Fire Extinguishing & Alarm System

Fire Extinguishing & Alarm
System
Fire protection system
Fire protection systems include
1.fire alarms,
2.automatic fire detection
3.fire suppression systems.
Objectives of fire protection:

1)Primary objectives: to save lives and protect property.
2)Secondary objective: to minimize interruptions of service due to a fire.
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Classification of Buildings Based
on Occupancy
1. Group A Residential
 A-1 Lodging and rooming houses
 A-2 One or two family private dwellings
 A-3 Dormitories
 A-4 Apartment houses
 A-5 Hotels
 A-6 Starred hotels
2. Group B Educational
 B-1 Schools up to senior secondary level
 B-2 All others/training institutions
3. Group C Institutional
 C-1 Hospitals and sanatoria
 C-2 Custodial institutions
 C-3 Penal and mental institutions
on Occupancy
4. Group D Assembly
 D-1 Buildings having a theatrical or motion picture or any other stage and
fixed seats for over 1000 persons
 D-2 Buildings having a theatrical or motion picture or any other stage and
fixed seats up to 1000 persons
 D-3 Buildings without a permanent stage having accommodation for 300 or
more persons but no permanent seating arrangement
 D-4 Buildings without a permanent stage having accommodation for less
than 300 persons with no permanent seating arrangement
 D-5 All other structures including temporary structures designed for
assembly of people not covered by Subdivisions D-1 to D-4, at ground
level
 D-6 Buildings having mixed occupancies of assembly and mercantile (for
example, shopping malls providing facilities such as shopping, cinema
theatres, multiplexes and restaurants/food courts)
 D-7 Underground and elevated mass rapid transit system
on Occupancy
5. Group E Business
 E-1 Offices, banks, professional establishments, like offices of
 architects, engineers, doctors, lawyers, post offices and police stations
 E-2 Laboratories, outpatient clinics, research establishments, libraries and
test houses
 E-3 Electronic data processing centres, computer installations,
information technology parks and call centres
 E-4 Telephone exchanges
 E-5 Broadcasting stations, T.V. stations and air traffic control towers
6. Group F Mercantile
 F-1 Shops, stores, departmental stores, markets (any with covered area up
to 500 m2)
 F-2 Shops, stores, departmental stores, markets (any with covered area
more than 500 m2)
 F-3 Underground shopping centres
on Occupancy
7. Group G Industrial
 G-1 Buildings used for low hazard industries
 G-2 Buildings used for moderate hazard industries
 G-3 Buildings used for high hazard industries
8. Group H Storage
These shall include any building or part of a building used primarily for the
storage or sheltering (including servicing, processing or repairs incidental to
storage) of goods, ware or merchandise (except those that involve highly
combustible or explosive products or materials), vehicles or animals, for
example, warehouses, cold storages, freight depots, transit sheds,
storehouses, truck and marine terminals, garages, hangars, grain elevators,
barns and stables.
n Group J Hazardous
These shall include any building or part thereof which is used for the storage,
handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive
materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity
Planning for Fire Protection
▪ Step 1: Detection The presence of a fire is detected manually or
automatically.
▪ Step 2: Signaling The building’s management, its occupants and the fire
department are notified of the presence of the fire.
▪ Step 3: Suppression Manual or automatic fire suppression equipment
and systems are used to extinguish the fire and remove the smoke.
- 3A (Initial effort): Potable and manual firefighting equipment, such as fire
extinguishers, fans, and a first-aid fire hose, are used to extinguish the fire and
to remove smoke by dilution or exhaustion.
- 3B (Main effort): Fire suppression systems, such as automatic sprinklers, fire
hoses, and other systems, are used to extinguish the fire. Smoke control
systems are activated to remove or confine the spread of smoke.
- 3C (Last Effort): The fire department takes over the firefighting effort when all
previous efforts are ineffective
Fire Detection and Signaling
Devices
Fire detection & signaling devices range from simple, single-station smoke
alarms for private homes, to complex fire detection and control systems for
high-rise buildings. Many fire alarm and detection systems in large
buildings also control other systems to help protect occupants and control
the spread of fire and smoke.
A fire alarm system has three basic components:
1.alarm initiation device
1. Automatic
2. manually operated
2.alarm notification device
3.control panel
The alarm notification device is generally an audible
device, but is often accompanied by a visual device,
which alerts the building occupants.
The control panel links the initiation device to the
notification device and performs other essential
functions.
Devices
Manual Alarm Station
Bells, gongs, and

flashing lights
are manually
activated by a
switch Flashing light &
Gong Flashing
bell
light
Thermal Detectors
Thermal detectors are

temperature-activated
sensors to initiate an alarm.
Devices
Smoke Detectors :Smoke detectors are quicker
to respond than thermal detectors.
1) Photoelectric type : This type operates on
the principle of the scattering of light.
2) Ionization type : This type operates on the
principle of changing conductivity of air within the
detector chamber.
Flame Detectors : Flame detectors are used

mostly in industrial processes for the
protection of combustion equipment.
There are four basic types:
1.Infrared detector
2.Ultraviolet detector
3.Photoelectric detector
4.flame flicker detector
Fire alarm control panel
Some fire alarm systems give little information at the alarm control panel, while
others specify exactly which initiation device activated the fire alarm. Alarm
annunciation systems are classified into four categories:
1. Noncoded alarm—No information is
given on the control panel.
2. Zoned noncoded alarm—The
control panel indicates the zone in
the building that was the source of
the alarm.
3. Zoned coded alarm—The system
indicates over the audible warning
device which zone has been
activated.
4. Master-coded alarm—The audible
notification device is also used for
other purposes, such as a public
address system.
Fire Suppression Systems
Fire suppression is achieved by cooling the combustible material to below its
ignition temperature or by preventing oxygen from reacting with the combustible
material.
▪ Fire suppression system must be designed by considering the class of fire and
the type of building occupancy.
▪ Fire suppression system may be classified in several ways.
1) According to the fire suppression medium –
water, foam, chemical, gas, etc.
2) According to the action of the device –
a portable extinguisher, standpipe and hose, automatic sprinkler, etc.
3) According to the method of operation of the device –
manual or automatic.
Fire Suppression Systems
Water Supply
 Water is the universal firefighting medium
 It is readily available in large quantities and, in general, is more economical
than any other firefighting medium.
 For fire protection purposes, the water supply should be separated from a
building’s domestic water system, even though the two are connected to the
same public water main.
 Underground static water tank according to NBC 2016 part-4 table 7 . For
example for Apartment (A-6) building of 35m-45m height minimum fire tank
capacity is 75000 lt.
 Terrace water tank according to NBC 2016 part-4 table 7. For example for
Apartment (A-6) building of 35m-45m height minimum fire tank capacity is
5000 lt.
Standpipe and Hose Systems
Standpipe systems consist of piping, valves, hose connections, and nozzles to
(Standpipe systems)
provide streams of water for fire suppression.
1)Wet system
2)Dry system
Wet system
▪ A "wet" standpipe is filled with water and is
pressurized at all times.
▪ Whenever the system is activated, water will charge
into the connected hose immediately.
▪ Wet standpipes can be used by building occupants.
Dry system
▪ A “Dry” standpipe is NOT filled with water.
▪ The intakes of dry standpipes are usually located
near a road or driveway so that a fire engine can
supply water to the system.
▪ This system can be used only by firefighters.
Wet riser with hose reel & fire hydrant
Portable Fire Extinguishers
• Water and Foam fire extinguishers
extinguish the fire by taking away
the heat element of the fire triangle.
Foam agents also separate
the oxygen element from the other
elements.
• Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers
extinguish fire by taking away
the oxygen element of the fire triangle
and also be removing the heat with a very
cold discharge.
• Dry Chemical fire extinguishers
extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting
the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
• Wet Chemical is a new agent that
extinguishes the fire by removing the heat
of the fire triangle and prevents re-ignition
by creating a barrier between
the oxygen and fuel elements.
Automatic Sprinkler Systems
A system of water pipes is installed throughout a building to deliver water to
every area where a fire might occur. Depending on the design and occupancy of
the building, these pipes may be placed above or below the ceiling. Automatic
sprinkler heads are located along this system of pipes, such that each sprinkler
head covers a particular floor area. A fire in that area will activate the sprinkler
head, which then discharges water on the fire.
•This system is the most effective for suppressing a Class A fires in buildings
containing ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, paper, and plastics.
•The design and installation of the system are strictly regulated by insurance
companies and in accordance with NBC.
Sprinklers
Every automatic sprinkler system includes four major components:
1. Automatic sprinkler heads—Commonly called sprinkler heads and
available in several styles.
2. Piping—Carries the water or extinguishing agent to the sprinkler heads.
3. Control valves—Control the flow of water to the piping.
4. Water supply—May come from a municipal water system, from on-site
storage tanks, or from static water sources.
Sprinkler : sprinkler discharge water in specific
pattern for extinguishing or controlling a fire.
sprinkler head consists of three major components: 1

1.Nozzle
2.Heat detector: Fusible link type / Frangible bulb
type 2
3.Water spray pattern deflector
3
Types
Automatic sprinkler systems are divided into four categories:
1. Wet pipe systems—The most common type of automatic sprinkler
system, in which the pipes are always filled with water.
2. Dry pipe systems—The pipes are filled with pressurized air instead
of water until the system is activated; used when the pipes may be
exposed to freezing temperatures.
3. Preaction sprinkler systems—Similar to a dry sprinkler system, in
which a secondary device must be activated before water is released
into the sprinkler piping.
4. Deluge sprinkler systems—A type of dry sprinkler system in which
water flows from all of the sprinkler heads as soon as the system is
activated.
Wet-pipe system
• Wet-pipe sprinkler systems employ automatic sprinklers attached to a
piping system containing water and connected to a water supply so that
water discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by a fire.
• This type is the most reliable and simple of all sprinkler systems since no
equipment other than the sprinklers themselves need to operate.
• Only those sprinklers which have been operated by heat over the fire will
discharge water.
Dry-pipe system
• Dry-pipe sprinkler systems employ automatic sprinkler attached to a piping
system containing air or nitrogen under pressure.
• When sprinklers are open by a fire, the gas is released and the dry pipe
valve is open by the water pressure. The water then flows into the piping
system and discharges only from those sprinklers which have been open by
heat over the fire.
• Dry-pipe systems are installed in lieu of wet-pipe systems where piping is
subject to freezing
Fire Exits : Occupant Load
For determining the exits required, the number of persons within any floor area or
the occupant load shall be based on the actual number of occupants declared,
but in no case less than that specified in Table
NBC 2016 PART-4 TABLE 3 Occupant Load
Fire Exits
Number of exits Travel Distance (Based on
The minimum required number of exits in a Occupancy and Construction Type)
building shall be determined based on
occupant load and width required per
person as appropriate to the type of exit
for respective occupancies, subject to
complying with maximum travel distance
requirement
Arrangement of exits
a) Exits shall be so located that the travel
distance on the floor shall not exceed the
distance given in Table
b) Travel distance shall be measured from
the most remote point within a storey or
a mezzanine floor along the natural and un-
obstructed path of horizontal or vertical
egress travel to the door to an exit.
NBC 2016 PART-4 TABLE 5
Fire Exits
c) The dead end corridor length in exit access shall not exceed 6 m for
educational, institutional and assembly occupancies. For other occupancies, the
same shall be 15 m. (see figure below)
d) Exits shall be placed as remote from each other as possible and shall be
arranged to provide direct access in separate directions from any point in the
area served.
DEAD END CORRIDOR

Capacities of Means of Egress
a) Exit capacity is the number of people that can pass through a stairway, and
level components (door and corridor) and ramps. The total capacity of all the
respective means of egress serving a floor shall be sufficient to allow egress of
the entire population of the floor.
b) The unit of exit width, used to measure the
capacity of any exit, shall be 500 mm. A clear NBC2016 PART-4 Table 4
width of 250 mm shall be counted as an Capacity Factors
additional half unit. Clear widths less than 250
mm shall not be counted for exit width.
c) Width per person for stairways, and level
components and ramps shall be determined
using the capacity factors in accordance with
Table For example, if an exit doorway
measures 1 000 mm in clear width, it would be
defined as providing exit capacity for
1 000/6.5 occupants, that is, 153 persons
(say 150 persons) and number of such exit
doorways can then be calculated http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum
depending on the occupant load.
Capacities of Means of Egress
d) When calculating stairways, level components and ramps and other exit
means, the capacity of the entire system shall have to be based upon the
minimum capacity available from any part of the system. The corridor, if so
provided shall also to be planned with consideration of exit access adequacy
for the number of occupants. Further, consider the situation of doors opening to
an exit stairway. If the stairway provides an exit capacity of 150 persons, and the
doors leading into the stairway provide an exit capacity of 153 persons, the
overall exit system would be considered to provide the minimum exit capacity
of only 150 persons afforded by the stairway. The exit planning will be limited by
the most restrictive exit calculation under the means of egress.
e) In the procedures for determining required egress capacity, the number of
required means of egress is based on a floor-by-floor consideration, rather
than the accumulation of the occupant loads of all the floors. However, the
number of means of egress cannot decrease as an occupant proceeds along the
egress path.
Minimum Requirements for Fire
Fighting Installations as per NBC 2016 part – 4
R-
Required
NR - Not
Required
R-
Required
NR - Not
Required
R-
Required
NR - Not
Required
R-
Required
NR - Not
Required
R-
Required
NR - Not
Required
R-Required ,
NR - Not
Required
R-
Required ,
NR - Not
Required
R-Required ,
NR - Not
Required
R-Required ,
NR - Not
Required
R-Required ,
NR - Not
Required
R-Required , NR - Not Required
NOTES : Minimum Requirements for Fire
Fighting Installations as per NBC 2016 part 4 (Table-7)
NOTES
1 MOEFA System shall also include talk-back system and public address system for the
occupancies given in the table for (d) (I) (iii) under A-5, (a) (I) (iv) and (a) (2) under C-I,
and (a) (2) under D-I to D-5, in all buildings 15 m and above in height, except for A-3
and A-4 occupancies where these shall be provided for buildings of height 24 m and
above. These shall also be provided in car parking areas more than 300 m2 and in multi-
level car parking irrespective of their areas.
2 Automatic detection and alarm system is not required to be provided in car parking
area. Such detection system shall however be required in other areas of car parking
such as electrical rooms, cabins and other areas.
3 Buildings above 15 m in height are not to be permitted for occupancies A-I and A-2.
4 Required to be installed in basement, if area of basement exceeds 200 m2.
5. Required to be provided if basement area exceeds 200 m2 .
6 Additional value given in parenthesis shall be added if basement area exceeds 200
m2
7 Required to be provided for blrildings with more than two storeys (Ground + One).
8 Required to be provided for blrildings with height above 15 m and above.
9 Sprinklers shall be fed water from both underground static water storage tank and
terrace tank.
10 Provide required number of sets of pumps each consisting of one electric and one
diesel pump (stand by) of capacity 2 280 litre/min and one electric pump of capacity 180
litre/min (see Fig. 11) (see also notes 22 and 23).
11 Provide required number of sets of pumps each consisting of two electric and one
diesel pump (stand by) of capacity 2 280 litre/min and two electric pump of capacity 180
litre/min (see Fig. 12) (see also Notes 22 and 23).
12 Provide required number of sets of pumps each consisting of two electric and one
diesel pump (stand by) of capacity 2 850 litre/min and two electric pump of capacity 180
13 Lower levels in high rise buildings 60 m or above in height are likely to experience
high pressure and therefore, it is recommended to consider multi-stage, multi-outlet
pumps (creating pressure zones) or variable frequency drive pumps or any other
equivalent arrangement.
14 Provide required number of sets of pumps each consisting of one electric and one
diesel pump (stand by) of capacity 1 620 litre/min and one electric pump of capacity 180
15 Required to be provided for blrildings with more than one storey.
16 Buildings above 30 m in height not to be permitted for Group B, Group C, Group D
and Group F occupancies.
17 The requirements given in this table for Group G Industrial Buildings are for small
scale industry units. For other industries the requirements will have to be worked out on
the basis of relevant Indian Standards and also in consultation with the local fire
authorities.
18 Buildings above 18 m in height not to be permitted for G-l and G-2 occupancies.
19 Buildings above 15 m in height not to be permitted for G-3 occupancies.
20 Buildings above 15 m in height not to be permitted for Group H and Group J
occupancies. However, buildings above 45 m in height shall not be permitted for multi-
level car parking (MLCP) occupancy.
21 Pump capacity shall be based on the covered area of the building.
22 One set of pumps shall be provided for each 100 hydrants or part thereof, with a
maximum of two sets. In case of more than one pump set installation, both pump sets
shall be interconnected at their delivery headers.
23 Alternative to provisions of additional set of pumps, the objective can be met by
providing additional diesel pump of the same capacity and doubling the water tank
capacity as required for one set of pumps.
24 As per the requirement of localhttp://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum
authority dry riser may be used in hilly areas,
industrial areas or as required.
Indian Standards (IS CODE) for Fire & Life
Safety
IS CODE Title
IS 659 : 1964 Safety codes for air conditioning (revised)
Refrigerants . Designation and safety classification (second
IS/ISO 817 revision) (Under print)
IS 1391 Specification for room air conditioners:
(Part 1) : 1992 Unitary air conditioners (second revision)
(Part 2) : 1992 Split air conditioners (second revision)

Colour code for identification of pipelines (first revision)
IS 2379 : 1990
Specification for evaporative air coolers (desert coolers)
IS 3315 : 1994 (second revision)
IS 8148 : 2003 Specification for packaged air conditioners (first revision
Reference
S.No. Title
Building Services: A guide to integrated design : engineering for
1 architects by R P Parlour
2 Air-Conditioning System Design Manual by ASHRAE
3 2017 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals

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Fire Extinguishing & Alarm

Objectives of fire protection:

Bells, gongs, and

Thermal detectors are

Flame Detectors : Flame detectors are used

sprinkler head consists of three major components: 1

DEAD END CORRIDOR

R-Required , NR - Not Required

(Part 1) : 1992 Unitary air conditioners (second revision)

(Part 2) : 1992 Split air conditioners (second revision)

IS 8148 : 2003 Specification for packaged air conditioners (first revision

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Fire Extinguishing &amp; Alarm System

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Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

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Fire Extinguishing &amp; Alarm System

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Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Fire Extinguishing & Alarm

Objectives of fire protection:

Bells, gongs, and

Thermal detectors are

Flame Detectors : Flame detectors are used

sprinkler head consists of three major components: 1

DEAD END CORRIDOR

R-Required , NR - Not Required

(Part 1) : 1992 Unitary air conditioners (second revision)

(Part 2) : 1992 Split air conditioners (second revision)

IS 8148 : 2003 Specification for packaged air conditioners (first revision

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

Fire Extinguishing & Alarm System

Fire Extinguishing & Alarm System