Structures 7th Edition Schodek Solutions Manual

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Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Question 2.1: A force of P defined by the angle θX = 75° to the horizontal acts through a point. What
are the components of this force on the x and y axes?
cos 75° = PX/P

P * cos 75° = PX
PX = 0.26P
P PY = ?
sin 75° = PY/P
P * sin 75° = PY
75° PY = 0.97P
PX = ?
Question 2.2: The components of a force on the x and y axes are 0.50P and 1.50P, respectively.
What are the magnitude and direction of the resultant force?
R = resultant force
R2 = (0.50P)2 + (1.50P)2
R = 1.58P
R=? RY = 1.50P 1.58P 1.50P
tan θ = 1.50P/0.50P
θ = tan-1 1.50P/0.50P
θ=? 71.6° θ = 71.6°
RX = 0.50P 0.50P
Question 2.3: The following three forces act concurrently through a point: a force P acting to the
right at θX = 30° to the horizontal, a force P acting to the right at θX = 45° to the horizontal, and
a force P acting to the right at θX = 60° to the horizontal. Find the single resultant force that is
equivalent to this three-force system.
Step 1: Find the horizontal and vertical P1x = P * cos 30°

components of each force and the net horizontal P1x = .87P
and vertical force.
P1y = P * sin 30°
P1y = .50P
P1
P1y = .50P P2x = P * cos 45°
30° P2x = .71P
P3 P1x = .87P
P2
P2y = P * sin 45°
P1
P2 P2y = .71P
P2y = .71P
45°
P3x = P * cos 60°
P2x = .71P P3x = .50P
P3y = P * sin 60°

P3 P3y = .87P
P3y = .87P
60°
P3x = .50P RX = RY = .71P + .50P + .87P
RX = RY = 2.08P
Full file at https://testbankuniv.eu/Structures-7th-Edition-Schodek-Solutions-Manual

Chapter 2 Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual
Question 2.3 (continued):
Step 2: Find the magnitude and direction of the R2 = (2.08P)2 + (2.08P)2

resultant force. R = 2.93P
tan θ = RY/RX
R=? RY = 2.08P tan θ = 2.08P/2.08P
θ = tan-1 1
θ=? θ = 45°
RX = 2.08P
Question 2.4: The following three forces act through a point: P at θx = 45°, 2P at θx = 180°, and
P at θx = 270°. Find the equivalent resultant force.
Step 1: Find the horizontal and vertical F1x = P * cos 45°

components of each force. F1x = .71P
F1y = P * sin 45°
F1y = .71P
F1 = P F1y = ?
F2 = 2P 45°
F2x = -2P
F1x = ? F2y = 0
F3x = 0
F3 = P F3y = -P
Step 2: Find the net horizontal and vertical RX = .71P - 2P

force. RX = -1.29P
RY = .71P - P
RY = -0.29P
Step 3: Find the magnitude and direction of the R2 = (-1.29P)2 + (-0.29P)2

resultant force. R = 1.32P
RX = -1.29P
θ=? tan θ = -0.29P / -1.29P
RY = -0.29P
θ = 12.7°
R=?
Summary resultant force = R = 1.33P acting at 192.7°
Question 2.6: Determine the reactions for the structure shown in Figure 2.59(Q6).
Sum rotational moments about point A. Assume that
a counter-clockwise rotational effect is positive. ∑M A = 0
- (2P ∗ L) + (R B ∗ 2L) - (P ∗ 3L) = 0
L L L R B ∗ 2L = 2PL + 3PL
2P P R B = 5PL/2L
R B = 5P/2 ↑
∑F Y = 0
R A + R B - 2P - P = 0
RA V = ? RB V = ?
R A = 3P - R B
R A = 3P - 5P/2
R A = P/2 ↑


∑M A = 0
L/3 L/3 L/3 - (4P ∗ L/3) - (2P ∗ 2L/3) = 0
4P 2P (R B ∗ L) = 0
R B ∗ L = (4P ∗ L/3) + (2P ∗ 2L/3)
R B ∗ L = 4PL/3 + 4PL/3
R B = 8P/3 ↑
RA = ? RB = ?
∑F Y = 0
R A + R B - 4P - 2P = 0
R A = 6P - R B
R A = 6P - 8P/3
R A = 10P/3 ↑
Sum moments about A. Assume that counter-clockwise
moments are positive. Convert the uniform load w into
∑M A = 0
an equivalent concentrated load for purposes of finding - (w ∗ L/3 ∗ L/6) + (R B ∗ L) = 0

reactions. R B ∗ L = w × L/3 ∗ L/6
R B ∗ L = wL2 /18
wL/3 = equivalent point load R B = wL/18 ↑
w
∑FY = 0
R A + R B - wL/3 = 0
R A = wL/3 - R B
RA = ? RB = ?
R A = 6wL/18 - wL/18
L/6 L/6 2L/3
R A = 5wL/18 ↑
∑F = 0
∑M
Y
The angle of the roller on the right determines A = 0
the direction of the reactive force at B which R Ay + R By - wL = 0
(R By ∗ L) - (wL ∗ L/2) = 0
is then considered in terms of its components. R Ay = wL - R By
The fact that the reaction at B is inclined R By ∗ L = wL ∗ L/2
R Ay = wL - wL/2
means that the reaction at A must also be R By = wL/2 ↑
inclined (the horizontal components of R Ay = wL/2 ↑
the reactions must sum to zero because of
equilibrium in the x direction). tan 45D = R By / R Bx
1 = R By / R Bx
∑F X = 0
An equivalent point load of RBy = ? RB R Ax + R Bx = 0
(w)(L) is used to model the R Bx = R By
R Ax = R Bx
uniform load of w acting over 45° R Bx = wL/2 ←
the length of the beam. R Ax = wL/2 →
RBx = ?
L/2 L/2
wL = equiv pt load
RAx = ?
RAy = ? RB = ?


Question 2.13: Determine the reactions for the four beams shown in Figure 2.59(Q13).
Notice that the three inclined members are identical except for the type of end conditions present. Note how
changing the support types radically alters the nature of the reactive forces.
Step 1: Figure 2.33(e)-1

L/2 L/2 ∑M A = 0 ∑F Y = 0
P R Ay + R By - P = 0
(R By ∗ L) - (P ∗ L/2) = 0
R By ∗ L = PL/2 R Ay = P - R By
R Ay = P - P/2
RAx = ? R By = P/2 ↑
R Ay = P/2 ↑
RAy = ? RBy = ?
∑F X = 0
R Ax = 0
L/2 L/2
∑M A = 0 ∑F Y = 0
RAx = ? P R Ay + R By - P = 0
(R By ∗ L) - (P ∗ L/2) = 0
R By ∗ L = PL/2 R Ay = P - R By
RAy = ? L R Ay = P - P/2
R By = P/2 ↑
R Ay = P/2 ↑
∑F X = 0
R Ax = 0
RBy = ?

∑M B = 0 ∑F X = 0
L/2 L/2 (P ∗ L/2) - (R Ax ∗ h) = 0 R Ax + R Bx = 0
RAx = ? (R Ax ∗ h) = PL/2 R Bx = - R Ax
P
R Ax = PL/2h → R Bx = PL/2h ←
L
∑F Y = 0
R By - P = 0
RBx = ? R By = P ↑
RBy = ?

L/2 L/2 R Ay = P - R By
R By ∗ L = PL/2
P R Ay = P - P/2
R By = P/2 ↑
R Ay = P/2 ↑
L
RAy = ? ∑F Y = 0
RBy = ?


Question 2.15: Draw shear and moment diagrams for the beam analyzed in Question 2.6 [Figure 2.59
(Q6)]. What is the maximum shear force present? What is the maximum bending moment present?
Step 1: Find the reactions (see Question 2.6). RA = P/2 (upward)

RB = 5P/2 (upward)
Step 2: Draw the shear diagram. For 0 < x < L:

VX = P/2
L L L
Vx = P For L < x < 2L:
Vx = P/2
VX = P/2 - 2P
VX = -3P/2
For 2L < x < 3L:

VX = P/2 - 2P + 5P/2
Vx = -3P/2 VX = P
Step 3: Draw the moment diagram. For 0 < x < L:

MX = (P/2)x
L L L
ML = PL/2 When x = L:
M3L = 0 ML = (P/2)L
ML = PL/2
x = 4L/3
For L < x < 2L:
MX = (P/2)x - (2P)(x - L)
M2L = -PL
When MX = 0:
0 = (P/2)x - (2P)(x - L)
0 = Px/2 - 2Px + 2PL
0 = -3Px/2 + 2PL
When the shear is positive, the slope to the moment
3Px/2 = 2PL
diagram is positive and vice-versa. Also note
that when the shear diagram passes through zero (2/3P)3Px/2 = 2PL(2/3P)
the bending moment values are critical. Since x = 4L/3
only concentrated loads are present, the moment
diagram consists of linearly sloped lines only When x = 2L:
(uniform loadings produce curved lines). The point M2L = (P/2)2L - (2P)(2L - L)
of zero moment on the bending moment diagram M2L = PL - 2PL
corresponds to a "point of inflection" (reverse M2L = -PL
curvature) on the deflected shape of the structure (see
Section 2.4.4).
For 2L < x < 3L:
MX = (P/2)x - (2P)(x - L)
+ (5P/2)(x - 2L)
Check: when x = 3L:

M3L = (P/2)3L - (2P)(3L - L)
+ (5P/2)(3L - 2L)
M3L = 3PL/2 - (2P)(2L) + (5P/2)L
M3L = 3PL/2 - 4PL + 5PL/2
M3L = 8PL/2 - 4PL
M3L = 0
Summary VMAX = -3P/2

MMAX = -PL


Question 2.17: Draw shear and moment diagrams for the beam analyzed in Question 2.8 [Figure
2.59]. What is the maximum shear force present? What is the maximum bending moment
present?
Step 1: Find the reactions (see Question 2.8). RA = 10P/3 (upward)
RB = 8P/3 (upward)
Step 2: Draw the shear diagram. For 0 < x < L/3:

VX = 10P/3
L/3 L/3 L/3
Vx = 10P/3 For L/3 < x < 2L/3:
VX = 10P/3 - 4P
VX = -2P/3
For 2L/3 < x < L:

Vx = -2P/3
VX = 10P/3 - 4P - 2P
Vx = -8P/3 VX = -8P/3
Step 3: Draw the moment diagram. For 0 < x < L/3:

MX = (10P/3)x
L/3 L/3 L/3
ML/3 =
When x = L/3:
10PL/9 M2L/3 = ML/3 = (10P/3)(L/3)
M0 = 0 8PL/9 ML/3 = 10PL/9
For L/3 < x < 2L/3:

ML = 0 MX = (10P/3)x - 4P(x - L/3)
When x = 2L/3:
M2L/3 = (10P/3)(2L/3) - 4P(L/3)
M2L/3 = 20PL/9 - 4PL/3
M2L/3 = 20PL/9 - 12PL/9
M2L/3 = 8PL/9
For 2L/3 < x < L:

MX = (10P/3)x - 4P(x - L/3)
- 2P(x - 2L/3)
Check: when x = L:
ML = (10P/3)L - 4P(L - L/3)
- 2P(L - 2L/3)
ML = 10PL/3 - 4P(2L/3)
- 2P(L/3)
ML = 10PL/3 - 8PL/3 - 2PL/3
ML = 0
VMAX = +10P/3
Summary MMAX = +10PL/9


Question 2.19: Draw shear and moment diagrams for the beam analyzed in Question 2.10 [Figure
2.59]. What is the maximum shear force present? What is the maximum bending moment present?
Step 1: Find the reactions (see Question RA = 5wL/18 (upward)

2.7). RB = wL/18 (upward)

VX = 5wL/18 - wx
L/3 2L/3 When x = 0:

5L/18 VX = 5wL/18 - wx
VX = 5wL/18
V0 =
5wL/18 When VX = 0:
0 = 5wL/18 - wx
wx = 5wL/18
V5L/18 = 0 x = 5L/18
VX = -wL/18
For L/3 < x < L:
VX = 5wL/18 - w * L/3
VX = 5wL/18 - 6wL/18
VX = -wL/18

MX = (5wL/18)x - wx(x/2)
MX = 5wxL/18 - wx2/2
L/3 2L/3
5L/18
When x = 5L/18 (Vx = 0):
M5L/18 = M5L/18 = (5wL/18)(5L/18)
ML/3 = 0.037wL2 - w(5L/18)2/2
0.039wL2
M5L/18 = 25wL2/324 - 25wL2/648
M5L/18 = 25wL2/648
M5L/18 = 0.039 wL2
ML = 0 When x = L/3:
ML/3 = (5wL/18)(L/3) - w(L/3)2/2
ML/3 = 5wL2/54 - wL2/18
Check: when x = L: ML/3 = 5wL2/54 - 3wL2/54
ML = (5wL/18)L ML/3 = 2wL2/54
- (wL/3)(L - L/6) ML/3 = wL2/27
ML = 5wL2/18 ML/3 = 0.037wL2
- (wL/3)(5L/6)
ML = 5wL2/18 - 5wL2/18 For L/3 < x < L:
ML = 0 Mx = (5wL/18)x - (wL/3)(x - L/6)
VMAX = +5wL/18
Summary MMAX = +25wL2/648


Question 2.21: Draw shear and moment diagrams for the beam analyzed in Question 2.12
[Figure 2.59]. What is the maximum shear force present? What is the maximum bending
moment present?
Step 1: Find the reactions (see Question 2.12). RAx = wL/2 (to the right)
RAy = wL/2 (upward)
RBx = wL/2 (to the left)
RBy = wL/2 (upward)
Step 2: Draw the shear diagram. For 0 > x > L:

VX = wL/2 - wx
L/2 L/2
When x = 0:
V0 = wL/2 V0 = wL/2
When x = L:
VL = wL/2 - wL
VL = -wL/2
VL = -wL/2 When VX = 0:
0 = wL/2 - wx
wx = wL/2
x = L/2
For 0 > x > L:

Step 3: Draw the moment diagram. MX = (wL/2)x - wx(x/2)
MX = wxL/2 - wx2/2
L/2 L/2 When x = 0:

MX = 0
ML/2 = wL2/8
When x = L/2:
MX = (wL/2)(L/2) - w(L/2)(L/4)
MX = wL2/4 - wL2/8
MX = wL2/8
Check: when x = L:
ML = (wL/2)L - wL2/2
ML = wL2/2 - wL2/2
ML = 0
VMAX = ±wL/2
Summary MMAX = +wL2/8


Question 2.22: Draw shear and moment diagrams for the four beams in Question 13 [Figure 2.59].
For the inclined members, the shear and moment diagrams should be drawn with respect to the
longitudinal axes of the members. Transverse components of the applied and reactive forces should
thus be considered in determining shears and moments. Compare the maximum moments developed
in all four beams.
Beam 2.59(Q13a) RAx = 0
Step 1: Find the reactions (see Question 2.13). RAy = P/2 (upward)
RBy = P/2 (upward)

VX = P/2
L/2 L/2
VX = P/2 For L/2 < x < L:

VX = P/2 - P
VX = -P/2
VX = -P/2
MX = (P/2)x
ML/2 = PL/4 When x = L/2:

MX = P/2 * L/2
MX = PL/4
L/2 L/2
For L/2 < x < L:
MX = P/2(x) - P(x - L/2)
Beam 2.59(Q13b) RAx = 0

Step 1: Find the reactions (see Question 2.13). RAy = P/2 (upward)
RBy = P/2 (upward)
Step 2: Calculate the longitudinal axis of the cos 45° = L/longitudinal axis
member. longitudinal axis = L/cos 45°
L L longitudinal axis = 1.41L
45°
longitudinal axis = 1.41L
Step 3: Calculate the transverse components of PY = P * sin 45°
applied and reactive forces. PY = 0.71 P
PX
RAy = RBy = P/2 * sin 45°
P PY
RAy = RBy = 0.35 P
RAy RA = P/2 RB = P/2

RBy
RAx RBx
Step 4: Draw the shear diagram. For 0 < x < .71L:
VX = 0.35P
L/2 L/2
Vx = 0.35P For .71L < x < 1.41L:
VX = 0.35P - 0.71P
VX = -0.35P
Vx = -0.35P


Question 2.22 (continued):
Beam 2.59(Q13b) (continued). For 0 < x < .71L:

Step 5: Draw the moment diagram MX = 0.35Px
ML/2 = PL/4
When x = .71L:
M.71L = 0.35P * .71L
M.71L = 0.25PL
L/2 L/2 M.71L = PL/4
For .71L < x < 1.41L:

MX = 0.35Px - 0.71P(x - .71L)
MX = 0.35Px - 0.71Px + 0.50PL
MX = - 0.35Px + 0.50PL
Beam 2.59(Q13c) RA = P/2

Step 1: Find the reactions (see Question 2.13). RB1 = P/2
RB2 = P
longitudinal axis = 1.41L
Step 2: Calculate the transverse components of PY = 0.71 P

applied and reactive forces.
PX RB1x RAy = P/2 * sin 45°
RAy = 0.35P (upward)
P PY RB1y RB1 = P/2
RB1y = P/2 * sin 45°
RA = P/2 RAy RB2y RB2 = P RB1y = -0.35P (downward)
RAx RB2x RB2y = P * sin 45°

RB2y = 0.707P (upward)
RBy (net reaction) = 0.35P (upward)
Step 3: Draw the shear and moment diagrams. The formulas and diagrams will be the same as those for Beam
2.59(Q13b).
Beam 2.59(Q13d)
Step 1: Find the reactions (see Question 2-13). RA = P/2
Step 2: Calculate the transverse components of RB = P/2
applied and reactive forces.
PY = 0.71 P
PX
RAy = RBy = P/2 * sin 45°
P PY
RAy = RBy = 0.35P
RAy RA = P/2 RBy RB = P/2
RAx RBx
Step 3: Draw the shear and moment diagrams. The formulas and diagrams will be the same as those for Beam
2.59(Q13b).
Summary
MMAX = PL/4 (for all four beams)
10

Question 2.24: What is the unit strain present in an aluminum specimen loaded to 10,000 lb/in2?
Assume that Ea = 11.3 * 106 lb/in2.
stress / strain = modulus of elasticity ƒ/ε = E

ƒ (stress) = 10,000 lb/in2 ε = ƒ/E
E (modulus of elasticity) = 11.3 * 106 lb/in2 ε = (10,000 lb/in2)/
ε (strain) = ? (11.3 * 106 lb/in2)
ε = 0.000885 in/in
Question 2.25: What is the unit strain present in a steel specimen loaded to 24,000 lb/in2?
Assume that Es = 29.6 * 106 lb/in2.
stress / strain = modulus of elasticity ƒ/ε = E

ƒ (stress) = 24,000 lb/in2 ε = ƒ/E
E (modulus of elasticity) = 29.6 * 106 lb/in2 ε = (24,000 lb/in2)/
ε (strain) = ? (29.6 * 106 lb/in2)
ε = 0.000811 in/in
Question 2.26: A 2 in square steel bar is 20 ft long and carries a tension force of 16,000 lb. How
much does the bar elongate? Assume that Es = 29.6 * 106 lb/in2.
A (cross-sectional area) = 2 in * 2 in ∆L = PL/AE

A= 4 in2 ∆L = (16,000 lb * 240 in)/
L (member length) = 20 ft. * 12 in/1 ft (4 in2 * 29.6 * 106 lb/in2)
L= 240 in ∆L = 0.032 in
P (load) = 16,000 lb.
E (modulus of elasticity) = 29.6 * 106 lb/in2
∆L (elongation) = ?
Question 2.27: A steel bar that is 20 mm in diameter is 5 m long and carries a tension force of 20kN.
How much does the bar elongate? Assume that ES = 0.204 * 106 N/mm2.
A (cross-sectional area) = πr2 ∆L = PL/AE

A= π(10 mm)2 ∆L = (20 000 N * 5000 mm)/
A= 314 mm2 (314 mm2 * 0.204 * 106 N/mm2)
L (member length) = 5 m * 1000 mm/1 m ∆L = 1.56 mm
L= 5000 mm
P (load) = 20 kN *1000 N/1 kN
P= 20 000 N
E (modulus of elasticity) = 0.204 * 106 N/mm2
∆L (elongation) = ?
11

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Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual Chapter 2

cos 75° = PX/P

Step 1: Find the horizontal and vertical P1x = P * cos 30°

P3y = P * sin 60°

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Chapter 2 Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual

Question 2.3 (continued):

Step 2: Find the magnitude and direction of the R2 = (2.08P)2 + (2.08P)2

Step 1: Find the horizontal and vertical F1x = P * cos 45°

Step 2: Find the net horizontal and vertical RX = .71P - 2P

Step 3: Find the magnitude and direction of the R2 = (-1.29P)2 + (-0.29P)2

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Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual Chapter 2

an equivalent concentrated load for purposes of finding - (w ∗ L/3 ∗ L/6) + (R B ∗ L) = 0

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Chapter 2 Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual

Step 1: Figure 2.33(e)-1

Step 2: Figure 2.33(e)-2

Step 3: Figure 2.33(e)-3

Step 4: Figure 2.33(e)-4

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Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual Chapter 2

Step 1: Find the reactions (see Question 2.6). RA = P/2 (upward)

Step 2: Draw the shear diagram. For 0 < x < L:

For 2L < x < 3L:

Step 3: Draw the moment diagram. For 0 < x < L:

Check: when x = 3L:

Summary VMAX = -3P/2

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Chapter 2 Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual

Step 2: Draw the shear diagram. For 0 < x < L/3:

For 2L/3 < x < L:

Step 3: Draw the moment diagram. For 0 < x < L/3:

For L/3 < x < 2L/3:

For 2L/3 < x < L:

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Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual Chapter 2

Step 1: Find the reactions (see Question RA = 5wL/18 (upward)

Step 2: Draw the shear diagram. For 0 < x < L/3:

L/3 2L/3 When x = 0:

Step 3: Draw the moment diagram. For 0 < x < L/3:

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Chapter 2 Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual

Step 2: Draw the shear diagram. For 0 > x > L:

For 0 > x > L:

L/2 L/2 When x = 0:

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Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual Chapter 2

Step 2: Draw the shear diagram. For 0 < x < L/2:

VX = P/2 For L/2 < x < L:

ML/2 = PL/4 When x = L/2:

Beam 2.59(Q13b) RAx = 0

RAy RA = P/2 RB = P/2

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Chapter 2 Schodek, Bechthold Structures Instructor’s Manual

Beam 2.59(Q13b) (continued). For 0 < x < .71L:

For .71L < x < 1.41L:

Beam 2.59(Q13c) RA = P/2

longitudinal axis = 1.41L

Step 2: Calculate the transverse components of PY = 0.71 P

RAx RB2x RB2y = P * sin 45°

RBy (net reaction) = 0.35P (upward)

RAy RA = P/2 RBy RB = P/2