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cdf
Chapter 5
k
where the frequency w is different from the natural frequency of the oscillator w0 =
m
this motion, the solution of the differential equation without a driving force, xt @tD = B Cos@w0 tD so that the most general
This is the motion associated with the driving force and is call the steady state solution. One can always add to
F0 ê m
A= ‰Â f (5.10)
w20 - w2
where
w < w0 A > 0 f = 0
(5.11)
w > w0 A < 0 f = p
Plotting †A§ and f, we have
†A§ p f
F0
k 0
w0
w
‰Â Hw tL
d2 x dx F0
+g + x w20 = (5.13)
2 dt m
dt
Again try a soluton of the form, x@tD = A ‰Â w t . The characteristic equation becomes
‰Â Hw tL - + A I g w - w2 + w20 M = 0
F0
(5.14)
m
Solving for A
F0 ê m
Iw20 - w2 M + Â w g
A= (5.15)
Iw20 - w2 M + w2 g2
2
(5.16)
gw
Tan@fD =
w20 - w2
Iw20 -w M +w g
(5.17)
2 2 2 2
xt @tD = B Cos@w0 tD so that the most general solution has the form
Again, one can always add to this motion, the solution of the differential equation without a driving force,
4 5_DrivenHarmonicOscillator.cdf
F0 ê m
x@tD = xs @tD + xt @tD = B ‰
tg
-
2 Cos@wD t + jD + Cos@w t -fD
Iw20 - w2 M + w2 g2
(5.18)
2
1ê2 1ê2
g 2 1 2
where wD = w0 1 - = w0 1 - and B and j are determined by the initial conditions.
2 w0 2Q
Consider some special cases. In the limit as the driving frequency goes to zero, the driving force becomes a static
force and the steady state solution becomes
F0 ê m
xs @tD =
F0 F0
Cos@w tD = = (5.19)
w20 - w2 wØ0 m w20 k
which agrees with what one would expect for a static force. For nonzero values of w, the amplitude of the motion
has the following properties
p
w § w0 Tan@fD ¥ 0 0 § f §
2
p
w > w0 Tan@fD § 0 §f§p
2 (5.20)
p F0 ê m F0 F0
m Iw20 gM
w = w0 Tan@fD = 0 f = and Abs@AD = = w0 = Q
2 w0 g k
Plotting A, we have
Q = 20.
†A§ F0 f
k
p
2
0
w0
w
5_DrivenHarmonicOscillator.cdf 5
wD 2
F0 0
0 1
max 1
1.0
max 20
Cos@w0 tD
0.0
os@wD tD
5 10 15 20
-0.5
-1.0
Q = 10
Q=5
F0
Q = 2.5
k
Q=1
p
Q = 10
Q=5
Q = 2.5
Q=1 p
2
0
w0
w
As can be seen from the diagram, the maximum amplitude does not occur at w = w0 . Setting the derivative of the
amplitude expression to zero
d HF0 ê mL HF0 ê mL I2 g2 w - 4 w I-w2 + w20 MM
Iw20 -w M +w g
dw 2 3ê2 (5.21)
2 2 2 2
6 5_DrivenHarmonicOscillator.cdf
g2 Q2
wmax = - + w20 = 1- w0 (5.22)
2 2
The maximum amplitude is approximately the Q times the displacement caused by a static force that is equal in
magnitude to the amplitude of the periodic force.
5.2 Power
For simplicity, we will calculate the power when the transients have died away and the motion is given by the
steady state solution. The velocity of the object is obtained by differentiating the expression for the displacement
d F0 ê m
v@tD = Cos@w t -fD
Iw20 -w M +w g
dt
2 2 2 2
(5.24)
w F0 ê m
v@tD = - Sin@w t -fD
Iw20 - w M + w2 g2
2 2
gw
where Tan@fD = . The instantaneous power is the product of the force and the velocity
w20 - w2
w F0 ê m
P@tD = F@tD v@tD = F0 Cos@w tD - Sin@w t -fD
Iw20 - w2 M + w2 g2
2
(5.25)
w F02 ë m
= - Cos@w tD Sin@w t -fD
Iw20 - w2 M + w2 g2
2
Iw20 - w M + w2 g2
(5.27)
2 2
2
gw Tan@fD
1 + Tan2 @fD
Using the definition for the Tan@fD = , we can reexpress the Sin@fD = as
w20 -w 2
gw gw
Sin@fD = =
2 IIw20 - w2 M + w2 g2 M
P@tD =
2
5_DrivenHarmonicOscillator.cdf 7
g F02 ë m w20
=
2K + J- N O
g2 w w0 2
+
w02 w0 w
g F02 ë k
2J + J- N N
=
1 w w0 2
+
Q2 w0 w
From this form, the denominator takes on its minimum value at w = w0 and therefore the average power is a
maximum at w = w0 . Alternatively, one can see this from the first derviative
g F02 ë k J- N J- N
1 w0 w w0
d P@tD - +
w0 w2 w0 w
=-
J + J- N N
(5.30)
dw 1 w w0 2 2
+
Q2 w0 w
g F02 ë k
Q2 g F02 ë k
1
P@tD =
2J + J- N N
=
1 w w0 2 2
+
Q2 w0 w w=w0 (5.31)
Q F02 w0 Q F02
= =
2k 2 m w0
Q = 10
P
g F02
2k
Q=5
Q = 2.5
Q=1
w
Typically to describe the power or intensity of a system, a logarthimic scale is use. The decibel scale is defined as
10 Log10 B F
P
(5.32)
Pmax
At P = Pmax corresponds to 0 dBs. A typical measure of a resonance is the frequency at which the average power is
1 ê 2 of the maximum or alternatively the 10 Log10 B F = -3 dB point. From the full expression we see that the average
1
w w0 2 1
- + = (5.33)
w0 w Q2
or
w w0 -w2 + w20 1
- + = =≤ (5.34)
w0 w w w0 Q
or
8 5_DrivenHarmonicOscillator.cdf
w w0
w2 ≤ -w20
Q
=0 (5.35)
w w0
w w0
Solving the quadratic w2 ≤ - w20 = w2 ≤ w g - w20 = 0, we obtain
Q
1
w≤ = ¡g ≤ g2 + 4 w20 (5.36)
2
Only the positive root makes sense. For small damping, w0 p g or Q p 1, one can ignor g2 within the square root.
To see this expand the square root assuming g is small
1 g g2
w≤ = ¡g + g2 + 4 w20 = w0 ¡ + (5.37)
2 2 8 w0
g2 g 1 1 g
so for ` or `1 or Q p , we can keep only the first term, ¡ . Consequently the full width at
8 w0 2 4Q 4 2
half maximum (FWHM) is given by
Dw = -w- + w+ = g (5.38)
dI Q
L + IR + = Sin@w tD V0 (5.42)
dt C
Differentiating the entire equation with respect to t
d2 I dI I
L +R + = w V0 Cos@w tD (5.43)
2 dt C
dt
By putting the differential equation in this standard form, all of our previous results can be used simply by
changing the appropriate definition
k 1
w = =
m LC
b R
g = =
m L (5.44)
F0 w V0
=
m L
w0 L w0 L C w0 1
Q = = = =
g R CR R C w0
The current is therefore
5_DrivenHarmonicOscillator.cdf 9
w V0
F0 L
I@tD = Cos@w t + -fD = Cos@w t + -fD
(5.45)
m Iw20 - w M + w2 g2
2 2
Iw20 - w M + w2 g2
2 2
gw
where Tan@fD = . The instantaneous power is the product of the voltage and the current
w20 - w2
w V0
Iw20 - w M + w2 g2
2 2
(5.46)
w V02 ë L
= Cos@w t + fD Sin@w tD
Iw20 - w M + w2 g2
2 2
Taking the time average over on period, the trigonometric funtions become
1 + Tan2 @fD
As before one can reexpress the Sin@fD = as
gw gw
Sin@fD = =
2 IIw20 - w2 M + w2 g2 M
P@tD =
2
g V02 ë L w20
=
2K + J- N O
g2 w w0 2 (5.49)
+
w20 w0 w
R C V02 ë L
2J + J- N N
=
1 w w0 2
+
Q2 w0 w
Iw20 - w2 M + w2 g2
2
V0
L
Q@tD = Sin@w t -fD
Iw20 - w2 M + w2 g2
(5.51)
2
w2 V0
d I@tD L
= - Sin@w t -fD
Iw20 -w M +w g
dt
2 2 2 2
and
10 5_DrivenHarmonicOscillator.cdf
w R V0
VR @tD =
L w RC w20 V0
Cos@w t -fD = Cos@w t -fD
Iw20 - w M + w2 g2
2 2
Iw20 - w M + w2 g2
2 2
V0 C
VC @tD =
L V0 w20
Sin@w t -fD = Sin@w t -fD
Iw20 - w M + w2 g2
2 2
Iw20 - w M + w2 g2
2 2
VL @tD = -
w2 V0
Sin@w t -fD
Iw20 -w M +w g
2 2 2 2
10
6 VR
VC
4 VL
0 5 10 15 20
5_DrivenHarmonicOscillator.cdf 11