answer (click here)

Practicals
1. Collection of Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Preparation of Starch From Potatoes - Answer (click here)
3. Preparation of Casein From Milk - Answer (click here)
4. Estimation of Protein (Biuret Method) - Colorimetric Estimation - Answer
(click here)
5. Estimation of Glucose (Orthotoluidine method) - Answer (click here)
6. Estimation of Calcium (Titrimetric Method) - Answer (click here)
7. Determination of Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)