Nutrient cycies {) Whilst energy flows through ecosystems, atoms are in cycles. Energy flows from the sun to earth and then heat energy leaves the earth (not necessarily back to the sun). Atoms and molecules usually remain here on earth but are moved from place to place by natural processes such as respiration and transpiration. For example, water molecules are cycled in the water cycle. Water cycle involves: ice, liquid water and water vapour, evaporation and ranspiration, condensation (eg. Cloud formation), precipitation (eg. Rain), rivers, lakes, oceans and ground water (in porous rocks and soil). ww Ww soot snow Wal fa = Zz Ss all 1S evaporation transpiration ‘Found (erainage)arbon cycle: Carbon atoms are found in: carbon dioxide, compounds like carbohydrates and proteins (in animals, plants, bacteria, fungi and detritus (dead organic matter) and fossil fuels. ‘The diagram shows the carbon cycie. carbon dioxide a iether respiralion burning decay by bacteria , respiration eee ron compounds opis ues carbon compounds |_ carbon compoun in toss fuels in animals c) Z| in soil | {con of, nara! os, pet | photosynthesis death - foseilsation feeding ~~ ___] manutactured tood [ in plantsLThis 3 te Carbon egol: carbon compounds Inlent, A c B carbon dioxide «carbon compeunds in the air D in animals —_ a) Name each of the processes A-E, fossil fuels b)Give 2 ways in which processes B,D,and E are similar 2. The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle. animals t 1 green plants} [decay by microorganisms] ‘ x | wy / [carbon dioxide in the air What could X represent? A death B digestion photosynthesis D_ respiration12 {ke 3 Fig. 6 shows the carbon cycle. oa carbon dioxide in the air 7. { | | | a carbon compounds in plants | [carbon compounds — | |_in dead material (carbon compounds in animals Le Fig. 6 (a) With reference to Fig. 6, state, in each case, one letter which represents (i) the process of respiration; (ii) the process of photosynthesis; R oe | (iii) process which depends on the activity of fungi and bacteria. (b) (i) Deforestation affects the carbon cycle and the water cycle. Suggest and explain | one effect of deforestation on the water cycle, 4- Which process is not a part of the carbon cycle? A combustion photosynthesis respiration ooo transpirationNaturé nhouse eff hans reenhouse effect THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT Some infrared heat escapes but gases trp the rest 1. Deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels are both increasing the greenhouse effect because the carbon dioxide produced during combustion (and decomposition of wood) is a greenhouse gas. 2. The greenhouse effect is the absorption of the heat radiation that is emitted (given off) by the earth. This means that the earth maintains a higher temperature than it would if it had no atmosphere. 3. The enhanced greenhouse effect is the further reduction of the heat lost by radiation due to additional greenhouse gases so that the average temperature of the earth’s surface is rising 4. Sea levels will rise as the ice caps and glaciers melt and the seawater expands. Climates will change. Many species could become extinct if they cannot migrate or adapt fast enough Fuel Fuels from crude oil | Coal Gas ~~ | Wood (eg. petrol) | — i Principle | Power stations, Power stations | Homes & power | Homes: uses | homes and cars | and homes _| stations |Effects of combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation on atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations 1. Burning fossils fuels creates carbon dioxide so adds to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. 2. When forests are burned or when the trees decompose carbon dioxide is added to the air. 3. Removing forests reduces the mass of plants that can absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Normally, trees are fixing carbon from carbon dioxide as organic compounds in the trees. 4. The reduction in forests means that there is a lower mass of plant matter releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.(a) (i) Which form of the Sun’s energy is used by plants? {1 (ii) Name the process that uses this absorbed energy. ay (b) The graph, Fig, 5.1, shows how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has changed over a period of about 20 years. 340 338 332 carbon dioxide 328 concentration/ 324 parts per milion 320 316 312 172°394'5 6 7B BOI 12191415 1617 18 19.20 time/year Fig. 5.4 Describe the changes shown by this graph. (c) The atmosphere around the earth acts as a trap for energy from the Sun. Carbon dioxide in the air traps heat energy. (i) Suggest the effect the overall change in the graph, Fig. 5.1, may bs having on the Earth’s climate. Explain your answer. Effect Explanation By} (ii) Humans cause changes in ecosystems, including changing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, ‘Suggest two ways in which the overall change can be reversed, fi