100 TERMS

1. ABUTMENT—Supporting substructure at ends of bridges.

2. ANCHORAGE—The securing of reinforcing steel in concrete either by straight embedment,
hooks, or headed bar
3. ARC WELDING—A process by which the two pieces of steel to be joined are heated by an
arc formed between an electrode and the steel. As the electrode melts, it supplies weld
material which fuses the pieces of steel together.
4. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS—Drawings which show the general design and form of
structures by means of elevations, plans and sections; show the various materials such as
brick, concrete, glass, masonry, steel, stone and wood and their dimensions; show fixtures
and finishes for ceilings, floor surfaces and walls.
5. AXLE-STEEL REINFORCING BARS—Deformed reinforcing bars rolled from steel axles for
railroad cars.
6. BAND—Group of reinforcing bars distributed in a slab or wall or footing. See Strips.
7. BAR—Steel bar used to reinforce concrete. See REINFORCEMENT.
8. BAR-END CHECK—Check of the ends of reinforcing bars to determine whether they fit the
devices intended for mechanically splicing the bars.
9. BAR LIST—Bill of materials, where all quantities, sizes, lengths and bending dimensions of
the reinforcing bars are shown.
10. BAR NUMBER—A number, approximately the bar diameter in eighths of an inch [whole
millimeters], used to designate the reinforcing bar size. For example: A #5 [#16] bar is
approximately 5/8 inch [16 millimeters] in diameter: a #9 [#29] bar is approximately 9/8
inches [29 millimeters] in diameter. Bar numbers are rolled onto the bar for easy
identification.
11. BAR SPACING—Distance between parallel reinforcing bars measured from center-to-center
of the bars perpendicular to their longitudinal axes.
12. BAR SUPPORTS—Devices of formed wire, plastic or precast concrete, to support, hold, and
space reinforcing bars.
13. BASKET—Wire assembly to support and space dowel bars along the expansion joints in
concrete pavement.
14. BEAM—A horizontal structural member supporting loads from a floor or roof system to
columns, girders or walls.
15. BEAM BOLSTER UPPER—Continuous bar support for the upper layer of bottom reinforcing
bars in beams and top reinforcing bars in bridge deck slabs.
16. BEAM SCHEDULE—Table on a placing drawing giving the quantity, size and mark number
of beams; the quantity, size, length and mark numbers of reinforcing bars and stirrups
(including stirrup spacing), and, where specified, the stirrup support bars and beam bolsters.
17. BELLED—Having a butt or bottom end shaped like a bell, often used on concrete piers or
caissons.
18. BENT—A self-supporting reinforced concrete frame with one or more columns, usually at
right angles to the length of the structure it supports. Example: The columns and cap
supporting the spans of a bridge is called a bent.
19. BENT BAR—A reinforcing bar bent to a prescribed shape such as a truss bar, straight bar
with end hook, stirrup, or column tie.

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100 terms and definitions and
50 notation/symbols used in Submitted to: Date Checked:
Foundation Engineering Engr. A.P. Delima
 20. BENT CAP—A reinforced concrete beam or block, extending across and encasing the
heads of columns, comprising the top of a bent for the bridge span above.
21. BILL OF LADING—A list that gives each part or mark number, quantity, length of material,
total weight, or other description of each piece of material that is shipped to a jobsite.
22. BILLET—Piece of semi finished steel, nearly square in section, formed by hot-rolling an
ingot or bloom, from which reinforcing bars are rolled.
23. BOLT CUTTER—A tool used to cut reinforcing bars on the job-site. Smaller (wire) mesh
cutters are used to cut welded wire reinforcement or bundle wires.
24. BRACKET—An overhanging member projecting from a wall, column, girder, or beam to
support the weight of a structural member.
25. BREAK (A SPIRAL)—Opening a spiral to the round shape and forcing it toward the opposite
direction that it was folded (collapsed) so that it will remain circular for placing.
26. BUILDING CODE—Laws or regulations set up by building departments of cities, states and
Federal Government, for uniformity in design and construction practices.
27. BULKHEAD—Partition placed in a form to hold fresh concrete, earth, or water.
28. BUNDLE OF BARS—A bundle consists of one size, length or mark (bent) of reinforcing bars
tied together, with the following exceptions; (1) very small quantities may be bundled
together for convenience, and (2) groups of varying bar lengths or marks (bent) that will be
placed adjacent may be bundled together. Maximum weight of bundles is dependent on
regional practices and site conditions. See LIFT.
29. BUNDLED BARS—A group of not more than four parallel reinforcing bars in contact with
each other, usually tied together.
30. BURNING REINFORCEMENT—Cutting reinforcing bars with an oxy-acetylene torch.
31. CANTILEVER BEAM—Beam which extends beyond the supports in an overhanging position
with the extended end unsupported. Similarly, such a slab is called a cantilever slab.
32. CHAMFER—A beveled outside corner or edge on a beam or column, or a triangular wooden
strip placed in the corner of a form to create a beveled corner.
33. CHOKER—A sling hitch that is self-tightening.
34. CIRCULAR FOOTING- Isolated/ spread footing that is circular shaped. Usually a shallow
footing.
35. COLD JOINT—Construction joint in concrete occurring at a place where the continuous
casting has been interrupted.
36. COLUMN—Vertical structural member supporting a floor beam, girder, or other member,
and supporting primarily vertical loads.
37. COLUMN CAPITAL—Upper flared cone-shaped section (mushroom head) on circular
columns; pyramid-shaped section on square columns.
38. COLUMN HORSE—Wood or metal supports, used in groups of two or more, to hold
longitudinal reinforcing bars in a convenient position for placing ties while prefabricating
column, beam or pile cages.
39. COLUMN SCHEDULE—Table on a placing drawing giving the mark number and size for the
column, number of pieces and size of vertical bars, ties or spirals and any bar mark numbers
required.
40. COLUMN TIES—Reinforcing bars bent into square, rectangular, U-shaped, circular or other
shapes for the purpose of holding column vertical bars in place.

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100 terms and definitions and
50 notation/symbols used in Submitted to: Date Checked:
Foundation Engineering Engr. A.P. Delima
 41. COMPACTION -Volume change in soils which air is expelled from the voids, but with the
water content remaining constant. Compaction may occur due to vibration, and self-weight.
In construction, compaction is achieved by rolling, tamping or vibrating fill soils.
42. COMPRESSION BARS—Reinforcing bars used to resist compression forces.
43. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH-Maximum stress a material is capable of resisting under axial
compression loading.
44. CONCRETE COVER—The distance from the face of the concrete to the reinforcing steel,
also referred to as “Fireproofing,” “Clearance,” or “Concrete Protection.”
45. CONSTRUCTION JOINT—Separation between two placements of concrete; a means for
keying two sections together.
46. CONTACT SPLICE—A means of splicing reinforcing bars by lap splicing in direct contact.
See LAP SPLICE.
47. CONTRACTION JOINT—Saw-cut, formed, or grooved joint to allow for shrinkage in a
concrete slab.
48. COUPLER—Threaded device for joining reinforcing bars for the purpose of providing
transfer of either axial compression or axial tension or both from one bar to the other.
49. COUPLING SLEEVE—Non-threaded device fitting over the ends of two reinforcing bars for
the eventual purpose of providing transfer of either axial compression or axial tension or
both from one bar to the other.
50. CRIBBING (Also known as DUNNAGE)—Wooden blocks or boards used in a horizontal or
vertical position to separate bundles of reinforcing bars.
51. CULVERT—Any structure, not classified as a bridge, which provides a waterway or other
opening under a road or highway.
52. CURTAIN—A single layer of vertical and horizontal reinforcing bars in a wall. If a wall has a
layer of reinforcement at each face, it would be called a “double curtain” wall.
53. CUT-OFF SAW—A powered saw used to cut reinforcing bars at the job-site.
54. DEFORMED BAR—A reinforcing bar manufactured with deformations (protrusions) to
provide a locking anchorage with the surrounding concrete.
55. DESIGNING—Preparation of structural drawings to show general arrangement of the
structure, size and reinforcement of members, and other information for construction and for
the preparation of placing drawings.
56. DETAILERS—Draftsmen who prepare reinforcing bar placing drawings.
57. DOLLY—Small, heavy, wheeled platform used for moving heavy objects. Colloquially, any
wheeled cart or carrier.
58. DOWEL—A bar connecting two separately cast sections of concrete. A bar extending from
one concrete section into another is said to be doweled into the adjoining section. Examples:
column dowels into a column or horizontal wall bars doweled into an adjacent wall section.
59. DRILLED PIER-A drilled shaft usually extending through water or soft soil to solid earth or
rock. Sometimes called a “caisson”.
60. DROP PANEL—The structural portion of a flat slab which is thickened (by “dropping” the
form) throughout an area surrounding a column, column capital or bracket.
61. ENGINEER—A licensed professional or structural engineer, responsible for the design of
reinforced concrete, structural steel, and other materials which make up the complete
structure.
62. ENGINEERING DRAWINGS—See STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS.

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100 terms and definitions and
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 63. ENGINEERED FILL -Soils used as fill, such as retaining wall backfill, foundation support,
dams, slopes, etc. that are to be placed in accordance to engineered specifications. These
specifications may delineate soil grain-size, plasticity, moisture, compaction, angularity, and
many other index properties depending on the application.
64. EPOXY COATING—An organic, non-metallic coating applied to reinforcing steel by
electrostatic spray to prevent corrosion.
65. FACTOR OF SAFETY --The ratio of a limiting value of a quantity to the design value of that
quantity.
66. FIREPROOFING—See CONCRETE COVER. Also refers to encasement of reinforcing steel
for fire protection.
67. FLAT SLAB—A concrete slab reinforced in two or more directions, with drop panels and with
or without column capitals.
68. FOOTINGS—That part of the foundation of a structure which rests on earth.
69. FORMS—A temporary structures or molds, usually made of wood, fiberglass, metal or
plastic, for the support of concrete while it is setting and gaining sufficient strength to be self-
supporting.
70. FOUNDATION—Substructure through which the loads are carried to the earth or rock.
71. GALVANIZE—To dip steel into molten zinc, which is termed “hot-dip galvanizing”; or to
electroplate with zinc.
72. GENERAL CONTRACTOR—An individual or company that bids and executes the contract
for actual construction, coordinates and supervises the work of the Subcontractors and is
responsible for the completion of the Work in accordance with the project drawings and
project specifications. GIN POLES—Single vertical guyed pole for supporting lifting tackle.
73. GIRDER—Principal beam supporting other beams.
74. GRADE MARKS—Markings rolled onto the surface of reinforcing bar to identify the grade of
steel.
75. GRADE OF REINFORCING BARS—The means by which an Engineer specifies the
strength properties of the reinforcing bar required in each part of a structure.
76. GROUT—A concrete which contains no coarse aggregate.
77. HAIRPIN BARS—Bars, usually small sizes, bent to a hair pin shape and used for such
purposes as short hooked spacer bars in columns and walls, and for special dowels.
78. HAUNCH—Portion of a beam that increases in depth towards the support.
79. HEADER—A short reinforced beam, joist or slab edge generally used at floor openings to
support other similar members terminating at the opening.
80. HEAVY BENDING—Reinforcing bar sizes #4 through #18 [#13 through #57], which are bent
at not more than six points in one plane (unless classified as “Light Bending” or “Special
Bending”) and single radius bending.
81. HOOK—A semi-circular (180°) or a 90° turn at the free end of a reinforcing bar to provide
anchorage in concrete. For stirrups and column ties only, turns of either 90° or 135° are
used.
82. ISOLATED FOOTING -Also, spread or pad footing. A footing designed to support a
structural load from a single column. Usually a shallow foundation, and square or circular in
shape.

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100 terms and definitions and
50 notation/symbols used in Submitted to: Date Checked:
Foundation Engineering Engr. A.P. Delima
 83. JOINTED REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT—A reinforced pavement with transverse
joints typically spaced at 30 feet or more.
84. JOIST—T-shaped beam used in a parallel series in reinforced concrete joist floor
construction.
85. JOIST SCHEDULE—Table on a placing drawing giving the quantity and mark of the joists,
the quantity, size, length, bending details of reinforcing bars and usually the quantity of joist
chairs in each joist.
86. MACHINE FOUNDATION --A foundation that receives regular or irregular vibratory loads
that are generated from rotating or impact machinery.
87. MAT FOUNDATION -Sometimes called a raft foundation. A structural slab utilized as a
footing, which usually encompasses the entire building footprint. Mat foundations are
advantageous on compressible soils because the building loads are distributed over a large
area. Mats may also provide additional resistance to uplift.
88. Pier
89. A deep foundation component that is usually cast-in-place, instead of driven, drilled or jetted
as a pile.
90. KEYS—Slotted joints in concrete, such as tongue and groove.
91. PAD—A footing; sometimes a block of concrete to support machinery.
92. PARAPET—Extension of the main walls above the roof level, for architectural appearance.
93. PEDESTAL—Short pier used as a base for a column.
94. PIER—A short column used as a foundation member in construction. Also, a large column
or wall type bridge support.
95. PILE—A concrete, steel, or wood member driven into the ground to support a load.
96. PILE CAP—A structural member placed on the tops of piles and used to distribute loads
from the structure to the piles.
97. PLAIN CONCRETE—Structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement
than the minimum amount specified in the ACI Building Code.
98. PLAN VIEW—Top view as of any floor, roof, or foundation of a structure.
99. POLE DERRICK—Small portable derrick, guyed by ropes, having a hand winch on which a
cable is mounted, for raising moderately heavy objects.
100. REGLET—A long, narrow formed slot in concrete to receive flashing or to serve as
anchorage.

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100 terms and definitions and
50 notation/symbols used in Submitted to: Date Checked:
Foundation Engineering Engr. A.P. Delima
 50 SYMBOLS
1. A c = Area of concrete at section
2. A s = Area of tension reinforcement
3. A' s = Area of Compression reinforcement
4. b = width or effective width of section
5. b w = average width of web
6. d = effective depth of section (compression face to centre of reinforcement)
7. d' = depth to compression reinforcement
8. f’c= specified compressive strength of concrete, Mpa
9. √f′c = square root of specified compressive strength of concrete, Mpa
10. f y =Characteristic strength of reinforcement ..Proof /yield strength
11. h = thickness of wall
12. Ig = gross moment inertia of the section (𝑏ℎ3/12) in this case)
13. L = effective span of beam
14. M = Design Ultimate moment at section
15. M u = Ultimate moment capacity of unreinforced beam
16. βb = ratio (Moment at the section after redistribution)/ (Moment at the section before
redistribution)
17. M 1= Smaller initial end moment due to design ultimate loads
18. M 2= Larger initial end moment due to design ultimate loads
19. V = design shear force at ultimate loads
20. v = Design shear stress at cross section
21. v c = Design shear capacity
22. V eff = Effective shear force at ultimate loads and moments
23. λ = correction factor related to unit weight of concrete
24. µ = curvature friction coefficient
25. ϕ = strength-reduction factor.
26. ω = ρ fy/f’c
27. ω’ = ρ’ fy/f’c
28. ωp = ρp fps/f’c
29. ωw,ωpw,ω’w = reinforcement indices for flanged sections computed as for ω, ωp, and ω’ except
that b shall be the web width, and reinforcement area shall be that required to develop
compressive strength of web only
30. x = Depth to neutral axis
31. γ m partial factor of safety applied to characteristics strengths of concrete and reinforcement
32. z = lever arm
33. 𝛾𝑑 = Dry Unit Weight
34. 𝛾𝑚 = Bulk Unit Weight
35. 𝛾𝑤 = Wet Unit Weight
36. 𝛾𝑡 or 𝛾 = Total Unit Weight
37. 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = Saturated Unit Weight
38. q = Line Load
39. Si = Immediate Settlement of a point in the surface

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100 terms and definitions and
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 40. Cs = Shape and rigidity factor
41. v = Poisson’s Ratio
42. Eu = Undrained elastic Modulus (Young’s Modulus)
43. Ψ = Angle Line R makes with vertical axis
44. Kv = Modulus of subgrade reaction
45. B = footing width
46. q = applied stress at base of footing
47. k = Hydraulic Conductivity
48. 𝛾𝑤 = Unit Weight of water
49. eo = Initial Void Ratio
50. av = Coefficient of compressibility

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100 terms and definitions and
50 notation/symbols used in Submitted to: Date Checked:
Foundation Engineering Engr. A.P. Delima