Research and Production Company

ZRF “RITEC” SIA

Riga, LATVIA
 Basic Company Information
 Company name: ZRF “RITEC” SIA
(RITEC Ltd.)  Current number of
 Legal status: Private limited company employees: 9
 Date of registration: 02.04.1992.  Staff professional
It was founded on the basis of the Room experience: 5-35 years
Temperature Semiconductor Detectors  Business profile:
Laboratory of Semiconductor Detectors Research, development and
Department of the former Riga Research
and Scientific Institute of Radioisotope production of room
Instrumentation. temperature semi-
 Country of registration: Latvia conductor detectors (mainly
based on CdZnTe) for
 VAT Reg. No.: LV40103045390
various applications and
 Address: 23 Aizkraukles Str., ofice 407, some associated electronic.
Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
 Head of the company (contact person):  Main markets:
Mr. Victor Ivanov (Viktors Ivanovs ) EC countries, North
 Tel. number: +371-67543304 America, Argentina,
 E-mail: ritec@ritec.lv international organizations
 Web site: www.ritec.lv such as IAEA, EURATOM

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 Agenda

CdZnTe detectors
Detection probes
Examples of applications

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 CZT material
Physical properties:

 High atomic number, high

 Typical composition Cd0.9Zn0.1Te density, wide band gap, high
 Atomic numbers 48,30,52 resistance, high value of
 Density 5.8 g/cm3 electrons μτ product and long
term stability of semi-
 Band gap 1.57 eV insulating Cadmium Zinc
 Dielectric constant 10.9 Telluride make this material a
 Pair creation energy 4.64 eV very suitable for room-
temperature semiconductor
 Specific resistance >1010 Ω* cm detectors fabrication.
 Electron mobility, μe 600-1000 cm2/Vs
 Electron lifetime, μτe >10-6 s  But because of the poor hole
 Hole mobility, μp 50-80 cm2/Vs transport special methods and
detectors designs must be
 Hole lifetime, τp ~10-6 s applied.
 (μτ)e >10–3 cm2/Vs
 (μτ)p >10–5 cm2/Vs

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 CZT detectors
Types of CdZnTe detectors
and detectors array:
 planar counting and
spectrometer detectors
 planar detectors with p-n,
p-i-n or Schottky contacts
 Hemispherical, quasi-
hemispherical and
cylindrical detectors
 co-planar grid detectors
 various pixilated and strip
detectors
 various Frisch grid
detectors
 drift detectors
 3D depth sensing position
sensitive devices
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Main advantages:
 room temperature
operation
 high spectrometric
capability
 high registration efficiency
 small dimension and
weight
 stability in time
 low leakage current
 high count rate capability
5
Main applications:
 X-ray and gamma-ray
spectroscopic applications
industrial and laboratory
 homeland security
 safeguards
 various X-ray and
gamma-ray imaging
systems
 Medical
 CZT quasi-hemispherical detectors

Main advantages of  Hemispherical detectors are

well known as detectors
hemispherical detectors: where conditions of a single
polarity charge collection are
 comparative simplicity of design realized. Progress in
and production improvement of CZT crystals
 good spectrometric characteristic characteristics allows
fabrication of high quality
 wide range of operation hemispherical detectors.
temperature
 good stability in time
 less critical for selection of initial  The high level of electrons
CdZnTe crystals transport characteristic ((μτ)e
 small dimensions ≥ 10–2 cm2/Vs) of modern
 ability for application in strong CZT crystals allows
radiation fields and in out-of-the- fabrication hemispherical
way places detectors with volumes from
 commercially availability a very small of 0.5-1 mm3 to
a large volume about few
 rather low fabrication costs cubic centimetres.

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 Single charge collection

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 Possible types of quasi-hemispherical
detectors

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 CZT hemispherical and quasi-
hemispherical detectors
2R a=2d

2r 2r
+ +

Insensitive

d
area
_ _
Ideal Hemispherical Quasi-Hemispherical
Detector Detector
For simplification of manufacturing of hemispherical detectors, in practice are
made quasi-hemispherical detectors with rectangular shape of sensitive volume
with dimensions of axaxd. Distribution of an electrical field in the quasi-
hemispherical detector strongly differs from an ideal distribution in an ideal
hemispherical detector. There are areas with a low electric field in a detector's
corners.

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 Hemispherical detectors

 ()e product - as high as possible, at least not less then 10-3 cm2 / V
 ()p product - as low as possible, at least ratio ()e /()p must be
more then 20
 High level of uniformity, absence of significant composition variation
and crystalline defects in the detector sensitive volume
 High specific resistance
 Optimal relation for big and small radiuses of hemispherical detector
electrodes for certain sets of parameters ()e, ()p and operating
voltage must be kept
 Geometrical shape - for best results is necessary to use ideal
hemispherical shape, but for simplification of manufacturing of
hemispherical detectors, are made quasi-hemispherical detectors with
rectangular sensitive volume

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Measured hemispherical gamma-ray detectors
energy resolution (FWHM) at 662 keV
vs. electron mobility-lifetime product

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 Registration efficiency
of CZT quasi-hemispherical detectors
5
Insensitive areas reduce the
4
measured detector sensitive volume. It is the
calculated 1 reason of essential disagreement of
calculated 2 calculated and measured results for
small detectors.
Efficiency, %

2 With using of experimental dates

about the total absorption peak
1 efficiency the effective sensitive
volume of quasi-hemispherical
0
detectors was calculated. For small
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 sizes detectors it is about 80 %
Thickness, mm from the total detector volume.
Measured (dots) total absorption peak The exceeding of measured
efficiencies and calculated photoabsorption
efficiencies for larger detectors
efficiency versus quasi-hemispherical
over-calculated is connected with
detectors thickness, assuming that the
an unaccounted contribution of
whole (1) and only 78% (2) of detector
multievent Compton absorption.
volume is sensitive to the radiation.

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 Typical detectors manufacturing process
Raw material:
Blank samples Blank samples
•Ingots Mechanical Mechanical
Cutting with rough with exact
•Slices lapping polishing
dimensions dimensions
•Blank samples

Blank Chemical Blank Visual and Selected Contact Contacted

samples etching samples IR inspection samples deposition samples

Selected Mounted Selected mounted

Testing Mounting Testing
detectors detector detectors

Encapsulated Selected encapsulated Long-term Selected

Encapsulation Testing
detectors detectors stability test detectors

Temperature Selected High-count Selected Final Serial

test detectors capability test detectors characterization
product

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 Energy resolution
of CZT quasi-hemispherical detectors
20
3
18 Detector volume 500 mm
3
Detector volume 62 mm
Dependence of the quasi-hemispherical
Energy resolution, keV

16

14
detectors energy resolution versus
12
gamma-radiation energy. In the first
10 approximation there is linear dependence
8 between these parameters.
6

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Energy, keV
Energy
Detector sizes, Volume, Peak-to-
resolution,
mm mm3 Compton ratio
keV (%)
1.0x1.0x0.5 0.5 7.1 (1.1) 2.0
The best energy resolutions 1.5x1.5x0.75 1.7 5.1(0.8) 3.6
2.0x2.0x1.0 4.0 5.5(0.8) 4.4
at 662 keV line measured
2.5x2.5x1.25 7.8 7.6(1.2) 5.0
with quasi-hemispherical 5.0x5.0x2.5 62 7.1(1.1) 7.2
detectors of different 10.0x10.0x5.0 500 8.2(1.2) 8.0
volumes. 15.0x15.0x7.5 1687 15 (2.2) 7.0

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 Peak-to-Compton ratio
of CZT quasi-hemispherical detectors

5
Volume of detectors - 500 mm
3 Dependencies of the peak-to-Compton
ratio versus energy resolution at 662 keV
Peak-to-Compton ratio

4
line for large quantities of quasi-
3 hemispherical detectors with two
2
different volumes.

1 8

7
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
6
Energy resolution, keV

Peak-to-Compton ratio
3
Volume of detectors - 62 mm
5

There is correlation between 3

these parameters. 2

0
10 15 20 25
Energy resolution, keV

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 Mounted detectors,
detection probes,
some associated electronic

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 CZT Large Volume Detectors CZT/500(S),
CZT/1500 and Spectrometric Detection
Probe SDP310/Z
CZT/1500

CZT500(S) with preamplifier PA101

SDP310/Z/(LC)/(S)

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 Spectrometric Detection Probe
Model SDP500(S)

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 Subminiature Spectrometric Detection
Probe SDP313

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 CdTe/CdZnTe Detection Probes

 Miniature gamma-ray
spectrometric detection probe
SDP310 with hemispherical
detector

 Gamma-ray spectrometric
detection unit with hemispherical
detector cooled by a single stage
Peltier element

X-Ray spectrometric detection

unit with p-i-n CdTe detector
cooled by two or three stage
Peltier element

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 Temperature Stabilized Detection Unit
TSDP410
Temperature dependence of energy
60

resolution (FWHM) at 662 keV line for two

3
etector volume 10 mm
3
detector volume 500 mm
thermostabilized detection unit TSDP410 different quasi-hemispherical detectors and
Energy resolution, keV

40
for detection probe TSDP410 with
thermostabilized detector of 10 mm3 .
20

0
-20 0 20 40 60 80
o
Temperature, C

Removable probe of temperature

stabilized detection unit TSDP410 can
operate up to +70C.
Thermostabilization broad of
TSDP410 supports the detector's
operation temperature and for
signals by sound and visual about
operating troubles.

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 Spectra registered by CZT probe
SDP310/Z/60S
1173.2 keV
1500
Co-60
1332.3 keV
Detector volume 60 mm3
1000
counts

160
500 356.0 keV
140
Ba-133
120
302.7 keV
0
100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
counts

channels 80
10000

60 122 keV
276.4 keV

40 8000
383.8 keV
Co-57
20
6000

counts
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
4.5 keV
channels 4000

2000 136 keV

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
channels

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 Spectra registered by CZT detector
CZT/500S
8000

186 keV
7000
U-235
6000

5000
counts

4000

144 keV
3000
163 keV
5000
2000
205 keV
1000 186 keV 352 keV Ra-226
4000
295 keV old wristwatch
0
0 200 400 600
242 keV
channels 3000

counts 2000
609 keV

1000

0
200 400 600

channels

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 Spectrum registered by SDP310/Z/60S

Spectrum of reactor grade plutonium sample

333 keV Am-241

U-237
Pu-239

664.4 keV Am-241

267.5 keV U-237
30000 800 80

722 keV Am-241

Pu-239
375 keVAm-241
208 keV U-237

619 keV Am-241

25000
148.6 keV Pu-239

413.7 keV Pu-239

600 60
164.6 keV U-237

20000
counts

15000 400 40

10000
200 20
5000

0 0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

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 Efficiency of CZT quasi hemispherical
detector
Spectra of U-235 registered by
3
4 elements detector assembly, total volume 2 cm
NaJ detector

100000
detectors assembly of 2 cm3
and by NaJ (1"x1”) detector.
80000
Time and conditions of
measurements are the same
for both cases.
60000
counts

40000

20000 100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 measured
channels calculated
10

Efficiency, %
Measured total absorption peak
efficiency and calculated 1
photoabsorption efficiency versus
gamma radiation energy for CZT
detector for CZT detector with a
thickness of 5 mm. 0 200 400 600 800
Energy, keV
1000 1200 1400 1600

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 Input count rate depending on radiation
dose rate for various detectors volumes
500 mm3 (a), 40 mm3 (b), 14 mm3 (c), 0.5 mm3 (d)

10000000

1000000
Count rate, cps

100000

10000
a
b
1000 c
d

100
1 10 100 1000 10000
Absorbed dose rate, mGr/h

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 Spectrum of Cs-137
measured by the probe SDP310/Z/005
with CZT detector of 0.5 mm3

3000

2500

2000
Counts

1500

1000

500

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Channels

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 CdTe p-i-n detector

Detector size – 4x4x0.6 mm3

Operation temperature - -35 °C

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 Planar detector with application of
pulse selection-correction device

Spectrum measured without

application of pulse selection-
correction device

Spectrum measured with

application of pulse correction
device

Spectrum measured with

application of pulse correction-
selection device

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 Common spectrum of
Ba-133, Cs-137 and Co-60 measured with
application of selection-correction device

Planar CZT detector,

size 10x10x2 mm3

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 Samples of applications

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Safeguards application.Three storage types of
irradiated fuel assemblies in cooling pond.

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 Spend Fuel Attribute Tester (SFAT).
Chamber for underwater measurements.

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Nuclear power plant, spent fuel cooling pond.
Places for measuring probe insertion.

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 Scheme of measurements of suspended fuel
assemblies

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 Irradiated fuel assembly spectrum
Burn-up 180 MWd/FA. Cooling time 21 months.

3000

2000
Counts

1000

0
0 200 400 600 800
Channels

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 Gamma spectrum of 1 year old spent fuel
measured with SFAT

15000
511 keV

604.7 keV, Cs-134, 2.06 y

WWER-440; 1 year old fuel
2
Hemispheric CdZnTe 60 mm

765.8 keV, Nb-95, 35.2 d

756.7 keV, Zr-95, 64.4 d
SDP310/Z60
10000 NPS Paks, unit 4 upper layer

724.2 keV, Zr-95, 64.4 d

Counts/channel

795.8 keV, Cs-134, 2.06 y

696.5 Pr-144,

1173.23 keV, Co-60, 5.273 y

1332.5 keV, Co-60, 5.273 y

5000

grid1ya
200 300 400
Channels

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Underwater measuring system of bundles
of fuel elements in basket
Main features and Equipped underwater
dimensions measuring system

Configuration
of internal lead
shielding and
collimators for
application with
CZT/500S

Internal lead
shielding

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 Measuring scheme of spent fuel bundles in basket

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 Basket with spent fuel bundles

View from above,

4 m under water

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 Spectra of spent fuel bundles stored in baskets

Spectrum of fuel bundle, Spectrum of fuel bundle with shank,

burn-up 1676 MWd/FA, burn-up 1857 MWd/FA,
cooling time about 8 years cooling time about 13 years

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 PU/U attribute test system with
CZT/500S detector and MCA-166

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 Detector module
with quasi hemispherical CZT detector

CZT detector of size

10x10x5 mm3

High voltage
power supply
Charge sensitive preamplifier
and shaping amplifier

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 Mounted planar CZT detectors for
various application

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 Surgical gamma-probes

Schematic drawing of the

surgical probe head

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 Linear arrays of planar CZT detectors

5 elements module
(with preamplifiers)

16 elements assembly

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 Personal radiation detector (PRD)
γ-TRACER GT1

Used CZT detector:

85 - area 2 cm2;
- volume 0.4 cm3.

46 17

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 Geological borehole logging probe

Cable head

Amplifier module

Detector module

Probe external diameter 20 mm

Used detector:
-CsI(Tl) with Si PIN photodiode;
-Detector dimensions Ø12 x 50 mm;
-Energy resolution FWHM@662 keV about 9%
CZT detector can be used too.

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 Spectra of Cs-137 measured with quasi-
hemispherical detector of 10x10x5 mm3
under IR stimulation
Cs-137
Detector size 10x10x5 mm3
3000
Operating voltage – 1000V
3000 2
Illumination by IR LED IR
2500 3
204, 940 nm
2500

Radiant power:
2000
4
Counts

1 – without illumination
1
2000 1500
5
1000

FWHM@662 keV – 14.9

Counts

500

1500 0
keV
700 750 800 850 900
2 – 200 mkW
FWHM@662 keV – 8.6 keV
Channels

1000
3 – 250 mkW
4 – 300 mkW
500
5 – 340 mkW

0
200 400 600 800

Channels

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 Spectra of Am-241 and Cs-137 measured with
quasi-hemispherical detectors without and with
IR illumination
2000
Am-241
1500 2 Detector size 10x10x5 mm3
1500
Counts

1000 2
4.2 keV
7.2 keV 1000

Counts
500
2000 1 3.9 keV
0 500 6.3 keV
1500 1600 1700 1800
1500 1
Channels
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Counts

Channels
1000
Cs-137
Detector size 5x5x1.5 mm3
1 – without IR illumination
500
2 – with IR illumination 940 nm

0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Channels

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Spectrometric characteristics of different CdZnTe
quasi-hemispherical detectors measured without
and with IR stimulation

Energy resolution Energy resolution

Peak-to-Compton ratio
(FWHM) at 662 keV, (FWHM) at 59.5 keV,
Detector Operating at 662 keV
No. keV keV
size, mm3 voltage, V
Without IR With IR Without IR With IR Without IR With IR
illumination illumination illumination illumination illumination illumination

1 10x10x5 900 20,6 9,6 3 7,6

2 10x10x5 1400 9,8 8,1 7,1 10 6,3 3,8

3 7x7x3.5 600 27,1 16,2 2,5 4,2

4 7x7x3.5 600 6,4 5,1 9,4 12,6 5,4 2,8

5 5x5x2.5 500 24,5 10,8 1,8 5,4

6 5x5x2.5 500 7,2 4,7 7,4 10 3,3 2,4

7 3x3x1.5 300 6,9 5,5 5,4 6,3

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 http://www.ritec.lv
e-mail:ritec@ritec.lv